Comparion of stability in titanium implants with different surface topographies in dogs

Nam-Sook Kim,Mong-Sook Vang,Hong-So Yang,Sang-Won Park,Ha-Ok Park,Hyun-Pil Lim 대한치과보철학회 2009 The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics Vol.1 No.1

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM. A few of studies which compared and continuously measured the stability of various surface treated implants in the same individual had been performed. PURPOSE. We aim to find the clinical significance of surface treatments by observing the differences in the stabilization stages of implant stability. MATERIAL AND METHODS. Eight different surface topographies of dental implants were especially designed for the present study. Machined surface implants were used as a control group. 4 nano-treated surface implants (20 nm TiO2 coating surface, heat-treated 80 nm TiO2 coating surface, CaP coating surface, heat treated CaP coating surface) and 3 micro-treated surface implants [resorbable blast media (RBM) surface, sandblast and acid-etched (SAE) surface, anodized RBM surface] were used as experiment groups. All 24 implants were placed in 3 adult dogs. Periotest® & ISQ values measured for 8 weeks and all animals were sacrificed at 8 weeks after surgery. Then the histological analyses were done. RESULTS. In PTV, all implants were stabilized except 1 failed implants. In ISQ values, The lowest stability was observed at different times for each individual. The ISQ values were showed increased tendency after 5 weeks in every groups. After 4 to 5 weeks, the values were stabilized. There was no statistical correlation between the ISQ values and PTV. In the histological findings, the bone formation was observed to be adequate in general and no differences among the 8 surface treated implants. CONCLUSIONS. In this study, the difference in the stability of the implants was determined not by the differences in the surface treatment but by the individual specificity.

The evaluation of healing patterns in surgically created circumferential gap defects around dental implants according to implant surface, defect width and defect morphology

임세웅,홍지연,채경준,정의원,김창성,이용근,조규성,김종관,최성호 대한치주과학회 2008 Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science Vol.38 No.2

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors affecting healing patterns of surgically created circumferential gap defects around implants in dogs. Materials and Methods: In four mongrel dogs, all mandibular premolars were extracted. After 8 weeks of healing periods, implants were submerged. According to the surface treatment, turned surface was designated as a group A and rough surface as a group B. In each dog, surgical defects on the left side were made with a customized tapered step drill and on the right with a customized paralleled drill. Groups were also divided according to the width of the coronal gaps: 1.0mm, 1.5mm, or 2.0mm. The dogs were sacrificed following 8 weeks and the specimens were analyzed histologically and histomorphometrically. Results: During the postoperative period, healing was uneventful and implants were well-maintained. As the size of the coronal gap was increased, the amount of bone-to-implant contact was decreased. The bone healing was greater in rough surface implants compared to the turned ones. About the defect morphology, tapered shape showed much bone healing and direct bone to implant contact even in the smooth surface implants. Conclusion: Healing of the circumferential defect around dental implant is influenced by the implant surface, defect width and the morphology of the defect. When using rough surface implants, circumferential gap defects within 2 mm do not need any kinds of regenerative procedures and the healing appeared to be faster in the tapered defect morphology than the paralleled one. (J Korean Acad Periodontol 2008;38:385-394) Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors affecting healing patterns of surgically created circumferential gap defects around implants in dogs. Materials and Methods: In four mongrel dogs, all mandibular premolars were extracted. After 8 weeks of healing periods, implants were submerged. According to the surface treatment, turned surface was designated as a group A and rough surface as a group B. In each dog, surgical defects on the left side were made with a customized tapered step drill and on the right with a customized paralleled drill. Groups were also divided according to the width of the coronal gaps: 1.0mm, 1.5mm, or 2.0mm. The dogs were sacrificed following 8 weeks and the specimens were analyzed histologically and histomorphometrically. Results: During the postoperative period, healing was uneventful and implants were well-maintained. As the size of the coronal gap was increased, the amount of bone-to-implant contact was decreased. The bone healing was greater in rough surface implants compared to the turned ones. About the defect morphology, tapered shape showed much bone healing and direct bone to implant contact even in the smooth surface implants. Conclusion: Healing of the circumferential defect around dental implant is influenced by the implant surface, defect width and the morphology of the defect. When using rough surface implants, circumferential gap defects within 2 mm do not need any kinds of regenerative procedures and the healing appeared to be faster in the tapered defect morphology than the paralleled one. (J Korean Acad Periodontol 2008;38:385-394)

토끼 경골에서 치과용 임프란트의 이중 산부식 및 양극 산화 표면처리에 따른 조직계측학적 연구

한예숙,김일규,장금수,박태환,전원,Han, Ye-Sook,Kim, Il-Kyu,Chang, Keum-Soo,Park, Tae-Hwan,Jeon, Won 대한악안면성형재건외과학회 2006 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.28 No.5

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of three different implant surface treatments to the bone formation during osseous healing period under unloading conditions. Machined, double-acid etched and anodic oxidized implants were inserted into tibia of 3.0 - 3.5 kg NZ white male rabbits and 2 animals of each group were sacrificed at 2, 4 and 8 weeks. The specimens containing implant was dehydrated and embedded into hard methylmethacrylate plastic. After grinding to $50{\mu}m$, the specimens were stained with Villanueva bone stain. From each specimen, histomorphometric evaluation and the bone implant contact rate were analysed with optical microscope. The results were as follows; 1. In the scanning electronic microscopic examination, machined surface implant had several shallow and paralleled scratches on plain surface, double acid-etched implant had lots of minute wrinkles, rough valley and also irregularly located craters that looked like waves, anodic oxidized surface implant had porosity that minute holes were wholly distributed on the surface. 2. After 2 weeks of implantation, the percentages of bone-to-implant contact in the machined implant, double acid-etched implant and anodic oxidized implant were 26.85%, 62.64% and 59.82%, after 4 weeks of implantation they were 64.29%, 77.85% and 75.23%, and after 8 weeks they were 82.66%, 85.34% and 86.39%. 3. After 2 weeks of implantation, the percentages of bone area between threads in the machined implant, double acid-etched implant and anodic oxidized implant were 21.55%, 42.81%, and 40.33%, after 4 weeks of implantation they were 49.32%, 62.60% and 75.56%, and after 8 weeks they were 71.62%, 87.73% and 83.94%. In summary, percentages of implant surface contacted to bone trabeculae and bone formation area inside threads in double acid-etched implants and anodic oxidized implants were greater than machined implants in early healing stage. These results suggest that double acid-etched and anodic oxidized surface implants could reduce the healing period for osseointegration and may enable to do early function.

Influence of Bioactive Material Coating of Ti Dental Implant Surfaces on Early Healing and Osseointegration of Bone

여인성,민승기,안영배 한국물리학회 2010 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.57 No.61

The dental implant surface type is one of many factors that determine the long-term clinical success of implant restoration. The implant surface consists of bioinert titanium oxide, but recently coatings with bioactive calcium phosphate ceramics have often been used on Ti implant surfaces. Bio-active surfaces are known to significantly improve the healing time of the human bone around the inserted dental implant. In this study, we characterized two types of coated implant surfaces by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, and surface roughness testing. The effect of surface modification on early bone healing was then tested by using the rabbit tibia model to measure bone-to-implant contact ratios and removal torque values. These modified surfaces showed different characteristics in terms of surface topography, chemical composition, and surface roughness. However, no significant differences were found in the bone-to-implant contact and the resistance to removal torque between these surfaces. Both the coated implants may induce similar favorable early bone responses in terms of the early functioning and healing of dental implants even though they differed in their surface characteristics.

Some characteristics of materials surface-modified by ions beam bombardment

Park, J.W.,Sohn, C.W.,Choi, B.H. Elsevier 2006 CURRENT APPLIED PHYSICS Vol.6 No.2

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Ion implantations with energies less than 100keV and current densities of 10<SUP>15</SUP>–10<SUP>18</SUP>ions/cm<SUP>2</SUP> were conducted to polymers, metals, and diamond gemstone. Physical and chemical phenomena and mechanical properties of the implanted materials were investigated.</P><P>Single or mixed ions of N, He, C were implanted onto polyethylene terephtalate (PET) to see the surface hardening effects. Multiple ion-implantation resulted in more increase in the surface hardness than single ion implantation at the same ion energy and dose. Implantation of C+N ions increased the surface hardness by about three times as compared to implantation of N or C ions alone. XPS analysis showed that C–N compounds were formed when both N and C ions are implanted into PET, implying that hard particle formation by reactions between the implanted ions and/or between the implanted N ions and carbon in PET in addition to the cross linking may be the mechanism of this significant increase in hardness.</P><P>Ion implantation with 70keV N ions of >5×10<SUP>16</SUP>/cm<SUP>2</SUP> into the surface-polished stainless steel reduced the average surface roughness (<I>R</I><SUB>a</SUB>) from 0.04μm to 0.02μm. The implanted nitrogen was detected up to at least 300nm from the surface of the stainless steel as measured with Auger electron spectroscopy. X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy analysis showed that the implanted N formed mostly Cr<SUB>2</SUB>N without post irradiation annealing. Hardness depth profiles obtained with nano-indentation technique showed that the peak hardness of 14Gpa formed at ≈50nm depth from the N ion implanted surface was about at least 2 times higher than non-irradiated specimen.</P><P>N ions were implanted into the diamond in order to change the optical band gap and then to change the emitted color. In spite of the restricted ion penetrated depth, uniform and vividly changed color was observed after heat treatment of the nitrogen-implanted diamond in the vacuum or inert gas atmosphere. The changed color appeared to be black. Chemical states of the implanted nitrogen were N–N and 4N-vacancy as characterized with FTIR. Band structure calculation shows that band gap of the diamond reduced by 25% after N doping.</P>

Resonance frequency measurements <i>in vivo</i> and related surface properties of magnesium-incorporated, micropatterned and magnesium-incorporated TiUnite^®, Osseotite^®, SLA^® and TiOblast^® implants

Sul, Young-Taeg,Jö,nsson, Jö,rgen,Yoon, Goui-Seong,Johansson, Carina Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2009 Clinical oral implants research Vol.20 No.10

<P>Abstract</P><P>Objective</P><P>To investigate implant stability using resonance frequency measurements of topographically changed and/or surface chemistry-modified implants in rabbit bone.</P><P>Material and methods</P><P>Six groups of microstructured, screw-shaped titanium implants: two oxidized, cation-incorporated experimental implants [Mg implants and MgMp implants with micropatterned thread flanges (80–150 μm wide and 60–70 μm deep)] and four commercially available clinical implants (TiUnite<SUP>®</SUP>, Osseotite<SUP>®</SUP>, SLA<SUP>®</SUP>, and TiOblast<SUP>®</SUP>) were installed in 10 rabbit tibia for 6 weeks. The surface properties of the implants were characterized in detail using several analytical techniques. Implant stability was measured using a resonance frequency analyzer (Osstell<SUP>™</SUP>).</P><P>Results</P><P>Surface characterization of the implants revealed microstructured, moderately rough implant surfaces varying 0.7–1.4 μm in <I>S</I><SUB>a</SUB> (mean height deviation), but with clear differences in surface chemistry. After 6 weeks, all implants showed statistically significantly higher increases in implant stability. When compared with one another, MgMp implants showed the most significant mean implant stability quotient (ISQ) value relative to the others (<I>P</I>≤0.016). In terms of increment (ΔISQ) in implant stability, MgMp implants showed a significantly greater value as compared with Osseotite<SUP>®</SUP> (<I>P</I>≤0.005), TiOblast<SUP>®</SUP> (<I>P</I>≤0.005), TiUnite<SUP>®</SUP> (<I>P</I>≤0.005), SLA<SUP>®</SUP> (<I>P</I>≤0.007), and Mg implants (<I>P</I>≤0.012). In addition, transducer direction dependence of resonance frequency analysis (RFA) measurements was observed such that the differences in the mean ISQ values between longitudinal and perpendicular measurements were significant at implant placement (<I>P</I>≤0.004) and after 6 weeks (<I>P</I>≤0).</P><P>Conclusion</P><P>The present study found that implant surface properties influence RFA measurements of implant stability. Surface chemistry-modified titanium implants showed higher mean ISQ values than did topographically changed implants. In particular, cation (magnesium)-incorporated micropatterns in MgMp implants may play a primary role in ΔISQ.</P>

다양한 구강위생기구를 이용하여 임플란트 표면의 Prophylaxis 시행시 표면형태의 변화분석

이선구,임성빈,정진형,권상호,Lee, Sun-Goo,Lim, Sung-Bin,Chung, Chin-Hyung,Kwon, Sang-Ho 대한치주과학회 2004 Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science Vol.34 No.1

It is improtant that performing prophylaxis procedure on an infected implant surface in order to treat peri-implantitis should not change the surface roughness and composition, so that the surface can be recovered to almost same condition as initial implant surface. This thesis, therefore, studied an effect of various oral hygiene instrument on implant surface. A surface roughness measurement instrument and an infection electron microscope were used to observe a change on surface. The purpose of this study was to obtain a clinical guidelines during implant care and peri-implantitis treatment. The result were as follows 1. Ra values (surface roughness value) at experimental group 1, group 2, and group 5 were increased significantly as compared with comparison group(p<0.05). 2. When compared experimental group 1 with each experimental groups at which prohylaxis procedure was performed, mean values of Ra at experimental group 2, group 3, group 6, and group 7 were decreased significantly(p<0.05). 3. Mean value of Ra was lowest at experimental group 2, and highest at experimental group 2, and highest at experimental group 5. 4. Analysis of SEM showed that was significant surface change at experimental group 2, group 3, group 4, group 5, and group 6 as compared with comparison group(X1000). 5. Analysis fo EDX showed that a quantity of Ti on surface for experimental group 6 was very similar to that for comparison group. In conclusion, air-powder abrasive and citric acid, plastic instrument are safe methods to use for performing prophylaxis procedure on implant care or for cleaning and sterilization process on treatment of peri-implantitis, based on the result that those method did not affect implant surface roughness and Ti composition.

Survival of surface-modified short versus long implants in complete or partially edentulous patients with a follow-up of 1 year or more: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Raghavendra Shrishail Medikeri,Marisca Austin Pereira,Manjushri Waingade,Shwetambari Navale 대한치주과학회 2022 Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science Vol.52 No.4

Purpose: Short implants are a potential alternative to long implants for use with bone augmentation in atrophic jaws. This meta-analysis investigated the survival rate and marginal bone level (MBL) of surface-modified short vs. long implants. Methods: Electronic and manual searches were performed for articles published between January 2010 and June 2021. Twenty-two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing surface-modified short and long implants that reported the survival rate with at least 1 year of follow-up were selected. Two reviewers independently extracted the data, and the risk of bias and quality of evidence were evaluated. A quantitative meta-analysis was performed regarding survival rate and MBL. Results: The failure rates of surface-modified short and long implants differed significantly (risk ratio, 2.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.46, 3.57; P<0.000). Long implants exhibited a higher survival rate than short implants (mean follow-up, 1–10 years). A significant difference was observed in mean MBL (mean difference=−0.43, 95% CI, −0.63, −0.23; P<0.000), favoring the short implants. Regarding the impact of surface treatment in short and long implants, for hydrophilic sandblasted acid-etched (P=0.020) and titanium oxide fluoride-modified (P=0.050) surfaces, the survival rate differed significantly between short and long implants. The MBL differences for novel nanostructured calcium-incorporated, hydrophilic sandblasted acid-etched, and dual acid-etched with nanometer-scale calcium phosphate crystal surfaces (P=0.050, P=0.020, and P<0.000, respectively) differed significantly for short vs. long implants. Conclusions: Short surface-modified implants are a potential alternative to longer implants in atrophic ridges. Long fluoride-modified and hydrophilic sandblasted acid-etched implants have higher survival rates than short implants. Short implants with novel nanostructured calcium-incorporated titanium surfaces, hydrophilic sandblasted acid-etched surfaces, and dual acid-etched surfaces with nanometer-scale calcium phosphate crystals showed less marginal bone loss than longer implants. Due to high heterogeneity, the MBL results should be interpreted cautiously, and better-designed RCTs should be assessed in the future. Trial Registration: International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) Identifier: CRD42020160185

Histologic evaluation and removal torque analysis of nano- and microtreated titanium implants in the dogs

Ahn, Seok,Vang, Mong-Sook,Yang, Hong-So,Park, Sang-Won,Lim, Hyun-Pil 대한치과보철학회 2009 The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics Vol.1 No.2

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM. A number of studies about the nano-treated surfaces of implants have been conducting along with micro-treated surfaces of implants. PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to get information for the clinical use of nano-treated surfaces compared with micro-treated surfaces by measuring removal torque and analyzing histological characteristics after the placement of various surface-treated implants on femurs of dogs. MATERIAL AND METHODS. Machined surface implants were used as a control group. 4 nano-treated surface implants and 3 micro-treated surface implants [resorbable blast media surface (RBM), sandblast and acid-etched surface (SAE), anodized RBM surface] were used as experimental groups. Removal torque values of implants were measured respectively and the histological analyses were conducted on both 4weeks and 8weeks after implant surgery. The surfaces of removed implants after measuring removal torque values were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at 8 weeks. RESULTS. 1. Removal torque values of the nano-treated groups were lower than those of micro-treated groups. 2. Removal torque values were similar in the anodized RBM surface groups. 3. On the histological views, there was much of bone formation at 8 weeks, but there was no difference between 4 and 8 weeks, and between the types of implant surfaces as well. CONCLUSION. it is suggested that implant topography is more effective in removal torque test than surface chemistry. To get better clinical result, further studies should be fulfilled on the combined effect of surface topography and chemistry for the implant surface treatments.

염산티트라싸이클린의 적용시간에 따른 다공성 임프란트 표면 미세구조의 변화

정재욱,허익,권영혁,박준봉,정종혁,Jeong, Jae-Wook,Herr, Yeek,Kwon, Young-Hyuk,Park, Joon-Bong,Chung, Jong-Hyuk 대한치주과학회 2006 Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science Vol.36 No.2

Mechanical and chemical methods are the two ways to treat the implant surfaces. By using mechanical method, it is difficult to eliminate bacteria and by-products from the rough implant surface and it can also cause the structural change to the implant surface. Therefore, chemical method is widely used in order to preserve and detoxicate the implant surface more effectively. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of tetracylcline-hydrochloride(TC-HCI) on the change of implant surface microstructure according to application time. Implants with pure titanium machined surface, SLA surface and porous surface were used in this study. Implant surface was rubbed with sponge soaked in 50mg/ml TC-HCI solution for $\frac{1}{2}$ min., 1 min., $1\frac{1}{2}$ min., 2 min., and $2\frac{1}{2}$ min. respectively in the test group and with no treatment in the control group. Then, specimens were processed for scanning electron microscopic observation. 1. Both test and control group showed a few shallow grooves and ridges in pure titanium machined surface implants. There were not significant differences between two groups. 2. In the SLA surfaces, the control specimen showed that the macro roughness was achieved by large-grit sandblasting. Subsequently, the acid-etching process created the micro roughness, which thus was superimposed on the macro roughness. Irrespective of the application time of 50mg/ml TC-HCI solution, in general, test specimens were similar to control. 3. In the porous surfaces, the control specimen showed spherical particles of titanium alloy and its surface have a few shallow ridges. The roughness of surfaces conditioned with tetracycline-HCI was lessened and seen crater-like irregular surfaces relative to the application time. In conclusion, pure titanium machined surfaces and SLA surfaces weren't changed irrespective of the application time of tetracycline-HCI solution. But the porous surfaces conditioned with tetracycline-HCI solution began to be slightly changed from 2 min. This results are expected to be applied to the regenerative procedures for peri-implantitis treatment.