수분함량과 발효기간이 발효사료의 품질에 미치는 영향

장장용,유성오 진주산업대학교 농업기술연구소 2001 農業技術硏究所報 Vol.14 No.-

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of moisture content and fermentation period on quality of fermented feed. The feed were mixing with cage layer excreta (40%), corn meal (20%), wthat bran (30%), malt sprout (5%) and rice bran (5%), and was adjusted to 40 and 60% moisture contents, and were kept in a fermentator with 60℃ for 2, 4, 8 and 16 days. The quality of fermented feed was evaluation on the basis of chemical composition, nutrient content, micro-organisms and in vitro dry matter and crude protein digestibilities. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1. Crude protein contents of fermented feed with 60% moisture content was slightly higher in 4, 8 and 16 days of fermentation period than that of 2 day of fermentation period, and crude fiber content of fermented feed with 60% moisture content was slightly lower than that of fermented feed with 40% moisture content. 2. pH of fermented feed with 60% moisture content was slightly lower than that of fermented feed with 40% moisture content, and pH of fermented feed with 60% moisture content were slightly decreased in 4, 8 and 16 days of fermentation period than that of 2 day of fermentation period. 3. Latic acid, total-VFA, acetic acid and propionic acid of fermented feed with 60% moisture content was slightly higher in 4, 8 and 16 days of fermentation period than that of 2 day of fermentation period. 4. Latic acid to total acid of fermented feed with 60% moisture content was slightly higher than that of fermented feed with 40% moisture content, and Latic acid to total acid of fermented feed with 60% moisture content were slightly decreased in 4 and 8 days of fermentation period than that of 2 day of fermentation period(P<0.05). 5. Total bacteria and lactic acid contents of fermented feed with 60% moisture content were slightly higher than that of fermented feed with 40% moisture content, and Total bacteria and lactic acid contents of fermented feed with 60% moisture content were slightly higher in 4 and 8 days of fermentation period than that of 2 day of fermentation period. 6. In vitro dry matter and crude protein digestibilities of fermented feed with 60% moisture content were higher than that of fermented feed with 40% moisture content, and in 4, 8 and 16 days of fermentation period than that of 2 day of fermentation period.

국내산(國內産) 농산부산물(農産副産物) 발효사료(醱酵飼料)를 급여(給與)한 재래산양(在來山羊)의 사료섭취량(飼料攝取量) 및 소화율(消化率)

안종호 ( Ahn Jong-ho ),유황종 ( Yoo Hwang-jong ),김현진 ( Kim Hyun-jin ),조익환 ( Jo Ik-hwan ),이주삼 ( Lee Ju-sam ) 한국유기농업학회 2000 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.8 No.3

In this study, by-products of rice bran, rice hull, bean curd dregs and food waste were fermented with different ratios of 26,26,34 and 14% respectively and the experimental diets were prepared mixing it with various ratios of commercial diets (fermented feed : commercial feed ; A 80 : 20,B 70 : 30,C 60 : 40,D 50:50). In Experiment I, feed intake, nutrients digestibilities and nitrogen retention were investigated and body weight gain in Experiment Ⅱ. 1. For chemical composition of experimental diets, crude protein contents were 13.73, 13.78,14.45 and 15.14% in A, B,C and D respectively and the contents of crude fat and crude fiber were highest in A as 8.66 and 27.82% respectively. 2. Dry matter intakes were significantly higher (P<0.05) in A(362.06g/d) and C(358.49g/d) than B and D. Intakes of crude protein and crude fat were not significantly different (P〉0,05) among treatments however those of crude fiber and crude ash were significantly higher (P〈0.05) in A(101.47g/d). 3. Dry matter digestibilities in the range of 53.38~68.81% in all treatments have shown the highest value in C of 60% fermented feed plus 40% commercial diet but the lowest in A of 80% of fermented feed plus 20% commercial diet (1<0.05). 59.85% of digestibility of crude protein in A was also lowest among all treatments (P<0.05). 4. 8.47g/d of nitrogen intake in C was recorded highest (P<0.05) however the highest nitrogen retention was marked in D of 50% fermented feed plus 50% of commercial diet due mainly to lower excretion of nitrogen through feces. 5. The data of live weight gain in Experiment n has not been shown as a result since the proper daily gain of body weight was achieved only in D as 88.89g/d and the goats in other treatments have shown frequent diarrhea. However, neglecting the animals with diarrhea, higher amounts of concentrates in the diets (C and D) showed the tendency of higher weight gain. 6. In this study, feeding 60% fermented feed manufactured with domestic agricultural by-products of rice bran, rice hull, bean curd dregs and food waste to Korean native goats have shown satisfactory results of intake and digestibility and it indicates that utilization of domestic agricultural by-products in goats could be improved by the process of fermentation. However it’s effects on body weight gain and nitrogen retention were below than expected. Different sources of feedstuff for fermentation may result in different performances of animals. However, to draw overall conclusion from this study, 50~60% of fermented feed can be recommended in the case of mixing with concentrates.

양돈용 발효사료의 발효조건 설정 연구

조성백,김동운,양승학,박규현,최동윤,유용희,황옥화,Cho, S.B.,Kim, D.W.,Yang, S.H.,Park, K.H.,Choi, D.Y.,Yoo, Y.H.,Hwang, O.H. 한국축산환경학회 2012 축산시설환경학회지 Vol.18 No.3

본 연구는 유산균과 효모로 구성된 혼합 생균제를 양돈 사료에 첨가하여 양돈용 발효사료를 제조하기 위한 최적 발효조건 구명 및 발효사료 급여에 의한 돼지 장내 환경변화를 평가하고, 원료사료별 발효능을 측정하기 위해 수행되었다. 1. 양돈 발효사료의 유산균과 효모 수를 측정하였을 때 사료 내 혼합 생균제 첨가수준은 0.25%, 수분 함량은 40~50% 정도가 적정하였다. 2. 비육돈에 발효사료를 급여하였을 때가 발효되지 않은 사료를 급여하였을 때보다 소화율은 유의적인 차이가 없었지만 분 중 휘발성지방산의 농도가 높게 나타났다. 3. 양돈용 단미사료의 발효특성을 확인하기 위하여 휘발성지방산의 농도를 측정한 결과, 비트펄프와 타피오카가 우수한 발효기질로 확인되었다. This study was conducted to determine the effect of feed additives including probiotics, moisture and feed ingredients and the effect of fermented feed on digestibility and volatile fatty acid (VFA) level in finishing pigs. Feed was mixed with microbials including Saccharomyces, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus and Pediococcus together with different levels of probiotics, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3%. Addition of probiotics showed improved fermentation rate after 48 h incubation. To determine the optimal moisture level for fermentation, different levels of water, 30, 40, 50 and 60%, were added into the feed. Fermentation rate of feed with 40~50% moisture level was higher than that from 60% level at 60 h post-fermentation. In vitro fermentation rate of feed ingredients was analyzed by comparing VFA levels. Beet pulp and tapioca showed higher fermentation rate compare to other ingredients including canola meal or rapeseed meal. To determine the effect of administration of fermented feed In vivo, feces from finishing pigs were analyzed. Finishing pigs administrated with fermented feed showed improved digestibility and higher volatile fatty acid (VFA) level. In conclusion, results from the current study indicate that 40~50% of moisture with addition of beet pulp and tapioca in feed is optimal condition for fermentation. Furthermore, our data suggest that fermentation of feed can improve the feed quality and digestibility, thereby provide more nutrient in finishing pigs.

Fed-Batch Sorbose Fermentation Using Pulse and Multiple Feeding Strategies for Productivity Improvement

Giridhar, R.,Srivastava, A.K. The Korean Society for Biotechnology and Bioengine 2000 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.5 No.5

Microbial oxidation of D-sorbitol to L-sorbose by Acetobacter suboxydans is of commercial importance since it is the only biochemical process in vitamin C synthesis. The main bottleneck in the batch oxidation of sorbitol to sorbose is that the process is severely inhibited by sorbitol. Suitable fed-batch fermentation designs can eliminate the inherent substrate inhibition and improve sorbose productivity. Fed-batch sorbose fermentations were conducted by using two nutrient feeding strategies. For fed-batch fermentation with pulse feeding, highly concentrated sorbitor (600g/L) along with other nutrients were fed intermittently in four pulses of 0.5 liter in response to the increased DO signal. The fed-batch fermentation was over in 24h with a sorbose productivity of 13.40g/L/h and a final sorbose concentration of 320.48g/L. On the other hand, in fed-batch fermentation with multiple feeds, two pulse feeds of 0.5 liter nutrient medium containing 600g/L sorbitol was followed by the addition of 1.5 liter nutrient medium containing 600g/L sorbitol at a constant feed rate of 0.36L/h till the full working capacity of the reactor. The fermentation was completed in 24h with an enhanced sorbose productivity of 15.09g/L/h and a sorbose concentration of 332.60g/L. The sorbose concentration and productivity obtained by multiple feeding of nutrients was found to be higher than that obtained by pulse feeding and was therefore a better strategy for fed-batch sorbose fermentation.

Changes in Serum Metabolites and Growth Characteristics of Korean Native Steers Fed Alcohol-fermented Feeds

Lin, G.Z.,Kim, B.W.,Kim, C.H.,Kim, H.S.,Sung, K.I.,Ohh, S.J.,Hong, B.J.,Shin, J.S. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2004 Animal Bioscience Vol.17 No.5

This study was carried out to assess whether feeding of alcohol-fermented feeds (AFF) affects the nutritional metabolism and growth characteristics of Korean native steers. Ten steers were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups. The dietary treatments were AFF (50% commercial beef cattle feed+30% alcohol-fermented soybean curd dregs+20% rice straw) and control (80% commercial beef cattle feed+20% rice straw). The change of serum metabolites and growth characteristics were measured every two months during the whole twelve months experimental period and the relationships between serum metabolites and growth characteristics were simultaneously analyzed. Four hours after feeding AFF, serum alcohol concentration reached its peak with a significantly higher value than that after control feeding (11.9 and 4.9 mg/dl, respectively). Serum glucose and inorganic phosphorus (IP) concentrations (63.1 and 8.4 mg/dl, respectively) of steers fed AFF were higher than those (56.6 and 7.0 mg/dl) fed the control diet. In both treatments, the serum glucose concentration rapidly increased when body weight (BW) of the steer reached about 600kg, while IP concentrations were rapidly diminished at that BW. Lower concentrations of both blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and cholesterol were observed in steers fed AFF up to 450 kg of BW. The IP concentration was correlated with concentrations of BUN, cholesterol and glucose in AFF fed cattle but not in the cattle fed control diets. Average daily gain was higher in steers fed AFF than steers fed control, particularly during the growing stage of cattle. These findings indicated a capability of AFF to improve BW gain of Korean native steers by decreased protein degradation as well as increased fat synthesis.

Characteristics of Solid-state Fermented Feed and its Effects on Performance and Nutrient Digestibility in Growing-finishing Pigs

Hu, Jiankun,Lu, Wenqing,Wang, Chunlin,Zhu, Ronghua,Qiao, Jiayun Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2008 Animal Bioscience Vol.21 No.11

This study investigated the effects of solid-state fermentation of a compound pig feed on its microbial and nutritional characteristics as well as on pig performance and nutrient digestibility. A mixed culture containing Lactobacillus fermentum, Saccharomyces cerevisae and Bacillus subtilis was used for solid-state fermentation and solid-state fermented feed samples were collected on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20 and 30 for microbial counts and chemical analysis. Lactic acid bacteria increased rapidly during the first three days of fermentation and then slowly declined until day 10 and, thereafter, the counts were maintained at about 6.7 log cfu/g for the duration of the fermentation period. Enterobacteria also increased during the first two days, and then fell below the detectable level of the analysis (3.0 log cfu/g). The pH of the fermentation substrate declined from 6.1 at the start of fermentation to 5.7 by day 30. The water-soluble protein content increased from 8.2 to 9.2% while the concentration of acetic acid increased from 16.6 to 51.3 mmol/kg over the 30-day fermentation. At the end of the 30-day fermentation, the solid-state fermented feed was used in a pig feeding trial to determine its effects on performance and nutrient digestibility in growing-finishing pigs. Twenty crossbred barrows ($14.11{\pm}0.77kg\;BW$) were allotted into two dietary treatments, which comprised a regular dry diet containing antibiotics and a solid-state fermented feed based diet, free of antibiotics. There was no difference due to diet on pig performance or nutrient digestibility. In conclusion, solid-state fermentation resulted in high counts of lactic acid bacteria and low counts of enterobacteria in the substrate. Moreover, feeding a diet containing solid-state fermented feed, free of antibiotics, can result in similar performance and nutrient digestibility in growing-finishing pigs to a regular diet with antibiotics.

Indirect Estimation of CH₄ from Livestock Feeds through TOCs Evaluation

Kim, M.J.,Lee, J.S.,Kumar, S.,Rahman, M.M.,Shin, J.S.,Ra, C.S. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2012 Animal Bioscience Vol.25 No.4

Thirty-five available feeds were fermented in vitro in order to investigate their soluble total organic carbon (TOCs) and methane ($CH_4$) production rate. A fermentation reactor was designed to capture the $CH_4$ gas emitted and to collect liquor from the reactor during in vitro fermentation. The results showed that $CH_4$ production rate greatly varied among feeds with different ingredients. The lowest $CH_4$-producing feeds were corn gluten feed, brewer's grain, and orchard grass among the energy, protein, and forage feed groups, respectively. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found in digestibility, soluble total organic carbon (TOCs), and $CH_4$ emissions among feeds, during 48 h of in vitro fermentation. Digestibility and TOCs was not found to be related due to different fermentation pattern of each but TOCs production was directly proportional to $CH_4$ production (y = 0.0076x, $r^2$ = 0.83). From this in vitro study, TOCs production could be used as an indirect index for estimation of $CH_4$ emission from feed ingredients.

Effects of dietary fermented spent coffee ground on nutrient digestibility and nitrogen utilization in sheep

최용준,임종수,Youngjun Na,이상락 아세아·태평양축산학회 2018 Animal Bioscience Vol.31 No.3

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the effect of fermented spent coffee ground (FSCG) on nutrient digestibility and nitrogen utilization in sheep. Methods: Fermentation of spent coffee ground (SCG) was conducted using Lactobacillus plantrum. Fermentation was performed at moisture content of 70% and temperature of 39°C with anaerobic air tension for 48 h. Four adult rams (initial body weight = 56.8±0.4 kg) were housed in a respiration-metabolism chamber and the treatments were: i) control (Basal diet; 0% SCG or FSCG), ii) 10% level of SCG, iii) 10% level of FSCG, and iv) 20% level of FSCG in 4×4 Latin square design. Each dietary experiment period lasted for 18-d with a 14-d of adaptation period and a 4-d of sample collection period. Results: In SCG fermentation experimental result, acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) concentration of FSCG (64.5% of total N) was lower than that of non-fermented SCG (78.8% of total N). Digestibility of dry matter and organic matter was similar among treatment groups. Although crude protein (CP) digestibility of the control was greater than FSCG groups (p< 0.05), the 10% FSCG group showed greater CP digestibility and nitrogen retention than non-fermented 10% SCG group (p<0.05). Body weight gain and average daily gain were linearly decreased with increasing FSCG feeding level (p<0.05). When the feeding level of FSCG was increased, water intake was linearly increased (p<0.05). With an increasing FSCG level, dry matter intake did not differ among groups, although the gain to feed ratio tended to decrease with increasing level of FSCG (p<0.10). Conclusion: Microbial fermentation of SCG can improve protein digestibility, thereby increasing CP digestibility and nitrogen utilization in sheep. Fermentation using microorganisms in feed ingredients with low digestibility could have a positive effect on improving the quality of raw feed.

A New Methanol-feeding Strategy for the Improved Production of β-galactosidase in High Cell-density Fed-batch Cultures of Pichia pastoris Mut+ Strains

Amir Maghsoudi,Safoura Hosseini,Seyed Abbas Shojaosadati,Ebrahim Vasheghani-Farahani,Mohsen Nosrati,Ali Bahrami 한국생물공학회 2012 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.17 No.1

Developing novel methanol-feeding strategies for the improved production of heterologous proteins in high cell-density fed-batch cultures of Pichia pastoris has been of great interest during recent years. In this study, a recombinant P. pastoris strain (GS115/His+ Mut+) producing β-galactosidase (β-Gal) was used to investigate conventional feeding strategies and to develop a new strategy to increase the recombinant protein production during fedbatch cultures on methanol. Three types of conventional methanol-feeding strategies, including μ-stat, dissolved oxygen-stat (DO-stat) and constant methanol concentration were investigated and compared with respect to alcohol oxidase (AOX), formate dehydrogenase (FDH) and β-gal activities, and cell dry weight (CDW), methanol, and formaldehyde concentration variations during the production phase. Methanol feeding with μ-stat 0.025/h exhibited the highest β-gal activity. Supplementing ammonium and magnesium in μ-stat 0.025/h did not affect the cell growth or methanol or formaldehyde concentrations throughout the fermentation but did improved the maximum β-gal activity from 148.2 to 158.1 kU/mL. A new three-step methanol-feeding strategy was developed based on the results obtained from conventional feeding strategies, which started with μ-stat 0.025/ h for 5 h, then μ-stat 0.030/h, and finally, was switched to DO-stat when maintaining the DO above 20% air saturation became difficult. Implementation of this new feeding strategy resulted in a CDW of 107.2 ±0.7 g/L, AOX specific activity of 0.1890 ± 0.0030 U/mg CDW, and β-gal activity of 173.5 ± 2.1 kU/mL after 29 h of fermentation, which shows a 5.6, 29.1, and 15.7%increase in CDW, AOX, and β-gal activity, respectively,compared to that of μ-stat at 0.025/h.

Bacterial Diversity at Different Sites of the Digestive Tract of Weaned Piglets Fed Liquid Diets

Hong, Tran Thi Thu,Passoth, Volkmar,Lindberg, Jan Erik Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2011 Animal Bioscience Vol.24 No.6

Bacterial diversity was studied using PCR-DGGE, cloning and sequencing. DNA was isolated from digesta samples from stomach, ileum and colon of 28 weaned piglets (Large White${\times}$Mong Cai) fed dry control feed, naturally fermented liquid feed (FE) and a liquid diet with inclusion of rice distiller's residue feed. General bacterial diversity was described using DGGE analysis of the V3 region of 16S rDNA. The microbial populations in the stomach and the ileum were considerably influenced by the diet, while only marginal effects were observed in the colon. There was a large variation of the microbial flora in the stomach between individuals fed non-fermented diets. In contrast, animals fed diet FE had a more uniform microbial flora in the stomach and the ileum compared to the other diets. In total 47 bands from the DGGE profiles were cloned. In stomach, most frequently lactic acid bacteria were found. Feeding diet FE resulted in the occurrence of Pediococcus species in stomach and ileum. In pigs fed the other diets, Lactobacillus gallinarum, Lactobacillus johnsonii and Lactobacillus fermentum were found in stomach and ileum. Most of the sequences of bands isolated from colon samples and several from ileum matched to unknown bacteria, which often grouped within Prevotellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Bacteroidaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae. This study demonstrates that fermented liquid feed affects bacterial diversity and the specific microflora in stomach and ileum, which provides a potential to modulate the gut microflora with dietary means to increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria and improve piglets' health.