하계 특수경부하기간의 단기 전력수요예측

박정도(Jeong-Do Park),송경빈(Kyung-Bin Song) 대한전기학회 2013 전기학회논문지 Vol.62 No.4

Load forecasting is essential to the economical and the stable power system operations. In general, the forecasting days can be classified into weekdays, weekends, special days and special light-load periods in short-term load forecast. Special light-load periods are the consecutive holidays such as Lunar New Years holidays, Korean Thanksgiving holidays and summer special light-load period. For the weekdays and the weekends forecast, the conventional methods based on the statistics are mainly used and show excellent results for the most part. The forecast algorithms for special days yield good results also but its forecast error is relatively high than the results of the weekdays and the weekends forecast methods. For summer special light-load period, none of the previous studies have been performed ever before so if the conventional methods are applied to this period, forecasting errors of the conventional methods are considerably high. Therefore, short-term load forecast for summer special light-load period have mainly relied on the experience of power system operation experts. In this study, the trends of load profiles during summer special light-load period are classified into three patterns and new forecast algorithms for each pattern are suggested. The proposed method was tested with the last ten years’ summer special light-load periods. The simulation results show the excellent average forecast error near 2%.

삼복첩의 치료 효과와 만족도에 대한 연구

송지현,이진화,김윤희,Song, Ji Hyun,Lee, Jin Hwa,Kim, Yun Hee 대한한방소아과학회 2018 대한한방소아과학회지 Vol.32 No.1

Objectives The purpose of this study is to understand effect on respiratory disease and satisfaction of parents about acupoint sticking in hottest period of summer. Methods A survey was conducted to the parents of their children who took acupoint sticking in Dog-days for two years in a row. 17 children (10 boys, 7 girls, 4.0-12.11 years) were attached Socheongo to BL-13, BL-15, BL-17 for 3 hours. In terms of the effectiveness of the therapy, the treatment only considered as effective when there is any improvement in respiratory symptoms. Results 11 children (64.7%) from the study group have shown positive effect. There were significant improvements in frequency of having a cold or duration of a cold; duration of rhinitis; frequency of having empyema or its duration; frequency of having bronchitis; frequency of having pneumonia; frequency of having otitis media. Respiratory health VAS (Visual Analog Scale) had significant increase from 5 to 6.71 (p<0.05). 7 parents (41.2%) were satisfied with acupoint in hottest period of summer and 16 parents (94.1%) wanted to have their children get treated again in next year. From the survey, inconveniences of acupuncture were weak attachment of the acupoint (23.5%), long attaching time (11.8%), pressure about number of treatments (5.9%), worry about side effects (5.9%). Side effects have been reported; 2 pruritus (11.8%), 1 pruritus and erythema (5.9%). Conclusions Acupoint sticking in hottest period of summer improves lung symptoms in children older than three years old. However, the ways to reduce the side effects and inconveniences are needed.

당대(唐代) 황제(皇帝) 순행(巡幸)의 성격 -순행(巡幸) 빈도,기간,장소,활동의 통계적 분석을 중심으로

최진열 ( Jin Yeoul Choi ) 성균관대학교 대동문화연구원 2010 大東文化硏究 Vol.72 No.-

이 글은 唐代 황제들의 巡幸의 성격을 통계 자료를 중심으로 분석하여 정리한 연구이다. 즉 巡幸頻度, 巡幸期間, 巡幸장소, 巡幸 활동으로 나누어 皇帝별 혹은 다른 왕조와 巡幸의 빈도 및 기간을 비교함으로써 唐代 巡幸의 특징을 통계적·객관적으로 밝히려고 하였다. 唐代 巡幸의 특징을 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 唐 前期와 後期의 巡幸頻度와 巡幸期間이 확연한 차이를 보였다. 親征과 蒙塵, 하루거리의 단거리 일정을 제외한 唐 前期 ``巡幸(협)``, 즉 협의의 巡幸 기간은 최소 14,310일, 최고 14,489일이며, 연평균 104일과 105일이다. 즉 1년의 약 29.4% 혹은 30%를 都城 밖에서 보냈다. 반면 唐 後期 ``巡幸(협)`` 기간은 32일로 추정되며, 이는 연평균 0.2일에 불과하다. 둘째, 순행 지역의 범위 역시 唐 前期에는 洛陽?泰山 등 山東 지역에 미쳤으나, 唐 後期에는 長安 주변으로 축소되었다. 셋째, 漢族王朝 혹은 통일왕조로서는 避暑와 避寒을 위한 巡幸이 많았다. 특히 唐 前期에 두드러진 특징이었다. 또 자연재해와 기근, 흉년 때문에 皇帝가 신하와 백성들을 이끌고 洛陽으로 就食하며 장기 체류한 예가 많았다. 皇帝의 잦은 就食 또한 역대 통일왕조에서 보기 드문 현상이었다. 넷째, 唐 前期 황제들의 활동 가운데 사냥과 피서의 비중이 높았다. 전자의 경우 唐 後期의 황제들도 마찬가지였다. 기후사의 측면에서 보면 唐代가 온난기였으므로 避暑는 불가피한 면이 있지만, 사냥 기록이 많은 것은 다른 漢族王朝 혹은 통일왕조에서 쉽게 볼 수 없는 현상이다. 또 활동내용을 살펴보면 지방 시찰보다 ``遊幸``의 성격이 강했다. 다섯째, 다른 통일왕조와 비교하여 皇帝의 蒙塵이 많았다. 安史의 난과 黃巢의 난 뿐만 아니라 吐蕃의 침입, 節度使 사이의 내분 때 都城을 버리고 멀리는 蜀(成都), 가까이는 陝州와 梁州 등지로 피난하였다. 唐 皇室은 롱西 李氏, 즉 漢族이라고 하지만 武川鎭 군벌의 하나로서 유목민인 鮮卑人 혈통이 섞인 胡化된 漢族으로 본다. 唐代 巡幸이 漢族王朝의 巡幸과 다른 성격을 지니는 것이 발견되지만, 이를 유목적 성격으로 단정하기는 어렵다. 그러나 長安에 수도를 정했던 前漢과 비교하면 唐이 군사적·경제적으로 취약했다는 느낌을 준다. In this paper, I analyzed the statistical analysis of the frequency of imperial tour, the sojourn period of imperial tour, place of imperial tour and imperial activities in Tang Dynasty. In my conclusion, it shows all the difference between the first and the second half period of Tang Dynasty. For example, the Tang Emperors spended 13,682 or 13,852 days, I.e. annual average of 98.4 and 99.7 days, outside the capital city of Changan in first half period. This means that he Tang Emperors sojourned many places of outside capital 27.8% or 28.2% of the year. But the second period of Tang Dynasty, the Tang Emperors sojourned only 18 days in all, which was annual average of 0.12 days. The second characteristic of imperial tour is the differrnce of imperial tour places between the first half and the second period of Tang Dynasty. The Tang Emperors sojourned or made a tour of places ranging from Chang`an, the capital of Tang Dynasty and its areas around capital city to Louyang, Taiyuan, Taisan, and so on, which was very far from capital city of Chang`an, called the East of Huashan Area(Shandong). The Tang Emperors made the imperial tours for avoiding the heat of summer or cold weather of winter and just fun such as hunting, which was different from other Chinese dynasties and showed the characteristic of the imperial tours was pleasure. Other characteristic of imperial tour is the Tang Emperors`s fleeing from the royal palace orcapital, in all 8 times, ranging from areas around capital city of Chang`an to Chengdu and Lingwu. In short, the characteristics of the Tang Dynasty were different from other Chinese dynasties in many ways, especially from the Former Han whose capital city was Chang`an same as Tang Dynasty.

Relationship between environmental change on Geoje Island, southern coast of Korea, and regional monsoon and temperature changes during the late Holocene

Lim, J.,Lee, J.Y.,Kim, J.C.,Hong, S.S.,Yang, D.Y. Pergamon Press 2014 QUATERNARY INTERNATIONAL Vol.344 No.-

To reconstruct environmental change during the late Holocene, we investigated sedimentary δ<SUP>13</SUP>C values from an exposed section on Geoje Island, on the southern coast of Korea. The δ<SUP>13</SUP>C values ranged from -24.3%% to -21.2%% and were divided into five stages based on the average value (-22.5%%). A comparison with the regional climate index revealed that wet periods linked to intensified summer monsoon conditions occurred at Stage 1 (4500-3600 cal BP), Stage 3 (1350-900 cal BP), and Stage 5 (300 cal BP to present). Dry intervals were found at Stage 2 (3600-1350 cal BP) and Stage 4 (900-300 cal BP). We found two different vegetational responses to changes in regional temperature and summer monsoons. Stage 3, corresponding to the MWP, was characterized by an association between the δ<SUP>13</SUP>C values on the island and the regional temperature, but Stage 4, including the LIA interval, did not show such a relationship. Furthermore, based on comparison with the summer monsoon index, this study suggested that, on the southern coast of Korea, vegetational change was controlled by an MWP-like mode during the warm and wet periods following regional climate change, whereas a LIA-like mode showing independent climate change was dominant during the cold and dry periods. This difference in vegetational changes along the southern coast of Korea and regional (mainly terrestrial-signal based) climate change may be attributed to the influence of sea surface temperature changes in the tropical ocean through the transport of warming seawater by the Kuroshio and Tsushima currents on the East Asian coastal area, including this study area, than on the inner part of the East Asian continent.

재미 한인의 국어교육 기관과 국어 교과서 연구 - 일제강점기 미주 본토 지역을 중심으로 -

윤금선 배달말학회 2014 배달말 Vol.55 No.-

This research analyzes Korean Language Education activities of Korean in American mainland area in Japanese Occupation Period. In the specific discussion was noted that the two points as follows. First, It was analyzed the education and modern institutions of Korean ln Americans. Contemporary language education institutions such as 'student training school' and 'korean language school' were established. In this study, investigated the established procedures and content of education. Second, the actual Korean language textbooks were reviewed. In particular, that was considerd the compilation of textbooks and content. Koreans established schools such as ‘student training school’ and ‘korean language school. And they educated Korean language to migrants. Because they thougt that the preservation of the language was to preserve the nation. Student training school was affiliated with’The Korean National Association’. This school belongs to early korean language educational institution. And It operated a ‘childhood summer school’, and taught korean languages to children. The korean language school is developed in the form of childhood summer school. The school was established in each local. And korean language education has been widespread. Also they revised edition of a textbooks three times under the direction of The Korean National Association. A revised edition of a textbook was published as information for each period. 이 연구에서는 일제강점기 미주 본토 한인 사회의 국어교육 활동상을 고찰하였다. 구체적인 논의에서는 첫째, 재미 한인의 교육 사업과 교육 기관을 분석한 것으로, 당대 국어 교육 기관인 ‘학생양성소’와 ‘국어학교’의 설립 과정 및 교육 내용을 살펴보았다. 둘째, 국어 교과서의 실제를 검토한 것으로, 그 편찬 과정 및 교과서 내용 등을 고찰하였다. 이주 초기부터 미주 한인사회에서는 국어의 보존이 곧 민족의 보존이라는 의식 하에 ‘학생양성소’와 ‘국어학교’ 등을 설립하여 국어교육에 진력하였다. 학생양성소는 ‘대한인국민회’ 산하의 공립학교로서 초기 국어교육 기관에 속한다. 각처에 흩어져 있는 한인 자제들을 모아 자국어와 자국 역사 및 일반 보통교육에 힘썼으며, ‘유년 하기강습소’를 열고 일반 아동에게 국어교육을 시행하기도 했다. 한편 국어학교는 국어교육을 위한 상설기관으로 한인사회에 국어 보급을 확산시키는 데 지대한 역할을 담당하였다. 또한 ‘북미지방총회’를 중심으로 3차에걸쳐 국어 교과서를 편찬하기도 했다. 각 시기별 교과서 개편 과정을 보면 변화되는 사회에 부응하여 시대를 반영하는 편찬을 지향하고 있음을 볼 수 있다.

국어교육 : 재미 한인의 국어교육 기관과 국어 교과서 연구-일제강점기 미주 본토 지역을 중심으로

윤금선 ( Keum Sun Yeun ) 배달말학회 2014 배달말 Vol.55 No.-

이 연구에서는 일제강점기 미주 본토 한인 사회의 국어교육 활동상을 고찰하였다. 구체적인 논의에서는 첫째, 재미 한인의 교육 사업과 교육 기관을 분석한 것으로, 당대 국어 교육 기관인 ‘학생양성소’와 ‘국어학교’의 설립 과정 및 교육 내용을 살펴보았다. 둘째, 국어 교과서의 실제를 검토한 것으로, 그 편찬 과정 및 교과서 내용 등을 고찰하였다. 이주 초기부터 미주 한인사회에서는 국어의 보존이 곧 민족의 보존이라는 의식 하에 ‘학생양성소’와 ‘국어학교’ 등을 설립하여 국어교육에 진력하였다. 학생양성소는 ‘대한인국민회’ 산하의 공립학교로서 초기 국어교육 기관에 속한다. 각처에 흩어져 있는 한인 자제들을 모아 자국어와 자국 역사 및 일반 보통교육에 힘썼으며, ‘유년 하기강습소’를 열고 일반 아동에게 국어교육을 시행하기도 했다. 한편 국어학교는 국어교육을 위한 상설기관으로 한인사회에 국어 보급을 확산시키는 데 지대한 역할을 담당하였다. 또한 ‘북미지방총회’를 중심으로 3차에걸쳐 국어 교과서를 편찬하기도 했다. 각 시기별 교과서 개편 과정을 보면 변화되는 사회에 부응하여 시대를 반영하는 편찬을 지향하고 있음을 볼 수 있다. This research analyzes Korean Language Education activities of Korean in American mainland area in Japanese Occupation Period. In the specific discussion was noted that the two points as follows. First, It was analyzed the education and modern institutions of Korean ln Americans. Contemporary language education institutions such as ``student training school`` and ``korean language school`` were established. In this study, investigated the established procedures and content of education. Second, the actual Korean language textbooks were reviewed. In particular, that was considerd the compilation of textbooks and content. Koreans established schools such as ‘student training school’ and ‘korean language school. And they educated Korean language to migrants. Because they thougt that the preservation of the language was to preserve the nation. Student training school was affiliated with ’The Korean National Association’. This school belongs to early korean language educational institution. And It operated a ‘childhood summer school’, and taught korean languages to children. The korean language school is developed in the form of childhood summer school. The school was established in each local. And korean language education has been widespread. Also they revised edition of a textbooks three times under the direction of The Korean National Association. A revised edition of a textbook was published as information for each period.

방학 운영에 관한 역사적 고찰

김성혜(Kim, Sung-Hye) 한국교육사상연구회 2008 敎育思想硏究 Vol.22 No.2

본 연구에서는 방학 운영이 시대별로 어떻게 이루어져 왔는지를 고찰하고자 하였다. 방학에 관한 비교적 구체적 기록은 조선시대 왕실교육기관인 종학이 그 시초였던 것으로 보인다. 종학의 경우 하기방학 7월 7일부터 8월 23일까지, 동기방학 11월 1일부터 12월 31일까지로 대체로 동기가 하기보다 더 길게 운영되었다. 지방 관학인 향교의 경우 그 방학기간은 명확치 않으나 농번기나 흉작, 농사 실패의 경중에 따라 수시로 방학하되, 전원 방학, 윤번 방학 등이 이루어졌으며, 방학하기를 원치 아니하는 자에게는 계속 공부할 수 있는 기회도 부여했다. 또 방학기간 동안 교관에게 고을 수령을 도와 백성을 구제하는 임무가 주어졌음에서 향교의 사회교육적 기능, 교관의 사회교육적 역할도 읽을 수 있었다. 개화기 방학 운영 실태는 학교규칙을 통해 볼 때 대체로 하기의 경우 7, 8월 60일정도이며, 동기의 경우 12월말부터 1월초까지 5-10일정도로, 활동이 많은 하기가 동기보다 방학기간이 훨씬 길었음을 알 수 있으며, 일제강점기의 방학기간은 춘기의 경우 4월 1일부터 10일간, 하기의 경우 7월중순에서 8월말 50일정도, 동기의 경우 12월말에서 1월초 5-10일정도로 개화기와 마찬가지로 하기방학기간이 훨씬 길었다. 그러나 실제 운영 실태를 보면 난방비 절감 문제, 원거리학교 통학 문제, 농업학교의 영농기타 실제교육 등으로 수시로 하기방학을 단축하고 동기방학을 연장 운영했음을 알 수 있으며, 광복이후에도 연료비 문제 등을 이유로 동기방학 기간이 대체로 길게 운영되어 왔다. 본 연구는 방학 기간을 중심으로 다소 제한적 사료 검토에 그친 아쉬움이 남지만 앞으로 방학 운영 전반에 관한 연구로 발전시켜 나감에 있어서 그 기초를 제공할 것으로 사료된다. This study is to examine the development process of the operations of vacation. In the age of civilization, the vacation was operated from July to August(about sixty days) in the summer period, from the end of December to the beginning of January(from five to ten days) in the winter period, according to the school regulations. In the Japanese imperialism, the vacation was operated from April 1(about ten days) in the spring period, from the mid-July to the end of August(about fifty days) in the summer period, from the end of December to the beginning of January(from five to ten days) in the winter period, according to the school regulations. But in the practical operations, the period of winter vacation had been longer than the period of summer vacation, in the age of civilization and Japanese imperialism. On and after the 1945 Liberation, the period of winter vacation has been longer than the period of summer vacation, by reason of the fuel expense, etc. But this operation of vacational period will be presented problem which diminish studying efficiency of summer season and go wrong school affairs of end of a school year. And continual instruction of 17-19 weeks will be presented a problem of studying inefficiency, therefore it leave some room for consideration that spent about a week vacation at the mid of the term.

생효모배양물의 급여가 산란계의 생산성에 미치는 영향

이을연,이봉덕,지설하,박홍석 한국가금학회 1995 韓國家禽學會誌 Vol.22 No.2

In order to investigate the effect of feeding live yeast culture on the performance of laying hens, a feeding trial was conducted with 96 20-wk-old Hy4ine brown layers during their laying period of 60 wk. The live yeast culture used was a product from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that was cultured on the corn-based substrate followed by careful drying of whole material not to lose the viability of yeast. Three levels of yeast culture as 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% for three treatments and 0% for the control were included in the experimental diets. The feeding trial was carried out for 60 wk from August 26, 1992 to October 26, 1993. To evaluate the performance of layers during cold or hot periods as affected by the yeast culture feeding, data from the 12-wk winter period and 12-wk summer period were separated and analyzed accordingly. During 60 wk of laying period hen-day egg production was slightly but significantly(P<.05) improved by feeding the yeast culture. The average egg weight and daily egg weight(g /day) were also increased by the yeast culture. Feeding the yeast culture did not increase feed intake but feed efficiency was improved significantly (P<.05). No significant difference was detected in egg or eggshell qualities between control and yeast culture-treated groups. Feed intake and egg weight were not affected by the yeast culture feeding under both cold and hot period, but egg production and feed efficiency during hot summer improved significantly by its feeding. This result indicates that the effectiveness of the yeast culture feeding is greater during summer than winter for laying hens.

2000년~2006년 하절기 양식어류의 병원체 감염현황

김진우 ( Jin Woo Kim ),정승희 ( Sung Hee Jung ),박명애 ( Myoung Ae Park ),도정완 ( Jeong Wan Do ),최동림 ( Dong Lim Choi ),지보영 ( Bo Young Jee ),조미영 ( Mi Young Cho ),김명석 ( Myoung Sug Kim ),최혜승 ( Hye Sung Choi ),김이청 ( 한국어병학회 2006 한국어병학회지 Vol.19 No.3

하계강수량과 그 순변화형에 의한 호남지방의 지역 구분

박현욱(Hyun Wook Park) 한국지역지리학회 2005 한국지역지리학회지 Vol.11 No.1