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이정신 고려대학교 한국사연구소 2016 International Journal of Korean History Vol.21 No.1
Liaodong refers to the southeastern part of Liaoning Province today. During the Three Kingdoms Era, this area was part of Koguryŏ territory, and after the collapse of Koguryŏ, it belonged to Parhae. However, when Parhae fell at the hands of the Jurchens, the Koryŏ dynasty was unable to secure Liaodong. Afterwards, with the rise of the Chinese Yuan dynasty, King Ch’ungsŏn of Koryŏ was appointed by the Yuan emperor as the King of Shenyang, and the movement to reclaim Liaodong began to gain momentum in Korea. Succeeding Koryŏ, the Chosŏn dynasty claimed to support Ming China under the principle of sadae, but this did not mean that relations between Chosŏn and Ming were stabilized. As a result, Chosŏn could not but worry about the fact that if the Ming were to suppress the Jurchens, Chosŏn would be Ming’s next target. To prevent a Ming invasion of Korea, Chosŏn had to make an ally of the Jurchens and launch a preemptive attack to annex Liaodong. With this in mind, Chŏng Tojŏn joined hands with T’aejo Yi Sŏnggye and planned to conquer Liaodong but failed due to Yi Pangwŏn’s coup. During the reign of T’aejong, Ming established Jianzhou Guard in Liaodong to control the Jurchens. While the Jurchens were embroiled in a dispute, King Sejong also established four districts and six garrisons and, he changed the geographical records from the previous dynasties and kingdoms to appear as if they had existed 84 Koreans’ Perception of the Liaodong Region During the Chosŏn Dynasty in the land south of the Amnok River in an attempt to protect the regions south of Amnok from the Ming invasion. This was recorded in Sejong sillok chiriji, Tongguk yŏji sŭngnam, and Koryŏsa.
이정신 한국인물사연구소 2014 한국인물사연구 Vol.21 No.-
Goryo lost her independence fairly as the kings of Goryo were appointed or expelled by Yuan Dynasty on its needs during the period of Yuan`s intervention in Goyo affairs. As a grandson-in-law and a son-in-law of Yuan Emperors, however, Chungseonwang(忠宣王) of Goryo had a high status as a king. Especially, Chungseonwang contributed to the enthronement of the Emperor Wuzong(武宗) and received the stat us of the King of Goryo(高麗王) and the King of Shenwang(瀋王). Chungseonwang did not abdicate two kingship to his son, Wangdo(王燾, 忠肅王). He abdicated the kingship of Goryo to Wangdo and the kingship of Shenyang to his nephew, Wanggo(王暠) separately. While Chungseonwang stayed in Beijing, he abdicated the kingship of Shenyang to Wanggo as he was pressed and checked by the Emperor Renzong. Chunseonwang predicted that his political life end soon as he supported the Grand Empress Hongseong. He decided to give the kingship of Shenwang(瀋王) to Wanggo before the kingship was taken away by the Emperor Renzong. Chungseonwang supported Chungsukwang(忠肅王) rather than Shenwang Wanggo by providing Chungsukwang with the kingship of Goryo and the economic resources of Liaoyang, the capital area of Liaodong. He expected Shenwang Wanggo to spupport Chungsukwang to maintain the old territory of Goguryo. The territory of Shenwang meant the old territory of Goguryo Chungseonwang regretted that the King Taejo, the founder of Goryo Dyansty, did not accomplish his Norther Expedition policy, and he tried to succeed it, but not by force but by political manoeuvres. But he had trouble of being shaken easily by Yuan`s pressure. Though Chungseonwang dreamt of a revival of Goryo by dividing and succeeding the kingships of Goryo and Shenwang, the King of Shenwang tried to take the kingship of Goryo resulting in the internal disputes and nationwide confusion and splitting of the royal bureaucrats. The situation caused more subordination of Goryo to Yuan Dynasty, even to the emergence of the `Ipsung Theory(立省論)` which insisted to establish a new Xingzhongshusheng (行中書省) in Goryo. In sum, Chungseonwang intended to make Goryo a strong country like old Goguryo. But he depended on Yuan rather than Goryo`s own national strength to achieve the goal, and he could not overcome the fundamental problems. Rather his stance brought a political dispute between the King of Goryo and the King of Shenwang, resulting in weakening of Goryo`s power and status and deepening of the dependence on Yuan Dynasty. Goryo`s attempt to put Liaodong under Goryo`s territory resumed at the time of Kognminwang(恭愍王) and Wuwang(禹王).
이정신,이정화 부천대학 1997 論文集 Vol.18 No.-
In this paper, we examine a wide variety of conventional check patterns, and divide them into three basic categories: i.e., the plain-weaved check, the twill-weaved check and the applied check. We then propose efficient check pattern design techniques by making use of the commercially available bitmap-type software. It is demonstrated that we are able to produce high-quality check patterns without using the high-priced special purpose systems or softwares.
원 간섭기 원종ㆍ충렬왕의 정치적 행적 –김방경의 삼별초 정벌, 일본원정을 중심으로–
이정신 (사)한국인물사연구회 2008 한국인물사연구 Vol.10 No.-
고려왕조는 원 간섭기 이전까지는 황제국으로 칭하고 요, 송, 금과의 외교에서도 조금도 굽힘이 없는 당당함을 지닌 국가였다. 그러나 몽고가 침략하여 강화를 맺으면서 상황은 달라져 고려는 복속국의 형태로 들어가게 되었다. 이때의 고려국왕은 원종과 충렬왕이었다. 원종 은 고려가 몽고와의 전쟁을 끝맺고 원 간섭기에 들어선 이후 최초의 군주이다. 그는 1235년 태자로 책봉되었으며 1259년 강화를 요청하러 몽고에 갔다가 고종의 죽음으로 이듬 해 귀국해 즉위하였다. 1260년에는 아들 諶을 태자에 책봉하여 몽고에 보내는 등 원활하게 국교를 수립하고자 노력하였다. 그러나 원종의 정책은 당시 무신집정자 임연의 반대에 부딪혀 폐위당하는 수모를 겪기도 했다. 그는 원의 도움으로 임유무를 제거하고 개경환도를 실현하였다. 이에 고려가 원의 속국으로 전락하는 데에 삼별초가 반발했으나 3년 만에 진압하였다. 그는 재위 중에 무신집정자들의 전횡을 벗어났으며, 삼별초의 항쟁을 진압하였지만 모두 몽고의 힘을 빌렸다. 이로서 원종은 몽고의 군사력으로 왕권을 지탱함으로서 원 복속의 시발점이 되었다. 그래도 원종대가 강압적이며 외면적인 지배를 당했다면 충렬왕대에는 부마국이 되어 일본정벌에 동참하는 과정을 통해 원의 복속이 더욱 강화되어 갔다. 그 뒤를 이은 충렬왕대에는 일본정벌에 필요한 제반 경비와 인원을 부담해야 했다. 몽고의 1차 東征 목표는 일본이라기 보다 고려의 군사력을 약화시키려는 것이었지만 고려는 그대로 따르지 않을 수 없었다. 이어서 2차 東征도 충렬왕이 앞장서서 주도하였는데 기왕 함께 정벌할 것이라면 적극 나섬으로서 원의 전폭적인 지지를 이끌어내고자 하였다. 몽고의 1‧2차 일본정벌은 비록 실패했지만 고려가 원의 정책에 적극 호응하는 모습을 보여주어 원의 고려간섭을 보다 유연하게 하였으며 왕권을 강화시켰다. 충렬왕은 부마지위를 이용하여 국왕측근세력과 재추 및 일부 신진관료들을 기반으로 왕권을 확립하였으며, 원은 고려 왕을 견제하기 위해 책봉권을 강화하였다. 충렬왕 이후 고려는 원에 의존하는 자세가 더욱 심화되어 갔으며 김방경 등 고려 관원 또한 이에 대한 저항의식은 보여지지 않는다. 고려는 이제 내재적으로까지 원 지배하에 들어가게 되었던 것이다.