한·중·일 ‘自己’ 관련 어휘 비교 연구 ― 트랜스-동아시아 언어 연구의 일례

장정임,선민정 고려대학교 중국학연구소 2022 中國學論叢 Vol.- No.76

This study investigates the similarities and differences of ‘自己’-related words in Korean, Chinese, and Japanese through trans-areal linguistic investigation. As ‘自己’-related words, Korean has caki 自己 and casin 自身; Chinese has 自己; Japanese has 自己, 自ら, 己, 自身, and 自分. 自己 was frequently treated as a reflexive pronoun. However, considering the definition of reflexivization (i.e. the co-referentiality of the agent and the patient), the great majority of ‘自己’ and related words in these three languages cannot be understood as reflexive pronouns. Rather, they can best be treated as generic pronouns. 自己 in modern Chinese developed from 自 plus 己 in Archaic Chinese via disyllabicization in the East Han (25–220 A.D.) time. 自 was originally a reflexive adverb and 己 was a generic pronoun. 自己 in modern Chinese performs both the function of 自 and 己 in Archaic Chinese. Additionally, it is used in the form [Noun+自己], which is a new function that was not descended from Archaic Chinese. 自己 and 自身 in Korean and Japanese show similarities in their usages. 自己 is frequently used in a compound word, such as cakimancok (self-satisfaction), 自己流 (one’s way), whereas 自身 is used in the form [Noun+自身 ](e.g. 總理自身 ‘the minister himself’). As ‘自己’-related words, Japanese has 自己, 自ら, 己, 自身, and 自分. They show a complementary distribution in terms of their usages: 自己 and 己 are used as pronouns; 自ら is used as an emphatic reflexive adverb meaning ‘by oneself ’; 自身 is used as an emphatic reflexive adjective in the form [Noun+自身 ]; ‘自分 ’ is used as a pronoun and an emphatic reflexive adverb. The occurrences of ‘自己’ and related words in Japanese display clear linguistic strata. During the Nara-Heian and the Edo era, 自己 -type words (including 自己, 自ら, 己) occupied the great majority. During the Meiji era, the number of occurrences of 自分 increased drastically (33.34%), and it occupied by far the great majority since the Taisho-Showa era (65.19%). Meanwhile, the portion of 自身 increased steadily. This paper showed that Korean, Chinese, and Japanese do not have a discrete form as a reflexive pronoun via trans-East Asian linguistic studies. Rather, they use generic pronouns when they need to deliver reflexive meaning. Also, there are similarities and differences in terms of the syntactic behavior regarding 自己 and related words in these three languages.

상고 한어 접속사 與와 及의 차이 재고찰(下)

장정임 중국어문연구회 2019 中國語文論叢 Vol.0 No.91

This paper is the second half of a study that explains the syntactic and semantic differences between yu 與 and ji 及, both frequently used as noun phrase conjunctions (NP-AND) in Old Chinese. The semantic and syntactic differences in the usages of the two as NP-AND are ascribed to their different origins and paths of grammaticalization. In the previous study, it was illustrated that yu 與, originally a comitative verb meaning ‘to be together with’, first grammaticalized into an adverb meaning ‘together’ (used in the form [與+Verb]VP). It further grammaticalized into a comitative preposition meaning ‘with’ (in the form [[與+NP]PP+VP]VP). Finally, yu 與 grammaticalized into an NP-AND used in the form [[NP1][與]CONJ[NP2]]NP3. This paper explains the origin and the grammaticalization path of ji 及. Ji 及 in the Oracle-Bone Inscriptions(OBI) is a graph of ‘joined meanings’ (huìyì 會意) that depicts a person along with a hand trying to catch, or catching, the person. Ji 及 in the OBI means ‘to take, to hold’ or ‘to reach.’ Based on analysis of all occurrences of ji 及 in Fascicle Three of Inscriptions from the Yin Ruins (Yinxu Wenzi Bingbian ≪殷墟文字丙編≫), The Book of Documents (Shangshu ≪尚書≫) and The Book of Odes (Shijing ≪詩經≫), it is argued that the main grammaticalization path of ji 及 used as NP-AND is as follows. From its verbal usage ‘to reach’, it started to be used in the form [(自)A及Z] indicating a scope. It further grammaticalized into an NP-AND via an intermediate stage as an additive particle meaning ‘also’, ‘in addition to’, or ‘even’. Each step of grammaticalization is supported by the knowledge of grammatialization and linguistic typology.

The lexicalization path of “不至于+VP”

장정임 중국어문연구회 2015 中國語文論叢 Vol.0 No.72

本文调查“不至于”的来源和词汇化的过程。现代汉语裏出现的“不至于+动词句”表示情况不会发展到某種地步。现代汉语的“不至于”是从上古汉语的“不至於”衍变、发展出来的。上古汉语的“不至於”的结构本来是“否定词+移动动词+表示到达點的虚词。” 值得注意的是,从上古汉语开始,“不至於”已经开始慢慢兒地词汇化了,并不仅仅是“至於”的否定形式。就是说, “至於”後边常常出现表示处所、时间、人等的[+具體]的名词。與此相反,“不至於”後边很少出现这種名词,而出现表示情况、程度、结果等的[+抽象]名词。 上古汉语的“不至於”和现代汉语的“不至于”在语义上、语法上有大大的区别。在语法上,现代汉语的“不至于”後边只能出现动词短語。與此相反,上古汉语的“不至於”後边不但出现动词短語,而且出现近指的指示代词“此”,名词或者名词短語,也出现抽象名词。在语义上,现代汉语的“不至于”後边只能出現[+反面]的动词短語。與此相反,上古汉语的“不至於”後边不但能出现[+反面]的名詞或者動詞短語,而且也能出现[+正面]的名詞或者動詞短語。总之,上古汉语裏出现的“不至於”的语法上、语义上的范围比现代汉语的“不至于”廣得多。 近代汉语时期在“不至於”的词汇化过程當中,是一個过渡期。这個时期,“不至於”後边开始最频繁地出现[+抽象,+反面]的动词短語。還有值得注意的是,≪朱子語類≫裏出现一次“至於”被用作一個动词(不是“动词+虚词”)的例子。但是,≪朱子語類≫裏出现的一個“不能至於”的例子表示“不至於”这個时期还是“否定副词+动词”,还没有像现代汉语一樣变成一個词。到了二十世纪,“不至於”的词汇化完成了,五十年代文字改革以後,“不至於”也简化为“不至于” 了。

고대 한어 허사 于의 기원과 의미에 대한 재고찰 ―≪殷墟文字丙編≫에 나타난 于와 그 同源字인 往의 용례를 중심으로

장정임 중국어문연구회 2011 中國語文論叢 Vol.0 No.50

In this paper, it is explored whether the exact meaning of 于 as a verb is 'to go' by comparing all occurrences of 于 as well as its etymological doublet 往 in Fascicle Three of Inscriptions from the Yin Ruins ≪殷墟文字丙編≫, which is one of the earliest extant samples of Chinese writing. It is argued that it is 往, not 于, that means 'to go'. Unlike 往, 于 expresses a movement which can be either away from or toward the point of reference. Therefore, 于 can best be interpreted as 'to be directed toward/away from', 'to move to/away from', or even more generally, 'to be in motion', In contrast, 往 expresses a movement that includes a goal, which can be glossed as 'to go to Place X'.

중⋅고급 수준의 중국어 학습자를 위한 서면어 교육 방안 — 기능 어휘 교육을 중심으로

장정임 한국중국언어학회 2022 중국언어연구 Vol.- No.101

The importance of teaching and learning shūmiànyǔ (書面語) cannot be overestimated. Its use is not limited to writing Chinese. Instead, it is used not only in writing but also in formal speech. Therefore, it is more appropriate to call shūmiànyǔ “formal Chinese” rather than “written Chinese.” The acquisition and good command of it is inevitable for reaching a higher level of Chinese proficiency. However, so far, the importance of teaching and learning shūmiànyǔ has not drawn enough attention. Even worse, there is no consensus regarding what shūmiànyǔ is and what should be taught. This paper argues that a basic understanding of the function words originated from Archaic Chinese is indispensable at the early stage of learning shūmiànyǔ. Of course, it is not that this is all about the proper education of shūmiànyǔ. Nevertheless, a better understanding of Archaic Chinese function words is essential to effective shūmiànyǔ learning, especially at the beginning stage. The learners of shūmiànyǔ experience considerable difficulties learning the function words originated from Archaic Chinese. Luckily, they belong to the so-called “closed class,” i.e., they are high-frequency words with a limited amount. Therefore, teaching the usages of those words can resolve considerable obstacles in learning shūmiànyǔ. This paper suggests three ways of teaching the function words from Archaic Chinese - to provide words that share the same phoneme as a group, to stress the interrelationship among various meanings of a high-frequency function word, and to utilize the knowledge of Sino-Korean words or famous sayings from Classical Chinese literature. 서면어는 글을 쓰는 데만 사용되는 것이 아니라 구어에도 사용되는 일종의 격식체이다. 따라서 서면어에 대한 이해와 활용 능력은 중·고급 수준에 다다르는데 필수적이다. 그런데도 그동안 서면어 교육의 중요성은 충분히 주목받지 못하였다. 본 논문에서는 서면어 교육의 중요성을 환기하고, 중·고급 수준의 중국어 학습자를 위한 효과적인 서면어 교육 방안을 제시하였다. 본 논문은 효과적인 서면어 교육과 습득을 위하여 상고 중국어에서 유래한 기능 어휘에 대한 기초적인 설명과 이해가 꼭 필요하다고 주장한다. 물론 이것이 곧 서면어 교육의 전부는 아니다. 그러나 서면어 교육의 중요한 한 축을 차지함은 분명하다. 처음 서면어를 배우기 시작한 학습자는 상고 중국어에서 유래한 기능 어휘 및 이들을 포함한 어휘를 습득하는데 상당한 어려움을 느낀다. 그러나 이러한 어휘는 그 수량과 용법이 한정되어 있다. 따라서 이에 대한 체계적인 교육을 통하여 서면어 입문 단계에서 맞닥뜨리는 어려움이 상당 부분 해소될 수 있다. 또한, 중·고급 수준의 학습자에게 소위 “字本位(형태소 위주 교육)” 방법을 적용한다면 많은 어휘를 쉽고 체계적으로 익힐 수 있을 것이다. 주요 기능 어휘에 대한 구체적인 교육 방안으로는 관련 어휘를 “모둠”으로 제시, 기능 어휘의 의미상 연관성 환기, 이미 알고 있는 한자어와 한문 지식 활용 등을 제안한다.

서울시내 소화기 및 호흡기 환자에서 분리한 엔테로바이러스 감염실태 및 유전형분석

장정임,오세아,박상훈,함희진,조석주,최성민,강병학,황서연,김진석,Jang, Jungim,Oh, Seah,Park, SangHun,Ham, HeeJin,Jo, Sukju,Choi, Sungmin,Kang, Byunghak,Hwang, SeoYeon,Kim, JinSeok 한국환경보건학회 2013 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.39 No.2

Objective: Human enteroviruses (HEVs) are a common causative agent of gastrointestinal or respiratory infections. In this study, to examine the genotypic diversity and characteristics of HEVs associated with patients in Seoul, we collected and analyzed stool and throat swab samples taken from patients with acute gastroenteritis or a common cold from 2011 to 2012. We researched the difference in genetic characteristics of HEVs from gastroenteritis and respiratory patients. Methods: For genetic analysis, we amplified the 5'-noncoding region and partial VP1 region of HEVs by RT-PCR. The genotypes of HEVs were further identified based on nucleotide sequences of the VP1 region. Results: The majority of the HEV infections in Seoul occurred from June to August. The molecular characteristic assay showed that although the majority of HEVs can be propagated by a fecal-oral route, Coxsackievirus A2 (n=13, 19.4%), A4 (n=8, 11.9%), and A5 (n=4, 6.0%) can be preferentially transmitted by a respiratory route. Conclusions: This Enterovirus surveillance system plays an important role in preparing for a severe outbreak. The genotypic characteristics of HEV may provide potentially useful data needed for epidemiological studies.

Martin Margiela의 패션에 나타난 해체주의

장정임,이연희 복식문화학회 2006 춘계학술대회 Vol.2006 No.-

전세 문헌(傳世文獻)과 출토 문헌의 비교를 통한 고한어 어법 연구의 예: 阮元(완원)의 『儀禮注疏(의례주소)』의 경문과 『武威漢簡(무위한간)』에 나타난 於(어)와 於(어)의 대응 관계

장정임 한국중국언어학회 2012 중국언어연구 Vol.0 No.43

The origin and functional differences between the Classical Chinese function words 於 and 於 have long been controversial. One of the problems in investigating their functional differences using transmitted texts is that how well a transmitted text preserves the distinction between the two. In studying The Ceremonies and Rites 『儀禮』, it is of great importance that there exists an excavated version of it included in the cache of wooden and a bamboo strips found at Wuwei in Gansu province in 1959, which presumably preserves the earlier shape of the text as it existed in the late Western Han period. In this paper, it is investigated that how well the distinctions between 於 and 於 were preserved in a transmitted text through the comparison between 『武威漢簡』 and 『儀禮注疏』 compiled by Ruan Yuan 阮元 in 1816. It is discussed that while the distinctions were, overall, well-preserved, especially when 於 carried out its unique functions (such as a locative verb, a comparartive marker, or used in a prepositional phrase appearing before the verb phrase), they were occasionally confused when they carried out a shared function, such as a recipient marker or a locative marker. Finally, it is stressed that, by comparing the excavated text and its transmitted counterpart, one can observe the formation and modification of a text, including additions, elisions, or errors of later redactors. Also, by comparing an excavated text and its transmitted counterpart, one can also reconstruct the proto-shape of a text.

대학생의 스트레스와 도박중독의 관계: 비합리적 도박신념의 조절효과

장정임,현지현,김성봉 한국청소년학회 2015 청소년학연구 Vol.22 No.12

This study aimed to examine the moderating effect of irrational belief of gambling between stress and gambling addiction in college students. To this end, a survey was conducted on 735 college students in the Jeju region with stress scale, irrational belief of gambling scale, and K-CPGI. Data were analyzed with correlation analysis, t-test, hierarchical multiple regression, and simple slope. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, stress had a positive correlation with gambling addiction and irrational belief of gambling, while gambling addiction had a positive correlation with irrational belief of gambling. Second, as for the difference in major variables by gender, it was found that the average scores of gambling belief and irrational belief of gambling were higher in male students than female students, while the average score of stress was higher in female students than male students. Third, an interaction effect of stress and irrational belief of gambling on gambling addiction was found, confirming that irrational belief of gambling moderated the relationship between stress and gambling addiction. Finally, with regard to the moderating effect by gender, it was found that irrational belief of gambling moderated the relationship between stress and gambling addiction in both male and female students. Based on the results of the study, the implications and limitations were discussed. 본 연구에서는 대학생의 스트레스와 도박중독 간의 관계에서 비합리적 도박신념의 조절효과를 확인하고자 했다. 이를 위해 제주지역 대학생 735명을 대상으로, 스트레스척도, 비합리적 도박신념척도, 도박중독 선별척도(K-CPGI)를 사용하여 설문을 실시하였다. 자료는 상관분석, t-test, 위계적 다중회귀분석, simple slope를 통해 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째 스트레스는 도박중독, 비합리적 도박신념과 정적 상관관계를 보였고, 도박중독은 비합리적 도박신념과 정적상관을 보였다. 둘째, 성별에 따른 주요 변인의 차이를 살펴본 결과, 남학생이 여학생에 비해 비합리적 도박신념과 도박중독의 평균점수가 더 높았으며, 스트레스에서는 여학생이 남학생 보다 평균점수가 더 높게 나타났다. 셋째, 도박중독에 대한 스트레스와 비합리적 도박신념의 상호작용 효과가 나타나 비합리적 도박신념이 스트레스와 도박중독과의 관계를 조절하는 것으로 확인되었다. 마지막으로 성별에 따른 조절효과를 살펴본 결과, 남학생과 여학생 모두에서 비합리적 도박신념이 스트레스와 도박중독과의 관계를 조절하는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 연구결과를 중심으로 본 연구의 의의 및 제한점에 대해 논의하였다.

청소년의 스트레스와 학교생활적응의 관계에서 긍정심리자본과 스마트폰 중독의 매개효과

장정임,김성봉 한국청소년상담복지개발원 2015 청소년상담연구 Vol.23 No.2

The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effects of positive psychological capita and smart-phone addiction on the relationships between difficulties in stress and school life adaptation. This study was conducted on 564 high school students in jeju areas. The results of the study are as follows: First, it was found that adolescents' stress had negative correlations with school life adaptation and positive psychological capital and a positive correlation with smart-phone addiction, and school life adaptation had a positive correlation with positive psychological capital and a negative correlation with smart-phone addiction. Second, it turned out that stress partly mediated positive psychological capital and significantly explained school life adaptation. This is interpreted that positive psychological status allowed them to cope with and resolve their stress actively and consequently, had a positive impact on their school life adaptation. Third, it was noted that stress partly mediated smart phone addiction and significantly explained school life adaptation. This means that they cannot resolve stress situations adequately and will be absorbed in using smart-phone to avoid them, which consequently, causes a difficulty in their school life adaptation. 본 연구에서는 청소년의 스트레스와 학교생활적응과의 관계를 확인하고, 스트레스가 학 교생활적응에 미치는 영향에서 긍정심리자본과 스마트폰 중독의 매개효과를 규명하였 다. 이를 위해 제주특별자치도 소재 고등학교 1~2학년 564명을 대상으로 수행되었다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 청소년의 스트레스는 학교생활적응 및 긍정심리자본과 부적 상관, 스마트폰 중독과는 정적 상관을 나타냈으며, 학교생활적응은 긍정심리자본과 정적 상관, 스마트폰 중독과는 부적 상관으로 나타났다. 둘째, 스트레스는 긍정심리자본 을 부분 매개하여 학교생활적응을 유의하게 설명하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 긍정적인 심리적 상태가 스트레스에 적극적으로 대처하고 해결할 수 있도록 하여 결과적으로 학 교생활적응에 긍정적인 영향을 준 것으로 보인다. 셋째, 스트레스는 스마트폰 중독을 부 분 매개하여 학교생활적응을 유의하게 설명하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 스트레스 상황 을 적절하게 해결하지 못하고 회피하기 위해 스마트폰 사용에 몰입하게 되고, 결국 학 교생활적응에 어려움을 초래하게 된다는 것을 의미한다.