쾌적한 캠퍼스 조성을 위한 기본계획 기초적 연구

梁富弘,朴碩鉉,崔生吉,孫泰鎭,金基洙 충주대 2003 産業科學論文集 Vol.11 No.-

In this study, the potential energy and limitation of the facility of Chungju national university are analyzed in the respect of human knowledge, nature, and visual environment. In addition, the effctiveness and problem of the existing master plan are evaluated through the investigation on the main hart and development procedure of the previous master plan of CJU. These results are compared and reflected to the plan of Vision 2003, e-STRR2010 and effective campus development plans of CJU are presented.

共同住宅 居住者 特性과 住居環境滿足度의 相關關係에 관한 硏究

金基洙,朴碩鉉,梁富弘,崔生吉,朴義權,孫泰鎭,成基文 충주대 2004 産業科學論文集 Vol.12 No.-

The purpose of this research was to analyze the correlation of the characteristics of dwellers and residential satisfaction in apartment housing. The contents of this research is to identify characteristics of dwellers, which might have an influence on residential satisfaction in apartment housing. In conclusion, the number of a family, the floor level, the size of housing unit and tenure had statistically significant correlations with the residential satisfaction in apartment housing.

한의진단명과 진단요건의 표준화 연구 III : 3차년도 연구결과 보고

최선미,양기상,최승훈,박경모,박종현,심범상,김성우,노석선,이인선,정진홍,이진용,김달래,임형호,김윤범,박성식,송태원,김종우,이승기,최윤정,신순식 한국한의학연구원 1997 한국한의학연구원논문집 Vol.3 No.1

The diagnostic requirements were suggested and explained regarding the systems of differentiation of symptoms and signs in the third year study of standardization and unification of the terms and conditions used for diagnosis in oriental medicine. The systems were as follows : - analyzing and differentiating of epidemic febrile disease - analyzing and differentiating in accordance with the Sasang constitution medicine based on four-type recognition - differentiation of disease according to pathological changes of Chong and Ren channels - standards for diagnosis of women's disease - standards for diagnosis of children's disease - standards for diagnosis of motor and sensor disturbance (-muscle. born, joint, etc.) - standards for diagnosis of neuropsychiatric disease - standards for diagnosis of five sense organ disease - standards for diagnosis of external disease The indivisual diagnosis pattern was arranged by the diagnostic requirements in the following order : another name, notion of diagnosis pattern, index of differentiation of symptoms and signs, the main point of diagnosis, analysis of diagnosis pattern, discrimination of diagnosis pattern, prognosis, a way of curing a disease, prescription, herbs in common use, disease appearing the diagnosis pattern, documents. The standards for diagnosis of each disease was arranged by the diagnostic requirements in the following order : another name, notion of disease, the main point of diagnosis, analyzing and differentiating of disease, analysis of disease, discrimination of disease, prognosis, a way of curing and prescription of disease, disease in western medicine appearing the disease in oriental medicine, documents.

전남지역 미한 소국과 백제 전남지역(全南地域) 마한사회(馬韓社會)와 백제(百濟)

( Gi Seok Yang ) 백제학회 2013 백제학보 Vol.0 No.9

This study has roughly examined how the power over the Yeongsan River region progressed per period in relation with Baekje. Small countries of Mahan(馬韓) were built on the Yeongsan River and the countries established union for their political and economic demands. The first power historically recorded in the Yeongsan River region was Sinmiguk. The country built on today`s Baekpo bay in Haenam was a major marine transportation point for Wa(倭) from Baekje via the southern coast of Korea. Sinmiguk`s marine activities allowed the country to increase its economic wealth and become a leader of the union for the Yeongsan River region. In the year of 282, the Sinmiguk-led union conducted negotiations with West Jin(西晉) in order to respond to growing development of Baekje and China`s situations. However, King Geunchogo of Baekje conquered the south in the year of 369, which resulted in disappearance of traders` role existing around Sinmiguk (Chimmidarye). During the King Geunchogo period, the purpose of Baekje`s occupation of the Yeongsan River region was for rear base of battle against Koguryo, not a direct rule over the region. Baekje rather maintained an indirect rule by building tribute relation and the region was able to have its identity as seen from the Large Jar Coffin Tumulus in Sinchon-ri. However, as the capital of Baekje changed from Hanseong to Wungjin, Baekje`s indirect rule over the Yeongsan River region was gradually transformed into occupying the area. Execution of Damroje(첨魯制), the local ruling system in King Dongseong and king Muryeong periods allowed establishing grounds for direct rule toward the base of the area. This further helped to introduce Bang(方)-Gun(郡)-Seong(城) system across the nation in Sabi period and the Yeongsan River region became under governance of Baekje.

<i>Momordica charantia</i> Inhibits Inflammatory Responses in Murine Macrophages via Suppression of TAK1

Yang, Woo Seok,Yang, Eunju,Kim, Min-Jeong,Jeong, Deok,Yoon, Deok Hyo,Sung, Gi-Ho,Lee, Seungihm,Yoo, Byong Chul,Yeo, Seung-Gu,Cho, Jae Youl World Scientific Publishing Company 2018 The American journal of Chinese medicine Vol.46 No.2

<P><I>Momordica charantia</I> known as bitter melon is a representative medicinal plant reported to exhibit numerous pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antitumor, and hypoglycemic actions. Although this plant has high ethnopharmacological value for treating inflammatory diseases, the molecular mechanisms by which it inhibits the inflammatory response are not fully understood. In this study, we aim to identify the anti-inflammatory mechanism of this plant. To this end, we studied the effects of its methanol extract (Mc-ME) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Specifically, we evaluated nitric oxide (NO) production, mRNA expression of inflammatory genes, luciferase reporter gene activity, and putative molecular targets. Mc-ME blocked NO production in a dose-dependent manner in RAW264.7 cells; importantly, no cytotoxicity was observed. Moreover, the mRNA expression levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 were decreased by Mc-ME treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Luciferase assays and nuclear lysate immunoblotting analyses strongly indicated that Mc-ME decreases the levels of p65 [a nuclear factor (NF)-<TEX>$ \kappa $</TEX>B subunit] and c-Fos [an activator protein (AP)-1 subunit]. Whole lysate immunoblotting assays, luciferase assays, and overexpression experiments suggested that transforming growth factor <TEX>$ \beta $</TEX>-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is targeted by Mc-ME, thereby suppressing NF-<TEX>$ \kappa $</TEX>B and AP-1 activity via downregulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) and AKT. These results strongly suggest that Mc-ME exerts its anti-inflammatory activity by reducing the action of TAK1, which also affects the activation of NF-<TEX>$ \kappa $</TEX>B and AP-1.</P>

堤川 義林池의 歷史性과 價値

양기석(Yang, Gi-seok) 忠北大學校 中原文化硏究所 2010 중원문화연구 Vol.14 No.-

We reviewed various studies on the constructing period of Eurimji based on the historical literature and provided the analysis on constructing period and renovation procedure presumed at present. Then we investigated what impact the construction of Eurimji had on the development of rice-field agriculture in Chosun Dynasty, which allowed us to determine its importance and economic value of Eurimji. The analyses can be summarized as follows. To begin with, reviews of various hypotheses on constructing period showed that they were mostly based on oral transmission without the sufficiently objective source. By the way, the historical document record implied that Eurimji had been constructed at least in the second half of fifth century, based on the ancient administrative name of Jecheon when this area was governed by Goguryeo. Recently conducted geological survey of Eurimji suggested that it might have been reconstructed in the Unified Shilla period. On the other hand, the intention of constructing of Eurimji dam was to prepare for the droughts and floods, to promote the development of rice-fields around the dam and finally to expand the agricultural production. The dam seemed to have been set up on a small scale by people living around the Jecheon River. There seemed to have been the renovation works done several times throughout the Unified Shilla period, Goryeo dynasty and the early period of Chosun dynasty. Especially it was not only for the purpose of preparing for the droughts and floods but more for the purpose of improving the agricultural production base in the sterile Jecheon area that the extensive effort was made to preserve and maintain Eurimji in the early period of Chosun dynasty. Eurimji, the oldest reservoir in Korea, is a precious historical monument to provide a clue to the beginning of our agrarian culture. In addition, its historicity and economic value are to be highly appreciated for it was the first reservoir constructed in a mountain valley on a large scale.

홍성지역(洪城地域)의 고대사회(古代社會) -지배세력(支配勢力)의 성장(成長)과 변화(變化)를 중심으로-

양기석 ( Gi Seok Yang ) 공주대학교 백제문화연구소 2012 백제문화 Vol.1 No.47

이 논문은 홍성지역이 지역세력으로서의 모습을 갖추기 시작하는 청동기시대부터 통일신라시대에 이르기까지 어떠한 과정을 거쳐 성장 발전하였으며, 이에 따라 홍성지역을 지배해 간 주도세력들의 변화과정을 살펴본 것이다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 홍성지역의 지배세력은 지석묘 사회 마지막 단계에 본격적인 농경생활을 기반으로 형성된 각 지역의 수장층에서 기원한 것으로 보았다. 홍성지역에 지역세력이 성장하게 된 계기는 진국(辰國)에 이어 등장한 마한소국이 탄생하면서부터였다. 이때 홍성지역은 4개의 세력권역으로 설정될 수 있는데, 결성지역 장곡지역 갈산지역 홍성읍지역으로 구분된다. 그 중 결성지역과 장곡지역의 지배세력이 내륙교통과 해상활동을 통해 홍성지역을 주도적으로 영도해 나간것으로 보았다. 백제가 홍성지역에 진출한 시기는 4세기 중반 경으로 보인다. 백제는 서산의 부장리 세력과 홍성의 신금성세력을 통해 태안반도와 홍성 지역에 대한 간접지배방식을 관철하여 이 지역에 대한 해상 지배권과 교역망을확보해 나간 것으로 보았다. 백제가 이처럼 태안반도와 신금성 지역을 중시한 배경은 중국-백제-왜에 연결되는 해상교역권을 안정적으로 확보하고, 또한 해안루트를 통한 금강유역과 영산강유역 지배를 관철시키기 위해중간 해상기지의 건설이 필요했던 것이었다. 백제가 멸망하고 부흥운동을 일으킬 때 홍성에 인접한 북부 예산 대흥의 임존성(任存城)이 그 중심지로 부각되었다. 임존성은 부흥운동 초기의 중심지였고, 그 중심적인 활동을 한 사람은 서방령을 역임한 왕족 복신(福信)이었고 흑치상지(黑齒常之)는 그의 지휘하에 부흥운동에 참여한 지도급 인물이었다. 부흥군이 임존성에 웅거한 이유는 첫째 당시 부흥군의 주동 인물인 복신이 서방령(西方領)을 역임하였다는 점, 둘째 임존성이 교통상 관방상의 중요한 위치를 점하고 있다는 점, 홍성지역이 무기를 만드는데 필요한 전략물자인 철자원과 철기 생산이 가능한 지역이라는 점을 요인으로 들었다. 통일신라시대에 들어와 홍성지역은 행정구역이 개편되었으나, 그 중심세력은 여전히 결성지역의 신금성세력이었다. 통일신라시대 새로운 항로 개척과 항해술 발달에 따른 해상무역의 발달을 그 요인으로 보았다. 그러나 후삼국시대에 들어와 태안반도와 홍성지역의 호족세력들 간에는 세력변화가 나타났다. 그 중 대표적인세력이 결성의 신금성세력, 홍성읍의 긍준세력, 당진 면천의 박술희세력이었다. 그 중 신금성세력은 쇠퇴하고해상교역과 농경 생산의 증대를 배경으로 성장한 박술희세력과 긍준세력이 두각을 나타냈다. 이들은 고려 왕건세력과 관계를 맺고 중앙정부에 진출하였으며, 고려 왕실과 통혼관계를 맺고 뚜렷한 세력기반을 형성하였다. 이런 배경으로 홍성읍의 긍준세력은 차후 홍성지역뿐 아니라 내포지방의 중심세력으로 성장하였음을 밝혔다. This study examines how Hongseong area which began to take shape as the regional power in the bronze period, grew and developed from that bronze period to the Unified Shilla period and identifies what changes the ruling classes underwent through times. The main results of examination can be summarized as follows. The ruling class of Hongseong area seems to have originated from the previous ruling classes formed during the full-fledged agrarian society at the last stage of dolmen society. The birth of small countries of Mahan replacing Jinkuk made Hongseong area a regional power. At that time, Hongseong area was composed of four sub-areas such as Gyulsung, Janggok, Galsan, and Hongseongeup. Among them, the ruling classes of Gyulsung and Janggok seem to have led the Hongseong area through inland and sea trading activities. It seems to be in the middle of fourth century that the Baekje expanded its influence to Hongseong area. Baekje ruled indirectly Taean peninsula and Hongseong area by controling Bujangli group of Seosan and Shingeumseung group of Hongseong. Especially, Baekje seems to have acquired the control over sea trading and trading network within this area. When Baekje started revival movement after its collapse, Imzon Castle of Daeheung in the North Yesan near Hongseong became the center. Imzon Castle was the center of early revival movement. The main personalities of that movement were Bokshin and Heukchisangji. The former was a member of royal family having served the position of Seobangreong and the latter was a member of ruling class participating this movement under Bokshin. In the Unified Shilla, Hongseong area underwent the change in the level of administrative districts, and the ruling class was Shingeumseung group who grew through sea trading. However, in the Post-Three Kingdom period, there was a change in the ruling classes in the Taean Peninsular and Hongseong area. Shingeumseung group faded and Parksulhee group of Dangjin Myuncheon who grew based on sea trading and agricultural production expansion and Geungjun group of Hongseongeup standed out. They made relations with Wanggeon group of Koryo and advanced into central government. They also formed the power base by entering into matrimony with royal families of Koryo.

백제(百濟) 문화(文化)의 우수성(優秀性)과 국제성(國際性)

양기석 ( Gi Seok Yang ) 공주대학교 백제문화연구소 2009 백제문화 Vol.40 No.-

이 글은 공주와 부여 지역에 있는 백제의 대표적인 문화유산인 무령왕릉과 백제금동대향로를 대상으로 하여 비교사적 관점에서 백제 문화의 우월성과 국제성을 살펴 본 것이다. 무령왕릉이 지닌 문화적인 가치에 대해서 1) 기록성과 사료성을 충분히 지니고 있다는 점, 2) 繼世思想이나 유교, 불교, 도교사상 또는 도가사상 등 당시 백제인들의 여러 사상과 신앙, 그리고 장례문화 등을 입체적으로 구현했다는 점에서 백제의 사회 풍습사의 일면을 복원하는데 충분한 자료적 가치를 지니고 있다는 점, 3) 백제의 뛰어난 건축기술 수준을 보여주는 높은 문화적 가치를 지니고 있다는 점, 4) 당시 발달한 백제의 금속 공예 기술 수준뿐 아니라 백제 문화의 창의성과 미의식을 보여주는 중요한 역사적 예술적인 자료라는 점, 5) 백제 문화의 국제성과 독자성을 보여주는 대표적인 물질 자료로서 동아시아사 연구에 디딤돌이 된다는 점을 제시하였다. 아울러 백제금동대향로가 지닌 문화적 가치에 대해서는 1) 중국의 博山香爐의 조형을 유지하면서도 백제의 전통과 새로운 요소를 가미하여 백제 특유의 형태로 발전시켰다는 점, 2) 백제인의 뛰어난 회화적 구도와 장식성을 드러낸 백제 미술의 총합체라는 점, 3) 당시 백제인들이 지녔던 불교, 도교 및 도가사상, 음양오행사상 등 종교 사상과 정신세계를 복합적으로 구현했다는 점, 4) 그 제작기법이 매우 탁월하여 백제 공예기술의 우수성을 보여주고 있다는 점, 5) 백제의 음악사를 복원하는데 매우 중요한 자료를 제공하고 있다는 점을 제시하였다. 이 향로는 우리 나라를 비롯하여 백제 문화의 독자성과 국제성을 보여주는 일급자료로서 동북아시아의 고대 문화를 연구하는 데 획기적인 자료라 할 수 있다. The purpose of this research is to examine excellence and internationality in Baekje`s culture from the comparative point of view, especially Tomb of King Munyong and the Baekje Incense Burner which represent Baekje`s cultural heritage. This study points out cultural value of the tomb as follows; 1) it is worth historical records and value, 2) it is worthwhile to reconstruct history of Baekje`s social customs, in that it has stereoscopically embodied Baekjerian thoughts and religions such as Confucianism, Buddhism, and Toism, 3) it shows excellent architectural techniques of Baekje, 4) it presents outstanding techniques of metal craft, and at the same time, showing creativity and aesthetic sense in Baekje`s culture, and 5) finally, it can be representing material indicating internationality and originality of Baekje`s culture, and used for steppingstone to study history of East Asia. Along with cultural value of the tomb, it points out that of Baekje Incense Burner as follows; 1) it developed the Baekje`s own burner style by adding its own tradition and taste, preserving Chinese burner style, 2) it also synthesized Baekje`s art by showing Baekjerian`s graphical structure and decoration, 3) it embodied Baekjerian`s thoughts and consciousness such as Buddhism, Toism, thoughts of Yin and Yan, 4) it shows excellent craft techniques of Baekje`s craftwork, and 5) it provides important data for reconstructing Baekje`s history of music. This burner can be claimed as epoch-making material which shows originality and internationality of Baekje`s culture, and used for researching cultures of ancient times in East Asia.

백제(百濟)박사제도의 운용과 변천

양기석 ( Gi Seok Yang ) 공주대학교 백제문화연구소 2013 백제문화 Vol.1 No.49

백제에서 박사가 처음 설치된 시기는 高興의 『書記』편찬이나 王仁의 사례에서 보듯이 近肖古王代로 추정된다.근초고왕은 유학에 정통한 漢郡縣系 인재들을 등용하기 위한 목적에서 설치하였으며, 이는 중앙집권적 귀족국가 의 탄생을 알리는 상징적 조치로 이해된다. 근초고왕대의 박사는 태학을 통해 한학과 유학을 교육시키는 학관으로서의 성격보다는 주로 한학과 유학에 능통한 한군현계 지식인들을 등용하기 위한 특수한 성격의 관직으로 이해된다. 그 역할은 공적인 문서 기록을 관장하거나 또는 역사 편찬, 유학 장려 정책과 국왕에 대한 정책 자문 등과같은 역할을 수행하였을 것으로 생각된다.백제는 6세기 초 무령왕대에 들어와서 근초고왕대에 설치한 博士官을 정비하여 五經博士制를 제도적으로 채용하였다. 國學을 설치하여 오경박사제를 운영하였으며, 여기에 유학에 정통한 한군현계 인재들을 오경박사에 임명하여 교육의 질과 내실을 기하려 하였다. 이는 유학 중흥책을 도모한 梁 武帝의 개혁정치에 영향을 받은 것이며,궁극적으로 그동안 쇠미해진 왕권을 회복시켜 중앙집권화 시책을 추진하기 위한 목적에서였다. 백제는 오경박사제를 대외관계에 적극 활용하여 신라와 왜에 선진 문물을 지속적으로 제공하는 역할을 수행하였고, 이를 통해 백제와 신라 및 왜 사이에 상시적인 군사협력 시스템을 구축하는 외교 수단으로 활용하였다.이 제도는 聖王과 威德王代를 거치면서 그 기능이 오경박사에만 국한된 것이 아니고 전문기술 분야에까지 더욱 확대되는 양상을 보이게 된다. 백제 성왕이 예학에 지대한 관심을 갖고 梁에 講禮博士 파견을 요청한 것은 당시 성왕이 추진하고 있던 관제 정비를 통한 중앙집권체제 확립과 깊은 관련이 있는 것으로 이해된다. 오경박사는 여전히 파견되고 있지만 단장 - (오경)박사 - 전문기술자 - 승려로 다양하게 구성되어 있음을 알 수 있다. 6세기에 들어와 박사의 직능이 세분화되어 갔을 뿐 아니라 관등을 소지함으로써 이제는 국가 행정체계 내에 편입되어있었다.6세기 이후 백제의 의학과 불교건축 부문에 있어서는 분업화가 상당히 진행된 것으로 나타난다. 백제는 상급장인들에게 博士의 관직을 수여해서 업종별로 전문화를 제고시키려고 하였다. 박사 밑에는 업종별로 우수한 장인들을 선발하여 배속시키고 이들이 예하의 하급 장인들을 기술적으로 지도.통제하는 업무를 수행하였다. As the publication of Seogi by Goheung and the case of Wangin showed, the doctor system of Baekje was firstly established in the period of the King Geunchogo. King Geunchogo had the objective to open the offices to the talented people of HangunhyunI(韓郡縣) line who were well acquainted with confucianism. This was the symbolic event which proclaim the birth of centralized aristocratic nation. The doctor in the period of King Geunchogo was special office engaging the confucian intellectuals of Hangunhyun line rather than the educator of confucianism and Chinese literature through Taehak, the educational institution. The role of doctor was conjectured to take charge of official documents, promote the confucianism and provide the advices to the King. In the era of King Muryeong in the early 6th century, Baekje adopted the "Doctor System of Five Confucian Books" by improving the Baksagwan(博士官) instituted in the period of King Geunchogo. This new doctor system was administered by the establishment of Gukhak. Meanwhile, the confucian intellectuals of Hangunhyun line were appointed as the Doctors of Five Confucian Books and dedicated to enhancement of quality education. This was influenced by the reformative policy of Emperor Wudi in Liang and had ultimate objective of implementing the centralized policy by reviving the weakened royal power. Baekje also continuously gave the advanced culture to Japanese Wa, making the best use of the doctor system. This diplomatic means helped establish the regular military cooperation between Baekje and Wa. This system was not limited to the Doctor System of Five Confucian Books and enlarged to the domain of special technology, through the periods of King Seung and King Widuk. The request of dispatch of Kangye(講 禮) doctor to Liang by King Seung seemed to have the close relations with the establishment of centralized system through the arrangement of government. Even if the Doctors of five Confucian books were still dispatched, the delegation was diversely composed of Action Officer-Doctor-Special Technician-Monk. In the 6th century, the functions of doctors were subdivided and the doctors started to be incorporated into national administrative system by possessing the offices. After the 6th century, the Buddhist construction and Medicine of Baekje experienced the considerable specialization. Baekje tried to improve the expertise of senior craftsmen by conferring them the office of doctor. The excellent craftsmen was assigned to doctors. They take the charge of technically directing and controlling lower craftsmen.

三國의 曾坪地域 進出과 二城山城

양기석(Yang, Gi-Seok) 忠北大學校 中原文化硏究所 2012 중원문화연구 Vol.18·19 No.-

This thesis examines the historicity of Jeungpyung Eesung Fortress through the inquiry of its established period, historical background in its foundation and transition of its possessors which had changed among the Three Kingdoms (Koguryo, Baekjae, Shilla) since 5th century to 7th century. Baekjae debouched to Jeungpyung earlier than the other two countries. It is assumed that Baekjae expanded its territory to Jeungpyung from the mid-3rd century to the early 4th century when Byukgoljae was founded. Considering the construction of the fortress wall and earthen vessels unearthed in recent excavation of Namsung and Buksung, Eesung Fortress seems to be constructed in early 4th century when Baekiae advanced to the northern Nohryung Mountains, and it presumably functioned some time after 5th century. While Hansung Baekjae expanded its territory through the middle-lower Han River area and the mid-inland traffic route, this Fortress seems to be built by the residents grown in Jeungpyung area with specific affiliations with Hansung Baekjae to prepare a series of battle against Shilla devouching through Sobaek Montains trails. In 475 when Koguryo took Hansung of Baekjae and occupied the Han River area, Jeungpyung was seized by Koguryo; and Doseohyun functioned as a ruling institution for Koguryo. To consider that Koguryo and Baekjae-Silla Alliance seesawed to and fro against each other in Chungbook Jinchoen, Chungwon Miwon, and Boeun Naebookmyun, Jeungpyung in those days was the center of severe battles as an advanced base for the debouchment to mid-Kuem River area. Then it is about 550 when Silla advanced to Jeunpyung and seized Dosalsung and Keumhyunsung from both Baekjae and Koguryo. Based on the achievement, Silla occupied both Jeungpyung area which was dominated by Koguryo, and Keumhyunsung near Miho River, which let Silla put the plan to conquer the North including Han River area into action. In 7th century, the Unification Period of Silla, Jeungpyung played a significant role as a military strategic point of stopover to Han River area, if not as much essential as it had been in 5th century.