인터넷 상에서의 번역에 관한 고찰: 누리꾼들의 정치참여로서의 번역을 중심으로

강지혜 한국통역번역학회 2012 통역과 번역 Vol.14 No.2

This paper explores the ways in which politically engaged internet users utilize translation to participate in resistant and interventionist forms of mediation in the cyberspace. By drawing on the concepts of “translation activism” and “narrative location” (Baker 2006), the present study analyzes how South Korean bloggers and internet community members engage in political participation by producing, sharing, and discussing Korean translations of a source text that resonates strongly with their own narrative location. The paper focuses on Korean translations of The Economist’s report on “Naneun Ggomsuda”, an immensely popular, but politically explosive, podcast in South Korea. Based on an analysis of 19 blogs and 9 internet cafes with posts containing translation of the original article, the paper argues that translations are produced and commented on by politically participative netizens whose personal narratives fail to align with public narratives. Engaging in translation activism in order to bring their personal narratives to bear on the public ones, the netizens translate the source text by explicitly framing and commenting on the content and positioning of the target text in terms of their own narrative location. Furthermore, the analysis suggests that the extensive use of diverse translation methods, ranging from full translation to gist or partial translation, most of which are positively received by other netizens, reveals shifting criteria regarding what constitutes quality in netizen translation. Lastly, translation occurs in connectivity and interaction in that the actual initiation, completion, reception, and sharing of translation are requested, acknowledged or supported by other netizens in posts and threads. The findings suggest that activist translation on the internet occurs in a participative format based on dynamic narrative positioning of netizen translators and shows changing expectations concerning translation quality and practice.

Translation Technology Teaching at MA Level : Problems and Suggestions in the Age of AI

WANG Huashu 한국외국어대학교 통번역연구소 2019 한국외국어대학교 통번역연구소 학술대회 Vol.2019 No.07

Driven by evolvement of AI technology, a series of innovative technologies and tools, such as crowdsourcing translation, remote-video interpreting, human-computer interactive translation, VR/AR interpreting, smart translation pen, portable translation device, and AI simultaneous interpreting technology have made their presence and practical application in various fields and scenes. Technology is reconstructing the traditional translation in an unprecedented way, leading to heated discussion on reform of translation profession and translation education. As translation technology is an undeniable trend, it is necessary to redefine translation competence saying that technical competence is a must for future translators. Questionnaires and interviews were conducted via telephones and emails on the current situation of translation technology curriculum in MA/MTI Translation/Interpreting programs in China, Japan, South Korea, the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Spain, Switzerland, Australia, etc. This study will present the common problems found in those programs and provide constructive suggestions to them, as maybe referred by future translation technology education in a global view.

대학생들의 번역기 사용과 기계 번역의 문제점

마선미 한국통번역교육학회 2022 통번역교육연구 Vol.20 No.4

Translation is a popular activity which is widely used in English classes. The invention of machine translation changed how people look at the use of translation. Students started to use them in the class as well as in their daily lives and machine translation has become one of necessary item. This research examined how students viewed translation in English learning as well as the use of machine translation. It also investigated how students view the role of a translator. For this study, 35 students participated for the survey and translation activities. The data revealed that students do not think translation is a necessary medium for learning English. Also, they think machine translation will be a reliable source for translation in the future. However, after using machine translation, students responded that it would take a long time to have better machine translation and it would not be easy to properly translate them.

기계번역 사용, 기계번역 교육, 번역가 진로에 관한 인식 조사: 학부번역전공자를 대상으로 한 소규모 설문조사를 기반으로

이선우,이상빈 한국통역번역학회 2023 통역과 번역 Vol.25 No.1

In this study, we conducted a survey asking undergraduate students majoring in translation about their perceptions of machine translation (MT). The respondents were 153 students in a translation department at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies in South Korea. The questionnaire contained thirty-six closed-ended questions and three open-ended questions. The main focus of the survey was (1) how the students had used MT output to further their learning of translation and English as a foreign language, (2) what they thought about their curriculum in general and MT-related courses in particular, and (3) what effects they expected technology advancement to have on their future career and the status of translators. The responses show that many students actively use free online MT services and take a fairly positive view of the quality of MT. The students feel that MT-related education should be expanded to meet the changing needs, with careful attention given to the current curricular framework. They also mention that MT training will likely improve their career prospects and it is thus necessary to acquire first-hand knowledge of technological aspects of translation. Findings of this study could be used as reference material to improve curricular programs for undergraduate students who major in translation or lesser-known foreign languages.

20세기 초 한국의 문명전환과 번역 -중역(重譯)과 역술(譯述)의 문제를 중심으로-

김남이 ( Nam Yi Kim ) 민족어문학회 2011 어문논집 Vol.- No.63

이 글은 ``중역``과 ``역술``이라는 20세기 초반 한국의 번역의 특성에 주목하며, 이를 문명의 전환과 소통의 관점에서 살펴본 것이다. 근대계몽기의 ``번역``, 특히 20세기 초의 번역은 지금 우리에게 익숙한 개념의 번역과 조금 다른 형태로 존재했다. 그 특징 중의 하나는 ``譯述````譯說``의 방식이다. 번역자의 언술이 일종의 편집 행위(삭제, 축소, 확대)를 거치며 번역 텍스트에 적극 개입하는 경우이다. 다음은 ``重譯``인데, 이 시기의 많은 번역 텍스트들이 서양의 원본을 기점으로 삼아 영어→일어/중국어→(국)한문으로 번역되었다. 이러한 중역과 역술은 20세기 초반의 번역의 특징을 대표하는 한편으로 부정적인 역할 또한 했다. 기점 텍스트에서 목표 텍스트로의 ``전이``와 그 결과의 ``등가성``만을 지표로 삼고 보면, 원본 텍스트대로 번역하지 않을 뿐더러, 번역자가 개입까지 한 것이기 때문에 불완전하고 질이 떨어지는 것 이상의 의미를 갖지 못한 것으로 보일 수 있었기 때문이다. 그러나 중역과 역술은 당대 조선 지식인이 외부세계를 ``번역하는(수용/거절/전유)``의 방식을 그대로 담고 있다는 점에서 그 가치와 의미를 재맥락화할 필요가 있다. 20세기 초반 한국의 번역은 망국과 구국, 그리고 성장과 자조라는 당대 조선의 분명한 현실적 필요에 따라 텍스트를 재배치하고 구성하는 것을 주된 목표와 의미로 삼고 있었다. 번역은 언어에서 출발해 문화적인 차원에서 작동하는 것이어니와 20세기 초 한국의 번역 또한 그러한 문화적 소통의 관점에서 다시 살펴져야 한다. 20세기 초반의 번역 텍스트들을 통해 우리는 문명의 전환기에 맞닥뜨린 이 시기에, 서구 대 동양 또는 식민과 피식민과 같은 위계나 영향의 수수관계로 환원되지 않는 ``번역`` 또는 문화간의 ``소통``의 국면이 있었음을 확인해 볼 수 있다. "The translation" during the period of enlightenment in modern times, especially during early 20th century, was little different from the form that we are used to. One of the characteristics is the way of "``paraphrase`` ``interpretation`` that translator`s narrative and action (omission, reduction, and expansion) are actively applied to the translation text. Another is ``translation from translation.`` Many translation texts were translated English→Japanese/ Chinese→(Korean) Chinese character, making western`s original text as a starting point. Translation from translation and paraphrase played a negative role to represent a characteristic of translation in early 20th century. Considering ``metastasis`` from a starting text to a targeted text and ``eqivalence`` of the result, the translation at that time could be incomplete and has poor quality. However, translation from translation and paraphrase include the way of the intellectual in Josun Dynasty ``translating (acceptance/refusal/ metonymy) the outer world as it is, so re-contextualization of their value and meaning is necessary. This is of course possible on a base of new understanding on translation. At the end of the 20th century, the study of translation led and underwent a complete change of the alteration of paradigm that moving the focus of translation from the original to targeted text. This is very important for looking into translation in early 20th century. Translation starts from the language and operates in ``cultural level.`` Translation in early 20th century of Korea should be looked into by embracing the dimension of ``cultural translation,`` the translation of cultural level.

Teaching Screen Translation in the Classroom

Sung Eun Cho 영상영어교육학회 2008 영상영어교육 (STEM journal) Vol.9 No.1

Screen translation can be a highly motivational discipline which engages student's interest and enthusiasm, promotes confidence and security and fosters development of L2 learning and translation strategies. Thorough training in screen translation offers additional benefits in the form of transferable skills, that may be relevant to the students' professional activities in the future. Translation pedagogy is now catching up with the progress in translation studies and the continuing demands for high-quality translators. And with the diffusion of multimedia texts, the view of translators as communicators between languages and cultures is now widely accepted and influencing and changing the didactics of translation accordingly. Screen translation has much to recommend it as a new and motivational form of translation activity at university level. It offers rich possibilities for imaginative course design. Moreover, the specific nature of the multimedia texts requires the teacher to recognize that teaching of translation involves not only in the linguistic aspects of translation but also instruction in the specific constraints of screen translation. That is to say, it must also involve the pedagogy that recognizes its multimedia communicative contexts.

‘가정소설’의 번역과 젠더의 기획 -여성번역문학사 정립을 위한 시론-

김연숙 한국여성문학학회 2012 여성문학연구 Vol.28 No.-

This paper examines women's translation literature history in connection with the gender viewpoint in Korea's early modern translation literature history. Thus, the Japanese home novel of 「Hototogisu」, which was translated/adapted into 「Little Cuckoo」-「Cuckoo's Crying」, was examined as to its process of translation/adaptation. 「Little Cuckoo」-「Cuckoo's Crying」 were regarded as symbols of tears, tear-jerking stuff and women's epics. However, an analysis of the novel text revealed that there was no qualitative and quantitative difference between men's tears and women's tears as described in the work, and that it was difficult to indicate the novel as being overly emotionally charged. Thus, in the process of accommodating the novel after the 1910s, it is assumed that emotion was discriminated by gender, and afterwards, that such emotion represented colonial emotion. The translation/adaptation, after the text was accommodated for the first time, gaines social and historical meaning, and was redefined,and accordingly, newly created meanings defined the text. This process was repeated. Therefore, the translation/adaptation of Japanese home literature shows the process of literary text producing meanings through communication with the readers,proving that translation is not a language exchange between texts, but the process of creating new meanings between the original text world and the translated world. Furthermore, women's translation literature history not only restores the deleted facts about women's translation/women translators in the existing translated literature history, but also enables a fundamental examination of translation. 이 논문은 한국 근대 번역문학사에 젠더 관점을 접합하여, 여성번역문학사의 가능성을 모색하고자 하는 것이다. 이를 위해 일본 가정소설 「호토토기스」가「불여귀」-「두견성」으로 번역/번안된 과정을 분석했다. 「불여귀」-「두견성」은 그동안 눈물-신파-여성 서사물의 원형으로 여겨져 왔다. 그러나 실제 텍스트의 분석 결과, 작품에서 드러나는 남녀의 ‘눈물’은 질적ㆍ양적으로차이가 없고, 전체적으로 감정과잉이라 규정하기 어려웠다. 따라서 1910년대이후 작품의 수용과정에서 감정의 성별화가 이루어졌고, 이후 식민지적 감정으로 대표되었다고 판단할 수 있다. 이는 번역/번안이 1차 텍스트 수용 과정이후, 사회적ㆍ역사적 의미를 획득하면서 재규정되고, 이에 따라 새롭게 생성된 의미들이 텍스트를 다시금 의미 규정하는 과정이다. 따라서 일본 가정문학의 번역/번안은 문학텍스트가 수용대중과의 소통구조에 의해 의미를 생산하는 과정을 보여주며, 번역이란 텍스트 간의 언어교환이 아니라 원본과번역본의 ‘사이’ 세계에서 새로운 의미가 만들어지는 과정임을 입증하고 있다. 나아가 여성번역문학사란, 기존 번역문학사에 누락된 여성번역주체를 복원하는 것은 물론 번역에 대한 근원적인 성찰을 가능하게 해준다는 점에서그 의의가 있다.

중역(重譯)과 근대의 모험: 횡단과 언어적 전환이라는 문제의식에 관하여

조재룡 이화여자대학교 이화인문과학원 2011 탈경계인문학 Vol.4 No.2

Double-translation [the act of translating not from an original but from another translation of an original] resists ordinary penetration through appropriation, homogenization, or heterogenization of the “language-culture” (Henri Meschonnic) and taps the possibility for language to bring novelty. The double-translation of the so-called Enlightenment period in Korea, as well as the literary works born from double-translation, make possible the overthrow of such dichotomies as transplantation versus creation and ruler versus ruled. At the same time, through the clashes, bendings, and adjustments induced by this process of double-translation, it led to such things as the transformation of literary genres and the design of the modern Korean language. Ultimately, all the questions surrounding the issue of double-translation force us to acknowledge that Korea’s modern knowledge -- up till now -- has been rooted in colonial subordination, since it all came through double-translation (from the colonizing Japanese). If the result of the simple and mechanical transplantation through double-translation is nothing other than Korea’s modern knowledge, this leads us to say that, because of this, Korean modern literature and language are subordinated to the Japanese translation/assimilation of (Western) modernity. The recognition of double-translation, whether that double-translation process was conscious or not, presents itself as a sensitive issue, for the discussion has always been about being for or against double-translation. If double-translation is indeed an act of translation, it activates reiteration of the practices of reading-writing, which is also re-reading-re-writing, within the interdetermination of Meschonnic’s “language-culture” through diverse means such as hybridity, realignment, overlapping, invention, and creation. In the process, a step was being made, for instance, towards an identification of spoken and written language. Double-translation has acted as “mutable mobile” (Michael Cronin), repeatedly adding and withdrawing writings and cultural elements. Therefore, the question of modernity (literary and scientific) in Korea is the question of double-translation. Breaking away from the context of the primary production of knowledge (from within the West) and its later reception (via Japan) amounts to a language practice that invents its own identity’s historicity within (as well as through) alterity. All the diverse categories of “re-writing” can only assume a language practice linked either to separation or crossing. The “re-” of “re-writing” doesn’t just mean mere repetition, but implies an interpretation both subjective and secondary, which tells that the practice of re-writing is a product of re-reading, that is, a criticism of the original (because it could do nothing but disclose the possibility of criticism). There lies the value of all the double-translations attempted by Ch’oe Namson. Through double-translation, he originated the syntactical structure of modern Korean language, fixed punctuation, and designed a new vocabulary. Today, the prospects of double-translation are different because the historical situation is different. Double-translation is no more at the source of a complex, but it is instead recognized as the “mark of the translator’s efforts” (Kim Hyun). The fact that translation studies stress the need to consult previous translations in order to enhance one’s own translation tells us that double-translation is no longer a taboo or a mis-translation.

중국 고대 역장(驛場) 제도에 대한 고찰 - 번역의 시스템과 방법을 중심으로 -

김중섭 한국언어연구학회 2017 언어학연구 Vol.22 No.2

The National translation institute had been playing an important role in the history of Chinese translation, which also suggested significant implications to translation theory and methods. The main features that make the translation institute difference from modern translation activity is systematical organization, segmented job divisions and cooperative translation. With the development of national translation institute, its functions were more and more complete and the management were more and more strict. The foundation of translation institute guaranteed correct, proper, systematic and scientific translation of buddhist sutra, and exerted strong influence on Chinese modern translation theory and translation practice.

재(再)-번역은 무엇인가

조재룡,김두리 한국고전번역원 2017 民族文化 Vol.50 No.-

Re-translation may vary depending on scope, context, historical situation, and era. Therefore, it has an uncertain aspect that cannot be defined on its own. This research aims to look at forms and features of re-translation as well as examine the necessity of re-translation. Revised edition, which is one of the most common forms of re-translation, includes a vast range of translation methods. In order to assess re-translation in consideration of relevant situation and context of a particular time, one must look at the entire area it intersects with double translation. This is because re-translation and double translation are intrinsically intertwined throughout the long history of Korean literature through translated literature that experienced significant turning points, exchanging of texts and influences. A great number of Korean literature pieces have traces of “translation” in them. Re-translation is also closely related to creative writing. As an example, Haruki’s novel is a translation and at the same time carries uniqueness that is based on the “expansive” quality of re-translation. Re-translation is a task that demands extensive thinking and knowledge on what has already been translated, which is why Henri Meschonnic claims translation is inevitably retranslation. The necessity of re-translation is emphasized as a mother language changes and becomes outdated. Walter Benjamin finds the reason for re-translation in “how the original text survives.” According to Benjamin, the original texts whose survival hinges solely on translation bestows the validity of re-translation. Re-translation reveals yet again that all languages are a language of here and now that is worn down with various forms and kinds of translation, and thereby gains its alibi. Hwa-Young Kim accurately perceives that a mother language ages and this fact is the most significant basis for her re-translation of The Stranger. Kim’s re-translation expands the horizon of the Korean language as well as practices the translation ethics against domestication and annexation of translation. Each translation has historicity and can be a material that allows an insight into linguistic and cultural horizon as well as literary features. Re-translation shows, proves, and puts it to practice that the history of translation and the history of literature are not unrelated. 재번역은 범주와 맥락, 역사적 상황과 시대에 따라 가변적이다. 따라서 독립된 상태에서 정의될 수 없는 불확정적인 성격을 지닌다. 본 연구는 재번역의 유형과 특성을 살피고, 나아가 재번역의 필요성을 살펴보는 데 목적이 있다. 가장 대표적인 재번역의 유형인 개정판에는 다양한 번역 방법론들이 산재해 있다. 특정 시기의 상황과 맥락을 고려하여 재번역을 평가하기 위해서는 특히 중역과의 상관성 속에서 재번역의 지평이 형성되는 양상 전반을 살펴보아야 한다. 한국문학사 전반이 번역문학을 통해 커다란 전환점을 맞이한 시기, 텍스트의 교류와 영향 관계의 거대한 역사 전반에 중역과 재번역이 불가분의 관계를 맺으면서 매우 복잡하게 개입되어 있기 때문이다. 근대 한국문학작품 중 상당수는 그 내부에 ‘번역’의 흔적을 간직하고 있다. 재번역은 또한 창작과도 밀접히 연관된다. 예를 들어 하루키의 소설은 번역인 동시에 재번역의 ‘확장적’ 특성에 기대어 고유성을 창출한다. 재번역은 이미 번역되어 있는 모든 사유와 지식들을 총동원하는 작업이기에 앙리 메쇼닉은 번역이 필연적으로 재번역의 성격을 지닌다고 주장한다. 재번역의 필요성은 모국어의 변화와 노후에 의해 부각된다. 발터 벤야민은 재번역의 이유를 원본이 ‘살아남은 방식’에서 찾는다. 벤야민에 의하면 번역에 의해서만 가능성을 확보하는 원본의 생존 방식이 바로 재번역에 타당성을 부여한다. 재번역은 모든 언어가 다양한 형태, 다양한 종류의 번역으로 인해 닳고 닳아빠진 지금-여기의 언어라는 사실을 다시 한번 드러내고, 이러한 사실에서 알리바이를 얻어온다. 김화영은 모국어가 노후한다는 사실을 정확히 인식하고 있었으며 이와 같은 사실을 그는 『이방인』 재번역의 가장 중요한 근거로 자리한다. 그의 재번역은 한국어의 지평을 넓히면서 원문의 자국화와 병합에 맞선 번역의 윤리를 실천한다. 각각의 번역은 각각의 역사성을 지니고 있으며, 경우에 따라 시대의 언어-문화적 지평과 문학적 특성을 탐구할 자료이다. 재번역은 번역의 역사가 문학의 역사와 별개가 아니라는 사실을 드러내며, 이를 입증하고, 나아가 실천의 반열 위에 올려놓는다.