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김세빈,김민구 국립문화재연구원 2024 헤리티지:역사와 과학 Vol.57 No.1
박(Lagenaria siceraria )은 구·신대륙에 걸쳐 재배 역사가 약 만년에 이를 정도로 오래된 작물이다. 하지만 한반도로 유입된 시기나 이용 방법에 관한 고고학적 고찰은 극히 드물다. 이에 한반도 소재 유적에서 출토된 박의 식물유체(종자와 열매껍질)를 검토하여 유입 시기, 경로, 형태적 특징에 관한 시론적 고찰을 시행하였다. 검토 결과, 다음의 결론을 도출할 수 있었다. 첫째, 박 재배는 청동기시대에 이른바 남방계통 작물의 유입과 함께 시작되었을 것으로 추정된다. 박 식물유체가 발견된 유적은 삼국시대에 증가하며 이는 역사시대에 이르러 박이 중요한 작물로 자리 잡았음을 나타낸다. 둘째, 삼국시대에 출토된 박 종자는 장폭비와 형태로 보아 아프리카·아메리카 아종과 아시아 아종이 혼재한다. 삼국시대 종자의 형태적 다양성은 높으며, 역사시대에는 다양한 변종의 박이 재배되었을 것이다. 셋째, 박의 재배 여부를 판단하는 중요한 근거는 열매껍질의 두께인데, 서천 봉선리 백제 목곽고 출토품으로 볼 때 삼국시대에 이르면 박열매가 대형화하였다. 이를 종합하면 박은 청동기시대에 한반도로 유입된 후 역사시대에 이르러 재배가 활성화된 것으로 볼 수 있다. 한편 아시아 재배종 박의 아메리카 전파설을 뒷받침할만한 고고학적 증거는 한반도와 인근 지역에서 찾기 힘들다. Although the bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) is a crop with a cultivation history of about 10,000 years in the Old and New Worlds, archaeological considerations on the cultivation and use of bottle gourds on the Korean Peninsula are extremely rare. Accordingly, we reviewed previous reports on bottle gourds and examined the morphological characteristics of seeds and rind fragments from the Korean Peninsula. The investigation yielded several conclusions. First, bottle gourd cultivation likely began during the Bronze Age alongside the introduction of so-called southern crops. Evidence suggests that bottle gourd remains were more prevalent during the Three-Kingdoms period, indicating its significance as a crop during the historical era. Second, bottle gourd seeds from the Three-Kingdoms period exhibit characteristics of both African and Asian subspecies, showcasing a high level of morphological diversity. Third, rind thickness indicates that bottle gourds found at the Bongseon-ri site were of varieties with large fruits. Taken together, it is concluded that the bottle gourd was introduced to the Korean Peninsula during the Bronze Age, and people cultivated a range of bottle gourd varieties during the Three-Kingdoms period.
Forest policy measures influence on the increase of forest cover in northern Laos
김세빈,Oupakone Alounsavath 한국산림과학회 2015 Forest Science And Technology Vol.11 No.3
The government of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic has made great efforts to halt the rapid decline in forest cover by implementing different policy measures, which include measures: to address the causes of the decline in forest cover; to sustainably manage natural forests; and to regenerate degraded forests. In the last decade, forest cover has continued to decrease at a lower rate of just 1% from 2002 (41.5%) to 2010 (40.3%) at national level; however, there has been a net gain of forests in the northern region. This article attempts to examine what policy measures have an influence on the increase in forest cover in this region. This study reviews progress reports and official documents on policy measures addressing major causes of deforestation and forest degradation, rehabilitating degraded forests, and managing natural forests. The results from this study indicate that the natural regeneration of degraded forest provides a significant contribution in the increase of forest cover in the northern region. This increase is most likely influenced by the decrease in both rural poverty and slash-and-burn shifting cultivation in the northern provinces. Timber harvesting and conversion of forest to other uses still remain critical issues in Laos because of incomplete national land use zoning and a lack of forest management plans in most of the natural forests, as well as weaknesses in law enforcement. Further research to identify the drivers behind the increase in forest coverage in the northern provinces will provide vital information to develop clearer policy instruments to rehabilitate degraded forest at national level.