신 제형 클로렐라제품의 총 엽록소 시험법 개선

김유경,박영식,이은숙,한재갑,노기미,임동길,정자영 한국식품위생안전성학회 2011 한국식품위생안전성학회지 Vol.26 No.1

A new and improved analytical method involving alkaline pyridine extraction was proposed to quantity chlorophyll contents in syrup and candy type chlorella products. The performance of analytical method was compared with the conventional Korea food standard method which involves acetone extraction. The application of sonication chlorophyll extraction form alkaline pyridine sample was also explored. The analytical procedure was validated by evaluating accuracy, precision and reproducibility. For liquid samples, the pyridine extraction method showed higher accuracy and precision compared to acetone extraction method. The CV values of pyridine extract method and the acetone extraction method were 18.82 and 40.0, and the accuracy to theoretical values were 106.3%and 78.1%, respectively. When sonication extraction method was applied to the pyridine extraction, the precision was improved as indicated by reduced CV values from 18.82 to 11.36. The improved performance of pyridine-sonication extraction was also validated by recovery test of chlorophyll that was previously spiked into the sample matrix. For solid matrix, the pyridine extraction method showed better performance in analysis of chlorophyll in solid food matrix (CV = 7.05) compared to conventional acetone extraction method (CV = 30.0). However, the accuracy to theoretical values of pyridine and acetone extraction methods only showed only 62.7% an 40%, respectively. The relatively low accuracy of pyridine extraction method (62.7%) was improved to 99.4% by applying additional sonication extraction method. The improved performance of applying additional sonication extraction was validated by standard deviation,CV values and accuracy to theoretical values.

미국 특허법상 특허침해로 인한 합리적인 실시료의 산정방법 ― 확립된 실시료 산정방법, 분석적인 산정방법, 25% 실시료율 산정방법을 중심으로 ―

이주환 ( Lee Joo Hwan ) 연세대학교 법학연구원 2019 法學硏究 Vol.29 No.3

미국에서 합리적인 실시료의 산정방법으로 가장 일반적으로 이용되는 것이 가상적인 협상방법이다. 가상적인 협상방법이 미국 특허법상 합리적인 실시료 산정방법에 대한 법리로 채택되기 이전 19세기 중반부터, 확립된 실시료 산정방법은 특허침해로 인한 손해배상 산정방법으로 활용되었다. 확립된 실시료 산정방법은 Georgia-Pacific Factors ①번 정황증거에 명시적으로 언급되어 있어서 가상적인 협상방법의 법리의 하나에 해당한다. 따라서 특허권자는 확립된 실시료 산정방법을 활용하여 자신이 라이선스계약을 통하여 실시권자들로부터 받았던 실시료를 합리적인 실시료로 증명할 수 있다. 분석적인 산정방법은 침해자가 특허침해로 인하여 획득할 것으로 예상되는 순이익에서 침해자가 일반적으로 획득할 수 있는 순이익 혹은 당해업계에서 인정되고 있는 순이익을 공제한 금액을 합리적인 실시료로 산정한다. 일반적으로 분석적인 방법에 의하여 산정되는 합리적인 실시료가 가상적인 방법에 의하여 산정되는 합리적인 실시료보다 고액으로 산정되기 때문에, 분석적인 산정방법은 가상적인 협상방법이 특허침해를 당한 특허권자를 적절하게 구제할 정도로 손해배상액이 산정되지 않을 수 있는 우려가 있다는 비판에 대한 해결책이 될 수 있다. 25% 실시료율 산정방법은 특허권자가 침해자가 침해자의 침해제품판매에 대한 이익의 25%를 특허권자에게 주고, 나머지 이익의 75%를 침해자에게 주는 방식으로 가상적인 협상을 하였다는 것을 전제로 하는 산정방법이기 때문에, 특허권자와 침해자가 처한 현실적인 상황을 고려하지 않는 자의적인 산정방법이라는 이유로 연방순회항소법원의 의하여 폐기되었다. 현재 우리나라에서는 특허침해로 인한 손해배상액이 소액으로 산정되고 있어서, 우리 특허법이 목적으로 하고 있는 혁신을 통한 산업발전을 저해하고 있다고 많은 비판받고 있다. 따라서 미국 특허법이 채택하고 있는 분석적인 산정방법을 우리 특허법상 합리적인 실시료의 산정방법에 대한 법리로 도입하면, 우리나라에서 이전보다 고액의 특허침해로 인한 손해배상액이 산정될 수 있다. 이런 측면에서 미국 특허법상 분석적인 산정방법을 우리 특허법으로 도입하는 것은 “좋은 정책”이다. From the middle of the 19th century, a established royalty method had been used. The method is explicitly referred to in Georgian-Pacific Factors No.1 circumstantial evidence, which is one of legal principles of the hypothetical negotiation method. Therefore, patentees can demonstrate that the royalty they received from licensees through the license contract is a reasonable royalty based on the method. An analytical method determines the amount of the net profit generally acquired by an infringer minus the usual net profit expected to be obtained by an infringer due to patent infringement, or the standard net profit recognized in the industry, as a reasonable royalty. Since the reasonable royalty calculated by the analytical method is generally calculated at a higher price than that calculated by the hypothetical method, the analytical method may be a solution to the criticism that there is a concern that damages based on hypothetical negotiation method may not be calculated to the extent that the patentee is properly protected. The 25% percent method was thrown away by the CAFC on the grounds that it is an arbitrary method. Currently, the amount of damages caused by patent infringement is calculated in small amounts in South Korea, which is widely criticized as hindering industrial development through innovation that our patent law is aiming at. In this respect, it is a “good policy” to introduce an analytical calculation method into the Korea patent law.

Performance Comparison of Analytical Models for Rotor Eccentricity: A Case Study of Active Magnetic Bearing

Zhi Cao,Yunkai Huang,Baocheng Guo,Jianning Dong,Fei Peng 한국자기학회 2020 Journal of Magnetics Vol.25 No.2

This paper applies two different analytical methods, i.e., the perturbation method and superposition method, to calculate the magnetic flux density distribution and the magnetic force of the active magnetic bearing (AMB) with the rotor eccentricity. These two methods are thoroughly analyzed, compared and validated by the finite element model (FEM). The perturbation method is theoretically complex while the superposition method is intuitive. The valid range of the superposition method is larger than the perturbation method. However, the superposition method requires longer computation time. The main contribution of this paper is assessing the effectiveness of two analytical methods for predicting the AMB performance with the rotor eccentricity and giving a comprehensive guideline for engineers to choose the proper analytical method to design AMB.

Time-varying meshing stiffness calculation of an internal gear pair with small tooth number difference by considering the multi-tooth contact problem

Guangjian Wang,Qing Luo,Shuaidong Zou 대한기계학회 2021 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.35 No.9

Due to the multiple tooth contact problem involving internal gear pair with small tooth number difference (IGPSTND), the existing analytical methods applied for standard spur or helix gear pairs to calculate the time-varying meshing stiffness (TVMS) are not suitable. In this paper, two methods are proposed for calculating the time-varying meshing stiffness in internal gear pairs with small tooth difference. In the first method, an analytical model is established by using the potential energy method, considering the clearance of initial contact tooth and the external load. The second method proposes the application of a hybrid finite elementanalytical method. The proposed two methods are validated by the application of the finite element method. By taking the results of finite element analysis as a comparative reference, the results show that the finite element - analytical method is closer to the reference results than the results obtained by the analytical method, and both methods are less computationally expensive than finite element analysis.

Sensitivity analysis based on complex variables in FEM for linear structures

Azqandi, Mojtaba Sheikhi,Hassanzadeh, Mahdi,Arjmand, Mohammad Techno-Press 2019 Advances in computational design Vol.4 No.1

One of the efficient and useful tools to achieve the optimal design of structures is employing the sensitivity analysis in the finite element model. In the numerical optimization process, often the semi-analytical method is used for estimation of derivatives of the objective function with respect to design variables. Numerical methods for calculation of sensitivities are susceptible to the step size in design parameters perturbation and this is one of the great disadvantages of these methods. This article uses complex variables method to calculate the sensitivity analysis and combine it with discrete sensitivity analysis. Finally, it provides a new method to obtain the sensitivity analysis for linear structures. The use of complex variables method for sensitivity analysis has several advantages compared to other numerical methods. Implementing the finite element to calculate first derivatives of sensitivity using this method has no complexity and only requires the change in finite element meshing in the imaginary axis. This means that the real value of coordinates does not change. Second, this method has the lower dependency on the step size. In this research, the process of sensitivity analysis calculation using a finite element model based on complex variables is explained for linear problems, and some examples that have known analytical solution are solved. Results obtained by using the presented method in comparison with exact solution and also finite difference method indicate the excellent efficiency of the proposed method, and it can predict the sustainable and accurate results with the several different step sizes, despite low dependence on step size.

식품 중의 유기인제, 유기염소계 및 카바메이트계 농약의 다성분 분석법 비교

전옥경,이강문,Chun, Ock-Kyoung,Lee, Kang-Moon 한국환경농학회 1999 한국환경농학회지 Vol.18 No.2

A multiresidue method(MRM) for pesticides must be rapid and must test a wide variety of pesticides at relevant toxicological concentrations. In this study, three kinds of major analytical methods such as Korean Food Code Method, CDFA MRM, and Holstege's method are tested to compare the average recoveries, solvent consumption, and required time for the analysis of 18 organochlorines, 18 organophosphates, and 6 carbamates in spinach samples. Samples for pesticides analysis were extracted and cleaned up according to the respective methods and detected by gas chromatography with selective detectors, ECD and NPD, HPLC with postcolumn reaction system(PCRS). Average recovery of 42 pesticides by Korean Food Code method, CDFA method, and Holstege's method were 91.3%, 88.1%, 89.0%, respectively. Amount of solvent consumption and required time for the analysis of Korean Food Code method were from two and a half times to three times as much as those of another two methods. For the development and legal application of more rapid and effective MRMs, prolonged study is necessary.

LC-MS/MS를 이용한 농산물 중 Dichlobentiazox 시험법 개발 및 검증

구선영 ( Sun Young Gu ),이한솔 ( Han Sol Lee ),박지수 ( Ji-su Park ),이수정 ( Su Jung Lee ),신혜선 ( Hye-sun Shin ),강성은 ( Sung Eun Kang ),정윤미 ( Yun Mi Chung ),최하나 ( Ha Na Choi ),윤상순 ( Sang Soon Yoon ),정용현 ( Young-hy 한국환경농학회 2021 한국환경농학회지 Vol.40 No.2

BACKGROUND: Dichlobentiazox is a newly registered pesticide in Korea as a triazole fungicide and requires establishment of an official analysis method for the safety management. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the residual analysis method of dichlobentiazox for the five representative agricultural products. METHODS AND RESULTS: Three QuEChERS methods were applied to establish the extraction method, and the EN method was finally selected through the recovery test. In addition, various adsorbent agents were applied to establish the clean-up method. As a result, it was found that the recovery of the tested pesticide was reduced when using the d-SPE method with PSA and GCB, but C18 showed an excellent recovery. Therefore this method was established as the final analysis method. For the analysis, LC-MS/MS was used with consideration of the selectivity and sensitivity of the target pesticide and was operated in MRM mode. The results of the recovery test using the established analysis method and inter laboratory validation showed a valid range of 70-120%, with standard deviation and coefficient of variation of less than 3.0% and 11.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Dichlobentiazox could be analyzed with a modified QuEChERS method, and the method determined would be widely available to ensure the safety of residual pesticides in Korea.

PVC 여과지에서의 환원 방지를 위해 개발된 공기중 6가 크롬 측정방법의 현장 평가

신용철,백남원 한국환경보건학회 2002 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.28 No.2

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a new sampling and analytical method for the determination of airborne hexavalent chromium, Cr(Ⅵ), in a field plating operation. The procedures of this new method (Shin & Paik's Method) are as the following: Airborne hexavalent chromium is collected on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) filter according to the National Institute iota Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Method 7600, and the filler sample is placed in a screw-capped vial and soaked with 2% NaOH/3% Na₂CO₃ solution immediately after sampling. The Cr(Ⅵ) sample is analyzed by ion chromatography/visible spectrophotometry (IC/VS) according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 218.6. The airborne Cr(Ⅵ) concentrations measured by this method were compared with those determined by three reference methods: One (NIOSH/EPA Method) consisted of sampling airborne Cr(Ⅵ) on PVC filters and storing the sample filters in strew-capped vials according to the NIOSH method, and analyzing Cr(Ⅵ) in samples using IC/VS according to the EPA method. The second method (Impinger Method/NaHCO₃) consisted of absorbing airborne Cr(Ⅵ) into 0.02 M NaHCO₃ solution in midget impinger, and analyzing the Cr(Ⅵ) in samples using IC/VS. The third method was the OSHA Method ID-215. Using these four different methods, lour replicates of air samples were collected at an electroplating process and analyzed simultaneously. Two-way ANOVA and paired t-test were used to test difference among values determined by the methods. There was no significant difference and a strong correlation (r²:0.99) between Cr(Ⅵ) concentrations measured by the Shin & Paik's Method and an impinger method (p>0.05). However, Cr(Ⅵ) concentrations determined by Shin & Paik's Method were significant1y different from those by the NIOSH/EPA Method (p<0.05) or the OSHA method (p<0.05). The Cr(Ⅵ) concentrations of Shin & Paik's Method were significantly higher than those of the NIOSH/EPA Method or the OSHA method. This result indicated that the Shin & Paik's Method may prevent Cr(Ⅵ) losses caused by reduction and give more reliable results of airborne Cr(Ⅵ) concentrations in work environments.

A comparative study of analytical methods for alkali-soluble β-glucan in medicinal mushroom, Chaga (Inonotus obliquus)

Rhee, S.J.,Cho, S.Y.,Kim, K.M.,Cha, D.-S.,Park, H.-J. Academic Press, etc 2008 LWT- Food science and technology Vol.41 No.3

Crude β-glucan content in the medicinal mushroom Chaga (Inonotus obliquus) was measured by different extraction and analytical methods, and the results were compared. The alkali extraction (AE) method or enzymatic digestion (ED) method followed by a gravimetric analysis was employed to determine the crude β-glucan content. The amount of crude β-glucan in Chaga obtained by either AE or ED was 13.7g/100g or 15.3g/100g of the sample, respectively. Crude β-glucan content of Chaga obtained by the above preparation methods were corrected by chemical composition analysis and HPLC analysis. After composition analysis, the amounts of β-glucan measured in the 100g Chaga samples were corrected to 10.1g for ED and 10.7g for AE method. β-glucan contents calculated by the amount of glucose in the HPLC analysis were 8.3g/100g and 8.1g/100g for ED and AE preparation methods, respectively. Although extraction method did not affect β-glucan content in Chaga as indicated by no significant difference (P>0.05) between extraction method, significant differences (P<0.05) were noted between the correction methods. The discrepancies of the result indicate a need for standardization of analytical method for β-glucan measurement in Chaga

QbD6시그마 프로세스를 통한 D-항원 정량 시험법의 유효성과 동등성에 관한 연구

김강희,김현정 한국품질경영학회 2022 품질경영학회지 Vol.50 No.4

Purpose: This study carried out the Quality by Design (QbD)6σ process to verify the effectiveness and equivalence of the finished D-antigen quantitative test method, and compared the OFAT-based method validation and test result acceptance criteria with the Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD)-based method validation and test method. This is a study on how to reduce the risk of delay in permit change by increasing the reliability of permit data in the existing method by statistically analyzing the results. Methods: With the QbD6σ process, the effectiveness and equivalence of the D-antigen quantitative test method were verified with the data of the existing test method and the new test method. Results: Method validation tests are performed based on AQbD. Critical Method Parameters are identified through risk assessment, and single/combined actions are verified by designing and performing tests for Critical Method Parameters (analysis of variance, full factorial design method). Method validation can be effectively accomplished with the QbD6σ process. Conclusion: The use of QbD6σ can be used to achieve satisfactory results for both pharmaceutical companies and regulators by using appropriate statistical analytical methods for method validation as required by regulatory agencies.