韓国において青果物流通構造の変化と対応方案

윤석곤,유기준 글로벌경영학회 2011 글로벌경영학회지 Vol.8 No.1

Structure of markets for fruits and vegetables, Wholesale markets for fruits and vegetables,Distribution markets for fruits and vegetables in Korea. The structure of distribution of fruits and vegetables in Korea is changing. Especially, the distribution route of fruits and vegetables which is an intermediary stage accounts for much of the distribution. In addition, the routes other than the wholesale market such as direct transactions of fruits and vegetables are undergoing a change to be on the upward trend. Thus, along the line of such change, re-recognizing the importance of role of fruit and vegetable market, the necessity of putting in place measures to cope with the change is required. With the change in the structure of fruit and vegetable distribution, two ways of developing fruit and vegetable distribution are suggested in two respects along with counter-measures. Firstly, as there is insufficiency in the distribution function on the part of fruit and vegetable producers' organizations, the efficiency of distribution structure should be enhanced by increasing their expertise. Secondly, as the structure of distribution of fruits and vegetables is unreasonable and complex, it should be made sure that benefits should return to producers and consumers by simplifying the distribution structure. 韓国の青果物流通環境の変化にも卸売市場を必要とする出荷者と小売機構は必要だということである。このような青果物卸売市場構造の変化を調べる必要がある。したがって、韓国において青果物流通構造の変化に対する問題点の検討と発展方案を提示した。つまり、韓国は青果物の農家の所得増大と流通の効率化を推進しなければならない。このためには 青果物生産者を専門化で 教育させて流通構造を革新することが必要である。また青果物卸売市場の機能を活性化させなければならない。すなわち、青果物価格決定において重要な機能を卸売市場が担当している。したがって 流通構造を改善して合理的な価格決定をするようにしなければならない。そして消費者主体の青果物流通構造確立が必要である。すなわち消費パターンの変化と消費者の欲求を充足させる流通構造に体系的な戦略的接近が必要である。最後に、青果物の標準規格化された出荷と取引制度の確立と正確な流通情報の提供など青果物生産者の競争力を強化させなければならない。

인공신경망 기반 드론 광학영상 및 LiDAR 자료를 활용한 임분단위 식생층위구조 추정

차성은,조현우,임철희,송철호,이슬기,김지원,박치영,전성우,이우균 대한원격탐사학회 2020 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.36 No.5

지속가능한 산림 발전을 위해 식생층위구조를 파악하는 것은 산림 자원 관리에 중요한 요소이다. 최근기술의 발달로 드론, 딥러닝 등 신기술을 산림 부문에 접목한 활용이 늘어났으며, 이를 이용한 식생층위구조추정이 가능해졌다. 본 연구에서는 드론-광학 및 LiDAR 영상을 융합하여 공주, 삼척, 서귀포 지역에 대해 식생층위구조를 파악하였으며, 각 92.62%(Kappa value: 0.59), 91.57%(Kappa value: 0.53), 86.00%(Kappa value: 0.63)의정확도를 확인하였다. 딥러닝을 활용한 식생층위구조 분석 기술은 광학 및 LiDAR의 정보량이 많아질수록 모델의 성능을 높일 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 향후, 식생의 다양한 특성이 반영될 수 있는 복잡도 높은 모델과 충분한 샘플링을 통한 학습자료 구축이 동반되어 모델의 완성도가 높아진다면, 전국단위의 식생층위구조 지도를 구축하여 우리나라 정책·제도의 참고자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. Understanding the vegetation structure is important to manage forest resources for sustainable forest development. With the recent development of technology, it is possible to apply new technologies such as drones and deep learning to forests and use it to estimate the vegetation structure. In this study, the vegetation structure of Gongju, Samchuk, and Seoguipo area was identified by fusion of drone-optical images and LiDAR data using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) with the accuracy of 92.62% (Kappa value: 0.59), 91.57% (Kappa value: 0.53), and 86.00% (Kappa value: 0.63), respectively. The vegetation structure analysis technology using deep learning is expected to increase the performance of the model as the amount of information in the optical and LiDAR increases. In the future, if the model is developed with a high-complexity that can reflect various characteristics of vegetation and sufficient sampling, it would be a material that can be used as a reference data to Korea’s policies and regulations by constructing a country-level vegetation structure map.

Landscape Ecological Studies on Structure and Dynamics of Plant Populations on Vegetation-Landscape Patterns in Rural Regions: I. The Effect of Patch Shape on the Initial Population Structure of Pine and Oaks

Rim, Young-Deuk,Hong, Sun-Kee The Ecological Society of Korea 1999 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.22 No.2

Secondary vegetation. the holistically integrated system of nature and human being, is the complicated ecosystem that is composed of natural and man-created factors. Understanding the ecological function of secondary vegetation supplies us many important informations for sustainable landscape management and ecological restoration planning. In this research, we tried to examine the shape effect of vegetation patch on early structure of populations of pine and oaks. Moreover. we also tried to clarify the ecological functions of patch edge by exploring the patch effect on germination using patch index. In addition, we present the landscape structure of man -made vegetation of our study area, and setting experimental design of research. Vegetation landscape of study area is typical human disturbed landscape mainly composed of disturbance patches. Vegetation types of graveyard and managed pine forest were controlled by periodically repeated management. However, current seedlings of pine occurred well at both vegetation types. Presence of both saplings were more controlled in managed pine forest (PDM) and graveyard (G) than those of undergrowth (PD) and forest edge (FE) with canopy trees. The number of pine seedlings increased with patch size and patch perimeter. That of oak seedlings was, however, not significantly different. Larger graveyards provided higher light availability for germination of pine seedlings. We think, however, most seedlings of both species in the large sized graveyards without shade will die more easily than that of small sized ones before rainy summer. Relationships between patch shape and germination of two woody species cannot be exactly explained enough yet in these results. More informations on spatial interaction of the total species with differently sized patches are necessary to solve the concept of patch effect on species colonization.

지형, 개발지역, 수변림과 하천 내 총질소 농도와의 구조적 관계 분석

이상우,이종원,박세린 한국조경학회 2020 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.48 No.1

유역의 토지이용과 하천에 인접한 수변림은 하천의 수질을 결정하는 중요한 요인이다. 특히 유역의 개발지역은 불투수면을 증가시키고, 강우유출 특성과 비점오염물질 거동을 변화시켜 하천의 수질을 악화시킨다. 한편, 수변림은 다양한 수문학적, 생화학적 및 생태학적 작용을 통해 유역의 토지이용이 수질에 미치는 영향을 완화시키는 것으로 보고되어 왔다. 하천의 수질은 다양한 요인들에 의해 영향을 받기 때문에 요인들 간 인과관계를 이해하는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구는 인과관계를 분석할 수 있는 구조방정식모형을 통해 하천환경 특성, 유역의 개발지역 면적, 수변림의 공간적 구조가 총질소 농도에 미치는 구조적 관계 분석에 목적을 두고 수행되었다. 연구 대상지는 낙동강 대권역으로 선정하였으며, 수질 자료는 2012년 환경부의 「전국 하천 수생태계 현황 조사 및 건강성 평가」 결과를 이용하였다. 환경부의 토지피복도에서 수변림과 개발지역 데이터를 추출하여 SPSS Amos 프로그램을 통해 구조방정식모형을 추정하였다. 모형 추정 결과, 개발지역은 고도에 의해 결정되며 수변림의 공간적 구조는 개발지역 면적에 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 개발지역 면적은 총질소 농도에 직접적인 영향과 수변림의 공간적 구조를 통해 간접적인 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 개발지역은 수변림의 LDI와 총질소 농도를 증가시키고 LPI와 PLAND를 감소시키며 LDI와 PLAND는 총질소 농도를 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 유역의 개발지역이 하천의 총질소 농도에 직간접적으로 영향을 미치나, 수변림이 공간적으로 안정적인 구조를 갖고 식생이 풍부할 경우, 개발지역이 하천 수질에 미치는 부정적인 영향을 상당히 완화시킬 수 있다는 것을 의미한다. 따라서 중장기적인 유역 관리 계획 수립 시, 하천의 수질 회복을 위해서는 유역의 개발지역 비율을 최소화하는 것이 중요하며, 유역 개발에 의한 하천 수질의 영향을 완화하기 위해서는 수변림의 양과 구조의 복원 및 관리가 필요하다. Land use in watersheds has been shown to be a major driving factor in determining the status of the water quality of streams. In this light, scientists have been investigating the roles of riparian vegetation on the relationships between land use in watersheds and the associated stream water quality. Numerous studies reported that riparian vegetation could alleviate the adverse effects caused by land use in watersheds and on stream water quality through various hydrological, biochemical and ecological mechanisms. However, this concept has been criticized as the true effects of riparian vegetation must be assessed by comprehensive models that mimic real environmental settings. This study aimed to estimate a comprehensive structural equation model integrating topography, land use, and characteristics of riparian vegetation. We used water quality data from the Nakdong River system monitored under the National Aquatic Ecosystem Monitoring Program (NAEMP) of the Korean Ministry of Environment (MOE). Also, riparian vegetation data and land use data were extracted from the Land Use/Land Cover map (LULC) produced by the MOE. The number of structural equation models (SEMs) were estimated in Amos of IBM SPSS. Study results revealed that land use was determined by elevation, and developed areas within a watershed significantly increased the concentration of Total Nitrogen (TN) in streams and LDI in riparian vegetation. On the contrary, developed areas significantly reduced LPI and PLAND. At the same time, PLAND and LDI significantly reduced the concentration of TN in streams. Thus, it was clear that developed areas in watersheds had both a direct and an indirect impact on the concentration of TN in streams, and spatial pattern and the amount of vegetation of riparian vegetation could significantly alleviate the negative impacts of developed areas on TN concentration in streams. To enhance stream water quality, reducing developed areas in a watershed is critical for long-term watershed management plans, restoration patterns for riparian vegetation could be immediately implemented since riparian areas were less developed than most other watersheds.

북한산국립공원의 현존식생과 잠재자연식생

이은복 한국생태학회 1997 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.20 No.6

The potential natural vegtation of the Pukhansan National Park area, mid-western Korea, was inferred from the actual vegetation. With the phytosociological classification and field surveys, the actual vegetation map of the park area was made on a scale of 1:25, 000, including fourteen communities. By the analyses of the species diversity, the age structure, the human interferences and various informations on vegetation changes, two pathways of late stage succession from Pinus densiflora forests to the climatic climax were suggested. One is from Quercus serrata forests to Q. mongolica forests throughout the mountain and the other, from Q. variabilis or Q. acutissima forests to Carpinus laxiflora forests in lower parts. Considering the vegetation changes, the potential natural vegetation of the park area mainly composed of Q. mongolica, C. laxiflora, P. densiflora and Zelkova serrata forest as the climatic and/or edaphic climax was inferred.

Effects of vegetation structure and human impact on understory honey plant richness: implications for pollinator visitation

조유리,이도원,배소연 한국생태학회 2017 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.41 No.1

Background: Though the biomass of floral vegetation in understory plant communities in a forested ecosystem only accounts for less than 1% of the total biomass of a forest, they contain most of the floral resources of a forest. The diversity of understory honey plants determines visitation rate of pollinators such as honey bee (Apis mellifera) as they provide rich food resources. Since the flower visitation and foraging activity of pollinators lead to the provision of pollination service, it also means the enhancement of plant-pollinator relationship. Therefore, an appropriate management scheme for understory vegetation is essential in order to conserve pollinator population that is decreasing due to habitat destruction and disease infection. This research examined the diversity of understory honey plant and studied how it is related to environmental variables such as (1) canopy density, (2) horizontal heterogeneity of canopy surface height, (3) slope gradient, and (4) distance from roads. Vegetation survey data of 39 plots of mixed forests in Chuncheon, Korea, were used, and possible management practices for understory vegetation were suggested. Results: This study found that 113 species among 141 species of honey plant of the forests were classified as understory vegetation. Also, the understory honey plant diversity is significantly positively correlated with distance from the nearest road and horizontal heterogeneity of canopy surface height and negatively correlated with canopy density. Conclusions: The diversity of understory honey plant vegetation is correlated to vegetation structure and human impact. In order to enhance the diversity of understory honey plant, management of density and height of canopy is necessary. This study suggests that improved diversity of canopy cover through thinning of overstory vegetation can increase the diversity of understory honey plant species.

Effects of vegetation structure and human impact on understory honey plant richness: implications for pollinator visitation

Cho, Yoori,Lee, Dowon,Bae, SoYeon The Ecological Society of Korea 2017 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.41 No.1

Background: Though the biomass of floral vegetation in understory plant communities in a forested ecosystem only accounts for less than 1% of the total biomass of a forest, they contain most of the floral resources of a forest. The diversity of understory honey plants determines visitation rate of pollinators such as honey bee (Apis mellifera) as they provide rich food resources. Since the flower visitation and foraging activity of pollinators lead to the provision of pollination service, it also means the enhancement of plant-pollinator relationship. Therefore, an appropriate management scheme for understory vegetation is essential in order to conserve pollinator population that is decreasing due to habitat destruction and disease infection. This research examined the diversity of understory honey plant and studied how it is related to environmental variables such as (1) canopy density, (2) horizontal heterogeneity of canopy surface height, (3) slope gradient, and (4) distance from roads. Vegetation survey data of 39 plots of mixed forests in Chuncheon, Korea, were used, and possible management practices for understory vegetation were suggested. Results: This study found that 113 species among 141 species of honey plant of the forests were classified as understory vegetation. Also, the understory honey plant diversity is significantly positively correlated with distance from the nearest road and horizontal heterogeneity of canopy surface height and negatively correlated with canopy density. Conclusions: The diversity of understory honey plant vegetation is correlated to vegetation structure and human impact. In order to enhance the diversity of understory honey plant, management of density and height of canopy is necessary. This study suggests that improved diversity of canopy cover through thinning of overstory vegetation can increase the diversity of understory honey plant species.

韓国において青果物流通構造の変化と対応方案

Yoon, Seokgon(尹錫坤),Yoo, Kijoon(柳基駿) 글로벌경영학회 2011 글로벌경영학회지 Vol.8 No.1

韓国の青果物流通環境の変化にも卸売市場を必要とする出荷者と小売機構は必要だということである。このような青果物卸売市場構造の変化を調べる必要がある。したがって、韓国において青果物流通構造の変化に対する問題点の検討と発展方案を提示した。つまり、韓国は青果物の農家の所得増大と流通の効率化を推進しなければならない。このためには 青果物生産者を専門化で 教育させて流通構造を革新することが必要である。また青果物卸売市場の機能を活性化させなければならない。すなわち、青果物価格決定において重要な機能を卸売市場が担当している。したがって 流通構造を改善して合理的な価格決定をするようにしなければならない。そして消費者主体の青果物流通構造確立が必要である。すなわち消費パターンの変化と消費者の欲求を充足させる流通構造に体系的な戦略的接近が必要である。最後に、青果物の標準規格化された出荷と取引制度の確立と正確な流通情報の提供など青果物生産者の競争力を強化させなければならない。 Structure of markets for fruits and vegetables, Wholesale markets for fruits and vegetables, Distribution markets for fruits and vegetables in Korea. The structure of distribution of fruits and vegetables in Korea is changing. Especially, the distribution route of fruits and vegetables which is an intermediary stage accounts for much of the distribution. In addition, the routes other than the wholesale market such as direct transactions of fruits and vegetables are undergoing a change to be on the upward trend. Thus, along the line of such change, re-recognizing the importance of role of fruit and vegetable market, the necessity of putting in place measures to cope with the change is required. With the change in the structure of fruit and vegetable distribution, two ways of developing fruit and vegetable distribution are suggested in two respects along with counter-measures. Firstly, as there is insufficiency in the distribution function on the part of fruit and vegetable producers’ organizations, the efficiency of distribution structure should be enhanced by increasing their expertise. Secondly, as the structure of distribution of fruits and vegetables is unreasonable and complex, it should be made sure that benefits should return to producers and consumers by simplifying the distribution structure.

울릉도 섬잣나무-솔송나무림의 구조 및 하층식생의 종 다양성

조용찬 ( Yong Chan Cho ),홍진기 ( Jin Ki Hong ),조현제 ( Hyun Je Cho ),배관호 ( Kwan Ho Bae ),김준수 ( Jun Soo Kim ) 한국임학회 2011 한국산림과학회지 Vol.100 No.1

본 연구에서는 울릉도 태하령의 섬잣나무-솔송나무림에서 10개의 영구방형구(10 m×10 m) 및 30개의 소방형구(1 m×3 m)를 설치하여 임분구조, 식생조성 및 종다양성을 밝히며 종다양성 모형을 수립하였다. 섬잣나무-솔송나무 임분의 광량은 평균 3.7 mol·m-2·day-1, 수관 열림도는 평균 8.6 %로 분석되었다. Mantel 검정 결과, 임분 상층의 구조가 장기적으로 지속되기 어려울 것으로 나타났다. 하층식생의 조성은 지상부의 구조 및 토양 나출도와 유의한 상관을 나타내었다. 중회귀분석을 통한 종다양성 모형에서 섬잣나무의 양적 요인(단면적 및 밀도) 및 숲 바닥 조건이 유의한 예측변수로 분석되었다. 섬잣나무-솔송나무림의 유지에는 비교적 큰 규모의 교란이 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 종다양성을 유지하기 위해서는 여우꼬리사초 및 큰두루미꽃과 같은 단일 군반을 형성하는 교란지 종의 확장을 제어하는 것이 필요하다. Vegetation structure, composition and diversity were quantified for 10 samples (10 m×10 m) representing woody vegetation and for 30 samples (1 m×3 m) representing understory vegetation in Pinus parviflora and Tsuga sieboldii forest of Taeharyeong, Ulleung-gun (Gyeongsangbuk-do). P. parviflora was limitedly advanced to sapling layer from seedling stage, and based on Mantel tests, composition of canopy layer was not established in ground woody vegetation. Non-metric multidimensional scaling revealed influence of biotic and abiotic factors in species composition of woody and understory vegetation. In the result of multiple regression model, abundance of P. parviflora (density and breast height area) and percent cover of woody debris were significant predict variables for understory diversity. These results suggest that relatively large disturbance is required for regeneration of P. parviflora and T. sieboldii forest, and control of expansion of monocultural understory species that monopolize resources such as Carex blepharicarpa and Maianthemum dilatatum, is necessary for maintenance of diversity.

남해안 물건리 방조어부림의 식생구조 특성 및 관리방안

이수동 ( Soo Dong Lee ),김미정 ( Mi Jeong Kim ),강현경 ( Hyun Kyung Kang ) 한국전통조경학회 2016 한국전통조경학회지 Vol.34 No.1

본 연구는 남해안 물건리 방조어부림의 인문사회적, 자연생태적 특성을 토대로 효율적인 보전ㆍ관리방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 연구대상지는 천연기념물 제 150호로 1,600년경 전주 이씨 후손들이 정착하면서 조성한 숲으로 추정되고 있으며 마을의 평안을 위하여 매년 10월마다 동제를 지내고 있다. 방조어부림은 방재적, 경제적, 환경생태적 기능과 함께 대표적인 역사문화자원으로 남해군에서 관리하고 있다. 선형의 대상지 면적은 23,962.6㎡로 주변은 경작지(48.5%), 도시화지역(38.2%)이 넓게 분포하고 있다. 세부적인 현존식생은 이용압 및 훼손여부에 따라 층위형성지와 식생복원지, 훼손지로 구분되었으며 세부적인 식물군집유형은 이용압이 낮은 푸조나무군집(Ⅰ),느티나무군집(Ⅱ), 이용압이 높은 느티나무-이팝나무-푸조나무군집(Ⅲ), 푸조나무-느티나무군집(Ⅳ), 이용에 의해 하층이 훼손된 팽나무-푸조나무군집(Ⅴ)으로 구분되었다. 숲 내부의 관통도로와 해안도로, 목재데크 산책길, 주차장, 세면대 등의 교통.휴게시설 설치로인하여 숲의 파편화 및 내부 식생의 생육이 어려워지고 있다. 이를 위한 복원방안으로서 우선복원지역 설정, 복원 식생종 선정과 적정 복원방법이 요구되었다. 훼손지역(7,868.2㎡)을 우선 복원지역으로 설정하고, 복원 식생종은 후대림을 위하여 숲내 우점종인 느티나무, 푸조나무, 팽나무, 이팝나무를 모수로 한 실생묘를 육성하며, 다층식생구조 형성을 위하여 아교목층과 관목층에 각각 5개체, 115개체(단위면적 100㎡)를 보완식재해야 할 것이다. 또한, 숲 내부의 곳곳에 산재하는 휴게시설물 철거 및 무분별한 이용을 통제하고 낙엽활엽수림으로 보전, 복원될 수 있도록 관리 및 모니터링이 수반되어져야 한다. The purpose of this study is to present efficient methods of preserving and managing the fish shelter forest in Mulgun-ri on the southern coast of Korea on the basis of its humanistic, sociological and ecological characteristics. The study object is Korean natural monument No. 150, which is presumed to have been forested by descendants of Jeonju Lee Family who settled there, and village rituals are held every October to pray for the peace of the village. The forest is managed by Namhae-gun as a historical and cultural resource as well as its disaster-preventing, economic, and environmental and ecological functions. The linear form of the area is 23,962.6㎡ and farmland(48.5%) and urbanization area(38.2%) are extensively located in its periphery area. Actual vegetation was sub-classified into three types of land according to use pressure and whether or not damage was done: land where its stratification was formed; land where it was restored, and the land where it was damaged. Plant communities were sub-classified into Aphananthe aspera community(Ⅰ) and Zelkova serrata community(Ⅱ) which had a low use pressure; Z. serrata-Chionanthus retusa-A. aspera community(Ⅲ) and A. aspera-Z. serrata community(Ⅳ) which had a high use pressure; and Celtis sinensis-A. aspera community(Ⅴ) whose underlayer was damaged by use. Fragmentation of the forest is under way and its inside vegetation growth is hampered due to the installation of traffic and resting facilities such as the through roads costal roads, wooden-deck walkways, parking lots, washstands, etc. As a restoration management plan for this, the following were required: an establishment of preferred restoration area; a selection of restoration vegetation species; and an appropriate restoration method. The damaged area(7,868.2㎡) will have to be set up as the preferred restoration area; seedlings of restored vegetation species should be raised with dominant species within the forest(i.e., Z. serrata, A. aspera, C. sinensis, and C. retusa) as their ``mother trees`` for the benefit of for the next-generation forest; and sub-tree and shrub layer should be complementarily planted with 5 and 115 trees(unit 100㎡) respectively to facilitate the formation of a multi-layered vegetation structure. In addition, resting facilities scattered inside the forest should be demolished; and indiscriminate use of them should be controlled; management and monitoring should be carried out so that the area can be preserved and restored as a deciduous broad-leaved forest.