급성 전골수구성백혈병에서 All-trans Retinoic Acid의 효과

이석,민유홍,정소영,한지숙,고윤웅 大韓血液學會 1995 大韓血液學會誌 Vol.30 No.3

온종일돌봄체계에 대한 고찰: G시 온종일돌봄 수요조사를 바탕으로

최아라 학습자중심교과교육학회 2023 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.23 No.17

Objectives This study aims to make a proposal for the development of the all-day care system by identifying the perception and demand of all-day care services in G city. Methods In order to confirm the recognition and demand for all-day care, a second analysis was conducted on the government-wide all day care demand survey data. For data analysis, descriptive statistical analysis was conducted using the SPSS 27.0 program. Results As a result of the awareness of all-day care services, only 16% said they knew all about it, and the lower the grade, the higher the desire for all-day care services. The reasons for not wanting to use all-day care services were in the order of wanting private education, wanting home care, and dissatisfaction with the service. Elementary care classes were the most common types of all-day care services used. About 84% of the respondents were satisfied with the all-day care service. It was found that they wanted care provided in the school. It was found that the most necessary time for all-day care services was from the end of school classes to 5 p.m. Conclusions Based on the results of this study, the need for a more accurate demand survey for all-day care services, expansion of the supply of all-day care services, strengthening publicity and guidance, and ensuring a quality level were proposed.

백서 피부에서 약물대사 효소의 활성도와 유전자 발현에 미치는 All - trans - retinoic Acid의 영향

이하린 ( Ha Rin Lee ),함정희 ( Jeong Hee Hahm ),홍영숙 ( Young Sook Hong ) 대한피부과학회 1998 大韓皮膚科學會誌 Vol.36 No.1

Background : The activity of drug metabolizing enzymes and the modulation of their expression by inducers in the skin are the key factors for understanding of pharmacological and toxic effects of topically applied drugs. The role of these enzymes is of major importance, as they may contribute to determine the steady-state levels of biologically active substances. 3-Methylcholanthrene and all-trans- retinoic acid have been known to be inducers of the drug metabolizing enzymes. And all-trans- retinoic acid has many biological actions including anti-cancer effects. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of all-trans-retinoic acid on inducing the expression and modulation of genetic polymorphism of drug metabolizing enzymes as well as to estimate the role of all-trans-retinoic acid in carcinogenesis and drug interactions. Methods : We analyzed the activities of CYP1A1(Cytochrome P450 1Al), NADPH cytochrome P450-reductase, UGT1 and GST after administration of 3-methylcholanthrene and all-trans-retinoic acid to the Sprague-Dawley male rats. We observed the inducible gene expression of CYP1A1, UGT1, GSTJt by RT-PCR and the genetic polymorphism of CYP1A1, UGT1, GSTK by PCR. Results . 1. The expression of CYP1A1, NADPH cytochrome P450-reductase, UGT1 and GST was induced by 3-methylcholanthrene and all-trans-retinoic acid. That of NADPH cytochrome P450-reductase and UGT1 is pronouncedly enhanced by all-trans- retinoic acid. 2. The effects of 3-methylcholanthrene and all-trans-retinoic acid on inducing the expression of CYP1A1 and UGT1 correlated with an increase of mRNA expression levels of CYP1A1 and UGT1. The modulation of mRNA expression levels of GST ㅠ was downregulated by all-trans-retinoic acid. 3. The genetic polymorphism of CYP1A1 was induced by 3-methylcholanthrene and all-trans- retinoic acid, and that of GSTM1 was not affected by the inducers. The induction of genetic polymorphism of GST ㅠ was down regulated by all-trans-retinoic acid. Conclusion: 3-Methylcholanthrene and all-trans-retinoic acid modulate the inducible expression and genetic polymorphism of drug metabolizing enzymes differentially. All-trans-retinoic acid can modulate the metabolism of procarcinogen such as 3-methylcholanthrene by inducing drug metabolizing enzymes. Furthermore, the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of drug metabolizing enzymes by 3-methylcholanthrene, all-trans-retinoic acid and other drugs could help to understand their respective roles in drug interactions and carcinogenesis. (Korean J Dermatol 1998;36(2) 193-203)

매트릭스 하이퍼큐브의 일-대-다 방송과 다-대-다 방송 알고리즘

김종석(Jong-seok Kim),이형옥(Heong-ok Lee) 인문사회과학기술융합학회 2018 예술인문사회융합멀티미디어논문지 Vol.8 No.8

Broadcasting is a basic data communication method for interconnection networks. There are two types of broadcasting. One-to-all broadcasting is to transmit a message from one node to all other nodes and all-to-all broadcasting is to transmit a message from all the nodes that have messages to other nodes. And by the using way of the transmission port per unit time, there are two schemes of broadcasting. Single port telecommunication(SLA) is to transmit messages from one node that contains the messages to one adjacent node only and all port telecommunication(MLA) is to transmit messages from one node to all adjacent nodes within a time of unit. Matrix hypercube is that an interconnection network has improved network cost than that of hypercube with the same number of nodes. In this paper, we analyze broadcasting scheme of matirx hypercube. First, we propose one-to-all and all-to-all broadcasting algorithms of matrix hypercube. And we prove that one-to-all broadcasting times are 2n+1 and 2[n/2]+1 based on the SLA and MLA models, respectively. Also, we show all-to-all broadcasting time using SLA model is 5×2^n/2-2 when n=even, and is 5×2^(n-1)/2+2 when n=odd. 방송은 상호연결망에서 사용되는 가장 기본적인 정보전달 기법으로 크게 일-대-다 방송과 다-대-다 방송으로 나눌 수 있다. 일-대-다 방송은 메시지를 갖고 있는 한 노드에서 다른 모든 노드로 메시지를 전송하는 것이고, 다-대-다 방송은 메시지를 갖고 있는 각각의 노드들이 다른 모든 노드들로 메시지를 전송하는 것이다. 그리고 단위 시간 당 전송 포트를 사용하는 방법에 따라 단일 포트 통신 방식(SLA)과 멀티 포트 통신 방식(MLA)으로 나눌 수 있다. 단일 포트 통신 방식은 단위 시간에 메시지를 가지고 있는 노드가 이웃한 다른 하나의 노드로만 메시지를 전송하는 것이고, 멀티 포트 통신 방식은 단위 시간에 메시지를 가지고 있는 노드가 이웃한 모든 노드로 메시지를 전송하는 것이다. 매트릭스 하이퍼큐브는 하이퍼큐브와 동일한 노드 개수를 가지면서 하이퍼큐브보다 망비용이 개선된 연결망이다. 본 논문에서는 매트릭스 하이퍼큐브의 방송 기법을 분석한다. 먼저 매트릭스 하이퍼큐브에서의 일-대-다 방송 알고리즘과 다-대-다 방송 알고리즘을 제안한다. 그리고 SLA 기법을 이용한 일-대-다 방송시간이 2n+1임과 MLA 기법을 이용한 일-대-다 방송 시간이 2[n/2]+1 임을 보인다. 또한 SLA 기법을 이용한 다-대-다 방송 시간이5×2^n/2-2(n=짝수), 5×2^(n-1)/2+2(n=홀수)임을 증명한다.

한국인의 급성 림프구성 백혈병과 HLA 연관성

이은정,윤정숙,김명신,임지향,김용구,한경자,김학기,민우성,김춘추,김원일 대한조혈모세포이식학회 2000 대한조혈모세포이식학회지 Vol.5 No.2

배경:주조직 적합항원 복합체(Major Histocompatibility Complex : MHC)는 쥐에서 처음 이식 항원으로 발견된 이래 이식 면역 분야에서 광범위하게 연구되어 왔으며, 면역 반응을 조절하는 주요 유전자로서 감염, 종양, 자가면역 질환 등의 발생에 관여한다. 사람에서 자가 면역 질환과 HLA 연관성이 증명되어 있으나, 백혈병에서 HLA 연관성에 관한 연구는 드물며 대상군 수가 유의한 결론을 얻기에 부족하다. 본 연구에서는 급성 림프구성 백혈병(ALL) 환자를 대상으로 HLA class I, II 항원 및 2-유전자좌 일배체형 빈도를 구하고, 이를 정상 대조군과 비교하는 통계적 방법으로 ALL군과 연관된 HLA 항원 및 일배체형이 있는지 살펴보고, ALL군은 FAB 분류와 면역 표현형 분류에 따른 아군으로 분류하여 각 아군과 연관된 HLA 항원 및 일배체형을 관찰함으로써 ALL 군과 HLA의 연관성을 규명해 보고자 하였다. 방법:1991년 1월부터 1998년 7월까지 성모병원에 내원하여 미세림프구독성검사를 이용한 혈청학적 방법으로 HLA Class I, II 항원 형별 검사를 실시한 222례의 ALL 환자를 대상으로 하여 FAB 분류 및 면역 표현형 아군에서 HLA 항원 빈도와 유전자 빈도를 구하고, 항원 빈도를 대조군과 비교하여 Haldane‘s 법에 따라 상대 위험도를 구하고 chi-square method로 유의성을 검정하였다. ALL 각 질환군과 아군에서 square root 법을 이용하여 HLA A-B, C-B, B-DR 2-유전자좌 일배체형 빈도를 구하고, 이를 대조군과 비교하여 chi-square 법으로 유의성을 검정하였다. 결과:1) Cw8이 ALL군에서 RR 0.12로 매우 감소하여 강한 연관성 정도를 나타냈고, p-value 0.001 이하의 높은 통계적 유의성을 나타냈다. 이는 Cw8이 ALL 발생에 저항성을 나타내는 유전자이거나, 저항성을 나타내는 다른 유전자에 linkage되어있을 가능성을 시사하며, 또는 Cw8이 leukemia virus 등 외부 항원에 대해 증가된 면역 반응을 암호화하는 유전자이거나, 면역 반응을 조절하는 다른 유전자에 linkage되어있을 가능성이나, Cw8이 면역 감시 기능에 주요 역할을 담당하는 항원일 가능성을 시사한다. 2) Cw3이 ALL군에서 유의하게 증가하였고 p-value 0.001 이하의 통계적 유의성을 나타내어, Cw3이 급성 림프구성 백혈병 발생을 예측하는 표지자가 될 수 있을 것으로 사료되었다. 3) B-blank와 DR-blank 유전자 빈도가 ALL 군에서 증가하였으며, 특히 이 현상은 DR locus에서 현저하으며 이는 ALL 질환군에서 B와 DR 항원의 동형접합체의 증가 때문이거나, 대립유전자의 변형이나 소실로 인하여 검출되지 않은 항원이 증가한 때문으로 사료된다. 4) FAB 분류 및 면역 표현형, 임상적 아군과 연관된 HLA 항원들이 검출되었으며, 특히 A11, B62, DR4는 T-cell 면역 표면형과 높은 연관성을 나타냈고, 이중 DR4는 CD3과 100%의 일치율을 보여 DR4가 T-cell ALL 발생을 예측하는 강력한 표지자가 될 수 있을 것으로 사료되었다. 결론:급성 림프구성 백혈병은 HLA와 연관된 질환이며, 급성 림프구성 백혈병의 발생 및 백혈병 세포의 분화 단계를 예측하는데 본 연구가 유용한 기준 자료가 될 것으로 생각되었다. Backgrounds:The MHC(Major Histocompatibility Complex) has been widely studied in the field of transplantation immunology, since initially defined as transplantation antigen in mouse in 1936, and it's a major genetic complex which regulates immune responses, associated with development of infectious diseases, cancers, or autoimmune diseases. Although associations have been demonstrated between many autoimmune diseases and HLA antigens or haplotypes in human, the studies of human leukemia or other hemopoietic disease and HLA association are rare and have too small sample sizes to get a significant result. We tried to investigate the association of ALL with HLA in 222 patients by using appropriate statistical methods, and invesgate HLA associations in FAB and immunological subgroup in ALL. Methods: The subject of this study was 222 patients with ALL who admitted in St. Mary's hospital from January 1991 to July 1998 and was typed for HLA Class I, II antigens by using serological method of NIH standard microlymphocytotoxicity. We calculated the HLA antigen, gene and 2-locus haplotype frequencies in each ALL subgroup including FAB classification and immunophenotypical subgroup, and calculated relative risk by Haldane's method by comparing HLA antigen frequencies in ALL group with those in normal control population. The chi-square method or Fisher's exact test was used to assess the significance of the differencies in the antigen and haplogtype distributions in the control vs. ALL population. Results: 1)The frequencies of Cw8 were decreased in ALL with relative risk 0.12 and high statistical significance with p-values less than 0.001 was found, suggesting strong Cw8 associations with ALL. This means Cw8 may be a gene which resists to development of ALL or may be linked to other recessive gene, or Cw8 may be a gene which encodes increased immune responses to exogenous antigens such as leukemia virus, or may be linked to other gene. Otherwise, Cw8 may be an antigen which has a key role in immune surveillance to development of ALL. 2) The frequencies of Cw3 were increased significantly in ALL and revealed p-values less than 0.001 in ALL, suggesting Cw3 could be a marker predicting development of ALL. 3) B and DR-blank gene frequencies were increased in ALL and this phenomenon was prominent in DR locus, showing 12.9% of DR-blank gene frequencies and 45.80 of relative risk in overall 630 patients who were typed for DR antigen. This suggests increased B and DR homozygosity or increased undetected antigens due to loss or modification of DR allele in ALL. 4) Several HLA antigens were detected associated with each ALL group and subgroup. Especially A11, B62, DR4 antigens were strongly associated with T-cell immunophenotypes, and DR4 had a 100% correlation with CD3, suggesting DR4 could be a strong marker predicting development of T-cell ALL. Conclusion: ALL is a disease associated with HLA and this study will be worth predicting development of ALL, and differentiation stages of leukemic cells in ALL.

19세기 부하라의 權力構造와 아미르 나스룰라(Nasr Allāh)의 中央集權化

이광태 중앙아시아학회 2009 中央아시아硏究 Vol.14 No.-

Bukharan Amīr Nasr Allāh, or Nasrullah, is know as one of the most notorious Asian monarchs not only in the west and but also in the Soviet historiography. His “brutality” is believed to have been revealed with the event of the “outrageous” execution of two British officers, Arthur Conolly and Charles Stoddart in 1842. However, this bias derived from the euro-centric view without scrutinizing indigenous sources written in Persian. Consequently, the historical significance of Nasr Allāh's centralization is subject to reevaluation. In fact, in order to properly understand Nasr Allāh's policies, the power structure of the Bukharan Khanate, or Emirate, needs to be analyzed as a prerequisite. The Manghitid dynasty was founded by Muhammad Rahīm, a chief of Manghit tribe, who was enthroned in 1756 through the execution of a Chingisid Bukharan khan. However, as one of the Bukharan 92 tribes, the Manghit tribe could not successfully claim their suzerainty over other tribes, who attained their own areas of influence. The Manghitids devised various measures to secure loyalty of other tribes, yet intractable nomadic tribes, including Khitai-Qipchaqs, refused to acknowledge Manghitids' legitimacy. With this political setting, Nasr Allāh was involved in succession struggles triggered by his father, Haidar's death. Unlike other brothers, who primarily found support from Islamic religious group, Ulama, or multi-ethnic Bukharan citizens, his political base was laid on nomadic tribes. With tribal army's support, He eventually defeated competitors and obtained the throne in 1427. Therefore, Nasr Allāh's subsequent political agenda was to consolidate his power at the expense of tribal chieftains' influence, which culminated due to their crucial role in Nasr Allāh's enthronement. In order to fulfill his political aims, Nasr Allāh relied on his chancellor, Muhammad Hakim Qūshbegi. The chancellor, who was responsible of administration, encouraged trade with other countries, including Russia, China, Persia and India, and made use of diplomatic tactics to disrupt the hostile alliance among their enemies, which much contributed to releasing fiscal strain caused by a series of expeditions and following rewards bestowed on participating tribal chieftains. Thus, Muhammad Hakim Qūshbegi faced tribal chieftains and amirs' opposition, so he endeavored to undermine their power through employing sedentary people. Tadjiks were employed to direct customs office to control tribal dignitaries' trade activities. The standing army, first called “Nizam” and after “Sarbāz”, served as a replacement of tribal armies, which constituted main Bukharan military forces. To conclude, the aim of Nasr Allāh's centralization was to check tribal amirs, and Muhammad Hakim Qūshbegi played a leading role for that task. The amir followed Muhammad Hakim Qūshbegi's policies even after his death in 1837. Sedentary personalities continued to be mobilized to check amirs. The standing army was enlarged and contributed to conquering Khokand in 1842. Also, vigorous world trade centered on Bukhara, which was peculiar circumstances of the 19th century Bukhara, nurtured the Tadjik merchant class and consequently helped Nasr Allāh's centralization. Bukharan Amīr Nasr Allāh, or Nasrullah, is know as one of the most notorious Asian monarchs not only in the west and but also in the Soviet historiography. His “brutality” is believed to have been revealed with the event of the “outrageous” execution of two British officers, Arthur Conolly and Charles Stoddart in 1842. However, this bias derived from the euro-centric view without scrutinizing indigenous sources written in Persian. Consequently, the historical significance of Nasr Allāh's centralization is subject to reevaluation. In fact, in order to properly understand Nasr Allāh's policies, the power structure of the Bukharan Khanate, or Emirate, needs to be analyzed as a prerequisite. The Manghitid dynasty was founded by Muhammad Rahīm, a chief of Manghit tribe, who was enthroned in 1756 through the execution of a Chingisid Bukharan khan. However, as one of the Bukharan 92 tribes, the Manghit tribe could not successfully claim their suzerainty over other tribes, who attained their own areas of influence. The Manghitids devised various measures to secure loyalty of other tribes, yet intractable nomadic tribes, including Khitai-Qipchaqs, refused to acknowledge Manghitids' legitimacy. With this political setting, Nasr Allāh was involved in succession struggles triggered by his father, Haidar's death. Unlike other brothers, who primarily found support from Islamic religious group, Ulama, or multi-ethnic Bukharan citizens, his political base was laid on nomadic tribes. With tribal army's support, He eventually defeated competitors and obtained the throne in 1427. Therefore, Nasr Allāh's subsequent political agenda was to consolidate his power at the expense of tribal chieftains' influence, which culminated due to their crucial role in Nasr Allāh's enthronement. In order to fulfill his political aims, Nasr Allāh relied on his chancellor, Muhammad Hakim Qūshbegi. The chancellor, who was responsible of administration, encouraged trade with other countries, including Russia, China, Persia and India, and made use of diplomatic tactics to disrupt the hostile alliance among their enemies, which much contributed to releasing fiscal strain caused by a series of expeditions and following rewards bestowed on participating tribal chieftains. Thus, Muhammad Hakim Qūshbegi faced tribal chieftains and amirs' opposition, so he endeavored to undermine their power through employing sedentary people. Tadjiks were employed to direct customs office to control tribal dignitaries' trade activities. The standing army, first called “Nizam” and after “Sarbāz”, served as a replacement of tribal armies, which constituted main Bukharan military forces. To conclude, the aim of Nasr Allāh's centralization was to check tribal amirs, and Muhammad Hakim Qūshbegi played a leading role for that task. The amir followed Muhammad Hakim Qūshbegi's policies even after his death in 1837. Sedentary personalities continued to be mobilized to check amirs. The standing army was enlarged and contributed to conquering Khokand in 1842. Also, vigorous world trade centered on Bukhara, which was peculiar circumstances of the 19th century Bukhara, nurtured the Tadjik merchant class and consequently helped Nasr Allāh's centralization.

미디어 빅데이터를 활용한 생활체육 이슈 분석

김경식 한국융합과학회 2022 한국융합과학회지 Vol.11 No.5

Purpose This study is to analyze sport for all issues using media big data by applying keyword and topic modeling techniques. In other words, it is intended to analyze changes in the core keywords of sport for all by period and core keywords that symbolize sports for all for the past 30 years, and identify the types, proportion, and trends of sport for all topics by using topic modeling. Methods This study collected media data related to sport for all in order to analyze sport for all issues using media big data. Specifically, Big Kinds set the period from 1990 to 2019, and collected a total of 993 articles related to sport for all in daily newspaper and broadcasting. Results First, there was no significant change in the top core keywords of sport for all by period. Second, the keywords that symbolize sport for all in Korean society for the past 30 years are physical education, participation, sports, competitions, games, players, regions, events, and leaders. Third, the topics of sport for all in Korean society for 30 years are sport for all event, sport for all programs, participation in sport for all, facilities, organizations, sport for all for the disabled, and revitalization of sports for the disabled. Sport for all event and participation in sport for all occupies a large proportion of topics. The topic of sport for all event is a rapidly growing trend. Conclusion The topic types and trends revealed in this study provide important implications for establishing sport for all policies. In particular, a topic that is increasing significantly is suggested as a priority for sport for all. 연구목적 본 연구는 주제어 및 토픽모델링 기법을 적용하여 미디어 빅데이터를 활용한 생활체육 이슈를 분석하고자 한다. 즉, 시기별 생활체육의 핵심 주제어 변화와 30년간 생활체육을 상징하는 핵심 주제어를 분석하고, 토픽모델링을 활용하여 생활체육 토픽의 유형 및 비중과 트렌드를 규명하고자 한다. 연구목적 이 연구는 미디어 빅데이터를 활용한 생활체육 이슈를 분석하기 위하여 생활체육, 사회체육, 생활스포츠와 관련한 미디어 데이터를 수집하였다. 구체적으로는 빅카인즈에서 1990년부터 2019년까지 기간을 설정하고, 총 993건의 생활체육, 사회체육, 생활스포츠와 관련된 중앙지, 경제지, 방송 기사를 수집하였다. 결과 첫째, 시기별 생활체육의 최상위 핵심 주제어는 큰 변화가 없었다. 둘째, 30년간 한국사회의 생활체육을 상징하는 주제어는 생활체육, 참가, 스포츠, 대회, 경기, 선수, 지역, 종목, 지도자 등이다. 셋째, 30년간 한국사회의 생활체육의 토픽은 생활체육 대회, 생활체육 프로그램, 생활체육 참가, 생활체육 시설, 생활체육 조직, 장애인 생활체육, 생활체육 활성화이다. 이중 생활체육 대회, 생활체육 참가는 토픽의 큰 비중을 차지하고 있다. 생활체육 대회 토픽은 급격하는 추세이다. 결론 이 연구에서 밝혀낸 토픽의 유형과 트렌드는 생활체육 정책을 수립하는데 중요한 시사점을 제공한다. 특히 뚜렷하게 증가하는 토픽은 생활체육 정책의 우선순위로 제안된다.

생활체육진흥법 제정을 위한 시안개발 연구

손석정,정승재 한국스포츠엔터테인먼트법학회 2013 스포츠와 법 Vol.16 No.3

Recently Sport for All is expanding its realm in the past level, such as simple leisure or traditional health improvement, into the social welfare level. It also recognized as an effective method that can solve various phenomena of social pathology, such as social problem caused by population aging, health improvement, decreasing medical cost. To prove this thesis, this paper looks into the meaning and the scope of Sport for All, examines the reasons Sport for All inevitably develop in the modern society: the reason such as increasing income, leisure time, and concern on health, or expanding paradigm of physical education. It also covers the effect of Sport for All in the modern society. In addition, the paper covers current legal system and policies regarding Sport for All, and the necessity for legislating the law promoting Sport for All. In conclusion, for the legislation of the act promoting Sport for All, the paper checked the ground to develop Sport for All under current Korean Constitutional system and Sport for All related provisions in the individual laws. The paper made certain of the necessity for enacting the law promoting Sport for All, which organizes each provisions systemically. Thus, the paper developed the draft bill for the enactment of the law promoting Sport for All, which will be helpful to establish the environment for legal system activating Sport for All and the policies. 오늘날의 생활체육은 과거 단순한 여가선용이나 전통적인 체력증진 차원에서 복지차원으로까지 그 영역이 확대되고 있으며, 인구고령화에 따른 사회문제, 건강증진 문제, 의료비 감소 문제 등 각종 사회 병리현상을 해결할 수 있는 효과적인 수단으로 인식되고 있다. 이를 입증하기 위해서 생활체육의 의미와 범위를 살펴보고, 생활체육이 현대사회에서 발전할 수밖에 없는 이유로서 소득증대, 여가시간 확대, 건강관심 증대 및 체육의 패러다임 확대 등을 알아보았고, 현대사회에서의 생활체육 효과에 대해 검토하였다. 또한 현재의 법제도 및 생활체육 추진정책을 살펴보고, 생활체육진흥을 위한 법제도화의 필요성에 대해서도 살펴보았다. 결과적으로 생활체육의 발전을 위해서는 법제도적 장치가 마련되어야 한다는 점에서 현행의 헌법체계 속에서 생활체육을 발전시킬 수 있는 근거를 확인하고, 개별 법률에서 생활체육 관련규정을 알아 본 결과, 각각의 규정내용을 체계적으로 정리한 구체적인 생활체육진흥법의 제정 필요성을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러므로 이 연구에서는 생활체육 활성화와 정책추진에 도움을 줄 수 있는 법정책적 환경 구축을 위하여 생활체육진흥법 입법에 필요한 생활체육진흥법 시안을 개발하였다.

수아세포종 세포와 교모세포종 세포의 배양에서 all-trans와 13-cis retinoic acid의 세포증식억제 효과

윤수한(Soo Han Yoon),김세혁(Se Hyuk Kim),안영환(Young Hwan Ahn),안영민(Young Min Ahn),조기홍(Ki Hong Cho),조경기(Kyung Gi Cho),김성환(Sung Hwan Kim) 대한소아신경학회 1998 대한소아신경학회지 Vol.5 No.2

목적 : 암화학요법중에 대표적인 약물중의 하나인 레티노익 산을 이용하여 신경모세포종과 교모세포종을 포함하여 여러 암세포에서 증식억제를 이룰 수 있다고 하지만, 최근에 악성 교종 세포종에서의 임상적 시도에서 약물반응도가 낮았다는 상반된 결과를 해결하기 위해 혈중 유효약물농도에서 종양증식억제 정도를 측정해보고자 하였다. 또한, 레티노익 산의 작용이 종양세포의 분화를 촉진시키고 종양의 증식을 억제하는 것이라면 당연히 성인종양보다는 소아종양에서 효과가 기대되는 만큼 뇌종양에서는 무엇 보다도 대표적인 소아종양인 수아세포종에서 효과를 확인해보고자 하였다. 대상및 방법 : 수아세포종 환자의 생검조직에서 배양된 수아세포종과 교모세포종 373과 87세 포주를 배양하여 all-trans 와 13-cis 레티노익 산의 농도를 10¯5M에서 10¯¹¹M까지 10¯5M, 10¯6, 10¯7, 10¯8, 10¯9, 10¯10 및 10¯¹¹M등의 7단계로 나누고 4일, 7일 그리고 14일간 배양후 각 단계별 세포성장억제(cell growth inhibition) 정도를 MTT 검사에 의해 비교하였다. 결과 : 87세포주에서 13-cis 레티노익 산의 경우에 10¯8M부터 10¯7M까지에서는 10~15%의 종양증식억제가 이루어졌지만 10¯6M에서 10¯5M의 농도에서는 증식억제가 4일에는 10-22%, 7일에는 10%, 14일에는 0~12%였고, all trans 레티노익산의 경우에는 10¯6M 이하 농도에서는 4일, 7일, 그리고 14일 모두에서 5% 미만의 증식억제를 보였는데 10¯5M 농도에서는 4일과 7일에는 증식억제가 42%와 37%였지만, 14일에는 0%로서 시간 경과에 따라 증식억제가 감소하였다. 373 세포주에서는 10¯6M과 10¯5M 농도의 all-trans 레티노익 산에 의해서 10¯6M과 10¯5M 농도에서 4일과 7일에는 5% 이하의 증식억제를 보이다가 14일에는 10-15%의 증식억제를 보였으며 13-cis 레티노익 산의 경우에는 10¯6M과 10¯5M에서 4일에는 약 30%, 7일에는 약 20%, 그리고 14일에도 약 20%의 증식억제를 보였다. 수아세포종에서는 10¯6M 이하 농도의 all-trans와 13-cis 레티노익 산에 의해서 증식억제가 약 25% 이상 이루어졌으며, 10¯6M 이상 농도에서 13-cis 레티노익 산의 경우 25% 정도의 증식억제를 보였지만 all-trans 레티노익 산에서는 약 40%의 증식억제를 볼 수 있었다. 결론 : 교모세포종의 경우 인체에 투여가능한 정도의 all-trans 또는 13-cis 레티노익 산 농도에서 각 세포주의 반응도가 달라서 그 효과를 예측할 수 없지만, 수아세포종에서는 13-cis 와 all-trans 레티노익 산 모두에서 종양 증식억제 효과가 있었으며, 특히 all-trans 이형체가 효과가 더 좋았으며, 또한 지속적 투여와 저농도(10¯9M 이하)에서도 종양증식 억제에 효과가 있었다. propose : It has been reported that retinoic acid, one of the most popular agents for chemoprevention could inhibit the proliferation of many cancer cells including neuroblastoma and glioblastoma. However, there is increasing demand reaccessing its in vitro inhibitory errect on the tumor proliferation because of the poor results from recent clinical trials of retinoic acid in the malignant brain tumor. Retinoic acid promoted the diffferentiation and apoptosis of tumor cell so that its effect might be obvious in the pediatric brain tumor. Therefore we are going to confirm the effectiveness of retinoic acid to inhibit the proliferation of the tumor cells; glioblastoma and medulloblastoma in childhood. Methods : Medulloblastoma cells were derived from the primary culture of the patient's specimen, and glioblastoma cells were cell lines of 373-MG and 87-MG. We estimated growth inhibition rate of each tumor cells using MTT assay in th concentration from 10¯¹²M to 10¯5M of all-trans and 13-cis retinoic acid. Results : 13-cis retinoic acid in the concentration of 10¯6M inhibited cell growth rate 10-22% on the 4th day of incubation, 10% on the 7th day, and 0-12% on the 14th day in the concentration from 10¯6M to 10¯5M. All-trans retinoic acid inhibited cell growth rate less than 5% in the concentration less than 10¯5M though the whole incubation period, but 42% on the 4th day, 37% on the 7th day, and 0% on the 14th in the concentration of 10¯5M. 13-cis retinoic acid inhibited cell growth rate 30% on the 4th day, 20% on the 7th and 14th day in the concentration between 10¯6M and 10¯5M. All-trans retinoic acid inhibited cell growth rate less than 25% by all-trans and 13-cis retnoic acid in the concentration less than 10¯6M. 13-cis retinoic acid showed 25% growth inhibition in the concentration above 10¯6M, but all-trans retnoic acid showed 40% growht inhibition in the same concentration. Conclusion : We could not find the effect of retnoic acid in the glioblastoma cells due to variable responses of the tumor cell growht inhibition in the concentration of maximum tolerable dose. IIowever, there is a significant inhibition effect of medulloblastoma cell proliferation both in the 13-cis and all-trans retinoic acid.

베를렌의 <유령과 광대> 시리즈에 나타난 알레고리의 심리학

박혜정 한국프랑스학회 2019 한국프랑스학논집 Vol.105 No.-

En 1867 Verlaine a publié《Fantômes et Fantoches》, dans lequel trois poèmes en prose étaient inclus. 「Jeu d’enfants」 et 「Corbillard au galop」 représentent les funérailles et la mort; 「Les sots」 révèle la raillerie sur la littérature contemporaine. En Fantômes et Fantoches, les fantômes se lient à la mort, à la terreur et aux sentiments tristes, alors que les fantoches sont des personnes qui jouent de la plaisanterie comique. Nous nous intéressons au fait que les motifs de la mort et de la bouffonerie découvrent les sens contraires et les combinent à la fois. De plus, ces trois poèmes en prose nous orientent sur les oeuvres verlainiennes de ce temps-là, qui traitent les sujets et les images similaires. Ce sont les 10 sonnets et les 7 poèmes en prose. Ces oeuvres n’attirent peu d’attention des critiques parce qu’elles s’éparpillent dans les plusieurs recueils après avoir été publiées séparément dans les magazines littéraires. Nous avons choisi le point de vue allégorique pour interpreter ces oeuvres. L’allégorie est un trope ou une figure de caractère allusif et double. Utilisées par Verlaine avec la propriété traditionnelle, les allégories de ses poèmes d’apparence facile ont les sens ambigus et énigmatiques. Nous avons nommné ‘la psychologie allégorique’, l’intention de Verlaine qui a caché les vrais sens sous l’allégorie-énigme: nous voulons éclairer les sens voilés et comprendre la psychologie de Verlaine qui a crée les allégories dans ses oeuvres. Nous avons analysé ces oeuvres en 4 catégories : le temps des spectres, le jeu de funérailles, la politique de l’allégorie et l’obsession de l’allégorie. L’apparition d’une femme évoque l’image de Soeur Elisa que Verlaine a tant aimée secrètement, et son image se présente comme motif ou caractérisque d’un poème ambigu, morose et mélancolique. Le spectre du père d’Hamlet apparaît comme un annonciateur d’une crise de la Nation ou d’une crise psychique du fils. Verlaine qui semble se laisser influence par Shakespeare, choisit la scène de l’apparition de spectre afin que l’allégorie de spectre annonce l’heure de résolution grave et imminente. Verlaine décide de jouer au jeu de funérailles en voyant la scène où les enfants jouent de l’obsèque ; ce jeu serait une allégorie d’écrire des poèmes qui traitent les choses moroses et mortelles comme raillerie. Avec antithèse le poète veut se moquer de son temps qui ne s’interesse qu’au désir de manger et s’amuser. Verlaine, avec l’esprit incisif sur la politique du Second Empire, écrit 5 poèmes allégoriques qui ont le sens double. Nous avons analysé un poème de paysage estival et un poème d’amour qui dissimulent les critiques ascerbes sur le régime despotique. Nous avons analysé aussi 3 poèmes dont les titres ont trait aux fantoches (「Le Pitre」, 「Le Clown」, 「Le Pierrot」). Pierrot est généralement le symbole de l’artiste ou l’écrivain, mais dans ces poèmes de Verlaine, l’aspect de pierrot est double ; le pierrot a le visage de dictateur qui raille et dédaigne le peuple, et en même temps qui est haï par le peuple et le poète. L’apparence physique de fantoche comme le mort, c’est une image où se reflète le désir du poète qui aspire en sourdine la chute mortelle de l’empéreur. Finalement nous avons réfléchi sur la psychologie du poète qui fait des allégories de manière répétitive. Le désir d’un homme de créer des allégories peut être comparé celui d’un homme obsedé à une idéé fixe. Les deux hommes suivent le même mécanisme psychique. Ils se pensent possédés par une certaine force démoniaque et par le signe cosmique, et alors croient à la déstinée fataliste et magique. Ils font des mêmes comportements rituels et répétitifs avec de l’anxiété. À la fin un homme allégorique et un homme obsessionel se souffrent bea...