한국에서 중앙(中央)유라시아사(史) 연구의 회고와 전망 -(사)중앙아시아학회 『중앙(中央)아시아연구(硏究)』를 중심으로-

김장구 ( Jang Goo Kim ) 중앙아시아학회 2015 中央아시아硏究 Vol.20 No.2

Established in October, 12, 1996, The Korean Association for Central Asian Studies published the first number of Central Asian Studies in 16, December the same year. For two decades, broad public attention to and highly qualified research achievements for central eurasian history and culture have been increased phenomenally. In addition, outstanding research achievements of ‘History of North Asia’ by precedent researchers after the middle of 20th century have still its academic value even to this day. The Korean Association for Central Asian Studies developed from Association for Central Asian Studies of Korea, which was established in 1993. It issued Newsletter of the Association for central Asian Studies of Korea from 1st issue to 5th issue. Research achievements through ‘Association for Central Asian Studies of Korea,’ show the main stream of regional studies on Central Asia, based on history, language, archaeology, art history, costume, musicology and so forth. Especially, focusing on field surveys and experience on site and collecting historical materials, fundamental studies has been carried out till now. Considering the situation that we could not help accepting the ‘The Chinese World Order’ in past, research achievements in this field can be regarded as remarkable progress. Nevertheless, some problems as below still remain. First, nowadays researchers are negligent in quoting research findings by precedent researchers. Furthermore, it is true that constructive and academic criticism are also not enough. Second, translation of basic historical materials and note for them are insufficient. The researchers with great affection for central eurasian history and culture have to try harder in this field. Third, the lack of translation of academic works is also a serious problem. Fourth, academic terminology varies scholar to scholar. Last, studies of a certain period and region are insufficient. The reason for above situation is, first of all, absolute lack of researchers and social indifference. Therefore, not only should awareness of the importance of studies in this field be raised but also researchers should give more efforts in order to understand its history and culture in objective and balanced way. Henceforth, centering the association, the systematic and long-term supports, such as discovering and supporting rising talents and providing relevant resources and study opportunity, are very important for the future.

몽골 제국과 포스트 몽골 시기 중앙아시아와 킵차크 초원에서의 투르크 정체성

이주엽 ( Joo-yup Lee ) 중앙아시아학회 2021 中央아시아硏究 Vol.26 No.1

내륙아시아 세계의 모든 투르크어 사용 유목민이 6세기 중반 돌궐(突厥) 제국의 부상과 함께 처음 출현한 투르크 정체성을 공유한 것은 아니었다. 최초의 투르크계 유목 제국을 세운 돌궐인들은 ‘튀르크’(Türk)라는 명칭을 자칭으로만 사용했다. 돌궐인의 뒤를 이어 몽골 고원을 지배한 위구르나 (예니세이) 키르기즈인은 튀르크인이라 자칭하지 않았다. 그 결과 8세기 중반 돌궐 제국이 붕괴한 뒤 투르크 정체성은 몽골 초원의 비돌궐 집단들 사이에서 존속되지 못했다. 투르크라는 정체성이 더 너른 의미를 얻은 곳은 이슬람 세계였다. 무슬림 저자들은 ‘투르크’[Turk, 복수형은 ‘아트라크’(Atrāk)]라는 용어를 투르크어를 사용하는 집단과 그렇지 않은 집단 모두를 포함한 내륙아시아 유목민을 지칭하는 데 사용함으로서 이 개념을 널리 퍼뜨렸다. 마찬가지로 몽골인들이 이슬람 세계에 진출한 뒤에 무슬림 저자들은 일반적으로 몽골인을 투르크인이라 불렀다. 일칸국의 몽골인들과 중앙아시아의 몽골 후계 국가(티무르조, 모굴 칸국, 시반조 우즈베크인) 모두 투르크인을 내륙아시아 유목민으로 정의한 무슬림적 시각을 받아들였고, 자신들을 투르크의 가장 명망 높은 분파로 여겼다. (본고에서 중앙아시아는 서쪽으로는 카스피해부터 동쪽으로는 중국 신장까지 내륙지역을 가리킨다. 내륙아시아는 초원지대를 지칭한다) 본질적으로 이들의 투르크 관념은 비타지크(非Tajik), 내륙아시아 유목민 정체성이었지, 비몽골(非Mongol) 정체성 혹은 돌궐 제국과 연관된 정체성이 아니었다. 오히려 몽골 정체성을 포괄하는 관념이었다. 일칸국과 중앙아시아의 몽골 후계 국가들에서 작성된 사서와 문서류에서 언급되는 투르크, 즉 (유목민과 정주민의 통칭이었던) ‘투르크인과 타지크인’이라는 문구의 투르크와 칭기스조와 티무르조가 작성한 다양한 계보 속의 투르크는 일차적으로 몽골인을 의미했다. 그러나 이러한 중앙아시아적 투르크 정체성은 몽골 제국기와 포스트 몽골 시기 킵차크 초원에서는 아예 존재하지 않았다. (몽골 제국 이전 시기에도) 킵차크 초원에서는 ‘투르크’라는 용어가 킵차크와 같은 킵차크 초원의 비돌궐계 유목민 집단들의 자칭으로 사용되지 않았다. 당연히 킵차크 초원의 몽골 후예들(우즈베크, 카자크, 타타르) 또한 스스로를 투르크인이라 여기거나 부르지 않았다. 당대 중앙아시아의 몽골 후예들과 마찬가지로, 이들은 몽골인의 후예를 자처했다.

통계로 본 『중앙(中央)아시아연구(硏究)』 20년(1996∼2015)

정재훈 ( Jae Hun Jeong ) 중앙아시아학회 2015 中央아시아硏究 Vol.20 No.2

In this paper, I want to look back the achievement of Central Asian Studies becoming a center of the lasted development Korean Central Asia research since it was first published in 1996. I try to do a statistical look at the development and change processes, such as configure and organize the contents of the journal in the meantime and further prospects and the direction of future research in Central Asia. This journal has been published since the first issue in December 1996 and total 23 volumes are issued. It was published per a yeat till 2011 and two times after 2012. The article is published in this Journal all 205 pieces. It is composed of 15 reviews and 188 academic papers. The average deviation of 8.9 was published a year. The author of all are 102 people, foreign author are 21 and Korean are 81. For duplication, articles of Korean scholars are 187 and foreign scholars are 21. In this journal, Central Asian art history, folklore, fashion, linguistics, history, musicology, political science, the study of the various disciplines, such as the field of religious studies were published. This is a good indication of the fact that this journal has been a Central Asian integration research where it directed. Since its inception the qualitative development of such a journal, there was a small number of limited side, it was the result of the dedicated efforts of the officers. This journal, Central Asian Studies, has been a great development during 20 years at the center of the Korean Association of Central Studies. This has been also many difficulties, it will continue to strive for great development in the future. It will be apparent that this is to be the important foundation for future development of Central Asia Studies in Korea.

한국에서의 중앙아시아 언어 연구 -1996년 이후의 사례를 중심으로-

이용성 ( Yong Song Li ) 중앙아시아학회 2015 中央아시아硏究 Vol.20 No.2

The Korean Association for Central Asian Studies was founded as a formal society in 1996. Its forerunner was the Central Asian Study group which had met since 1992. The journal of the Korean Association for Central Asian Studies is Central Asian Studies [中央아시아硏究] which have been published since 1996 and became one of the registered journals of Korea. Central Asian Studies is a representative expert journal for Central Asian studies in Korea. Focusing on cases since 1996, this paper makes a general survey of Central Asian studies in Korea. The basic data for this paper was collected from the following sources: (1) the journal of Central Asian Studies [中央아시아硏究] of the Korean Association for Central Asian Studies, (2) the journal of Mongolian Studies [몽골학] of the Korean Association for Mongolian Studies, (3) the journal of Altai Hakpo [알타이학보] of the Altaic Society of Korea, (4) the master’s/doctoral theses, the other journals, and books searched in the search box of the National Assembly Library. All the papers or theses on the following languages are the subjects of study: (1) the Turkic languages spoken in Central Asia, (2) all the Mongolic languages, (3) the Sibe language from the Tungusic languages, (4) the other languages in Central Asia. The following points were verified as the result of this survey, although it remained on the statistical level: (1) In connection with the “Altaic languages”, the Mongolic languages are most actively studied in Korea. (2) In connection with the “Altaic languages”, the Turkic languages are poorly studied in Korea. (3) The comparison with the Korean language is playing a significant role. (4) The journal of Central Asian Studies seems to be at the level of a journal in Korea. (5) The journal of Mongolian Studies seems to get out of the level of a journal in Korea. However, the subjects are specialized for the Mongolic languages. Most foreign authors are Mongols. (6) The journal of Altai Hakpo also seems to get out of the level of a journal in Korea. The papers of the foreign researchers of various nationalities are published in this journal. However, the foreign languages used in this journal are mostly limited to English or Chinese. (7) There is a very limited number of researchers who specialized in the “Altaic languages”. It is the case for the Turkic languages in particular.

중앙아시아미술사 연구(1996∼2015)의 회고와 전망 -『중앙(中央)아시아연구(硏究)』 수록 논문을 중심으로-

김혜원 ( Hae Won Kim ) 중앙아시아학회 2015 中央아시아硏究 Vol.20 No.2

The year 2015 marks the twentieth anniversary of Chung’ang Asia Yon’gu (Central Asian Studies) published by the Korean Association for Central Asian Studies. This paper looks back on the studies on Central Asian art history in Korea during the last twenty years focusing on the articles published in Chung’ang Asia Yon’gu. Approximately forty articles are discussed under three themes, which are Buddhist art, funerary art, and craftwork & others. While most of the articles from the earlier period discussed Central Asian art in relation to Korean art, the interest in Central Asian art per se increased from 1990s, when the specialists on specific regions such as Gandhara, Xinjiang started their academic careers. Discussions on the transformation of certain iconographies and motifs across India, Central Asia, and East Asia continued; yet more studies on particular sites and objects were published in the later period. Another notable fact is that the studies on Buddhist art dominate the field, as the relevant articles add up to more than twenty in total. Needless to say, the subject and theme need to be diversified for a comprehensive understanding of Central Asian art. At the same time, taking advantage of the strong tradition of Buddhist art studies in Korean academia, it would also be possible to encourage more intense and stimulating studies on Central Asian Buddhist art.

독립 이후 나타난 우즈베키스탄 교육제도와 교육환경 분석

성동기 중앙아시아학회 2017 中央아시아硏究 Vol.22 No.2

Uzbekistan accounted for 44% of the total population of Central Asia in 2017 and has an enrollment of 1.1million in all educational institutions. Therefore, the future of Uzbekistan can be said to depend on education. After independence, the Uzbekistan government has reorganized education system, which was the legacy of the Soviet education system, to fit the international community and has created its own independent education model by continuing to open colleges with connections to the core academic fields needed for national development although the economy has been depressed due to the transition period. However, due to the lack of government budget allocations for the education sector, the Uzbekistan government failed to improve the education environment as follows. First, the development and publication of educational materials such as textbooks which are most necessary for the class did not proceed well. Secondly, teachers and professors had to receive low salaries. In particular, teachers and professors with fewer wages had to do other things after school, so lessons were not made at all educational institutions and they illegally raised students' grades and received money from their parents. Therefore, students and parents have distrust in public education. The high entrance competition in Uzbekistan has made this situation worse. All universities have solved the insufficient budget by creating illegal systems such as contributory admission. In this paper the causes and effects of the changes in the education system and education environment in Uzbekistan after independence will be analyzed concretely and the impact of this on the future of Uzbekistan and its solutions will be presented.

3세기부터 7세기까지 중앙아시아 타림분지의 불교 승려들과 생활한 아동에 대한 연구

이지호 ( Yi Ji Ho ) 중앙아시아학회 2021 中央아시아硏究 Vol.26 No.1

The documents found in various sites in Tarim Basin tell us about children younger than twenty years old living in the Buddhist monastic community. It is surprising because there are almost no visual image or archaeological objects from the region that proves the existence of real children that lived with the monks and nuns. It seems as though that those children were only mentioned accidentally in the surviving records about economic transactions and legal disputes involving monks and nuns. This article will collect and discuss the pieces of information from those documents and Buddhist literature to do a general survey about the children who possibly lived within the Buddhist monastic environment in the Tarim Basin region. The children had different social status within the monastic community: the personal slaves of the monks and nuns, the natural or adopted children of the monks and nuns, and those sent by their parents to the monastery to go forth themselves. In addition, Buddhist literature shows us that there could have been the children who entered the monastic community to live in security and protection. In conclusion, the children seem to have belonged to various social status, which played an essential role in deciding the nature of their relationships with others.

독립 이후 나타난 카자흐스탄 교육제도의 변화와 특징 연구

성동기 중앙아시아학회 2018 中央아시아硏究 Vol.23 No.2

Central Asian Republics proclaimed independence in 1991 and the economic system was transformed into capitalism. Due to the lack of government support in the education sector, public education and free education systems began to collapse and at the same time, the need for education system that can be applied to the international community has emerged. Kazakhstan faced the same situation, but the reform of the education sector could not be carried out properly because of the special environment that is different from the surrounding countries. First of all, politicians often modified education reform policies and programs in line with their own development process. This forced students, teachers, and parents to be confused. The victory and defeat of education sector reform in Central Asian countries was absolutely dependent on economic development. The same was true for Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan has had the worst economic situation since independence in Central Asian but has been the country with the highest economic growth since 2000. Therefore, reforms in the education sector were forced to be influenced by such an extreme economic environment. The extreme demographic changes and language problems of the Kazakh have been a persistent obstacle to educational reform. This paper will analyze the various changes, problems and their characteristics in the education sector of Kazakhstan in detail and the influence of current education on Kazakhstan's future will be presented. The contents of this paper are as follows. First, the contents and features of institutions, policies and programs in the educational sector, which has been promoted by the government of Kazakhstan since the independence, will be analyzed in detail. Second, students' and parents' perceptions of institutions, policies and programs in the education sector will be analyzed. Third, the fundamental problems of reforms in education sector will be presented. Fourth, I will anticipate how the problems of current education will affect the future of Kazakhstan.

胡跪의 연원과 전개 ― 인도, 중앙아시아, 중국, 한국의 사례를 중심으로 ―

박은선 중앙아시아학회 2019 中央아시아硏究 Vol.24 No.1

This study derived the definition, meaning, and usage examples of the term genuflect in foreign fashion (胡跪) from the literature and examined the visual development patterns of Northern Buddhist culture. The word genuflect in foreign fashion refers to the half-kneeling posture of respect, with the left knee upright and the right knee bent to touch the floor. While this term had been frequently used in Chinese literature since the 3rd century, Chinese Buddhist monks, such as Daoxuan and Yijing, especially noted the term in the mid- and late 7th century and defined it as the manners of non-Chinese northern tribes(胡人), which were different from China’s traditions. The usage examples of genuflect in foreign fashion include the posture of respect toward Buddha and the posture used in a ritual, and such meanings are confirmed in visual materials as well. The traditions of this posture and term originating from India seem to have continued through Central Asia and early China; however, it developed in a different aspect in China. Among other statues, kneeling Bodhisattva with Hands in votive gesture is quite noteworthy, which was produced in rundplastik (round plastic), as it has no precedent in India or Central Asia. Interest in genuflect in foreign fashion grew after the mid-7th century and the posture became hugely popular because it was adopted as the posture of ordinary Buddhism worshipers. While it seems that this tradition from China has spread to Korea, the development of genuflect in foreign fashion in Korea was different from that in China, which seems to require more follow-up studies in the future. I hope that this study, which is the first study on genuflect in foreign fashion, would serve as an opportunity to take a step forward for the existing literature on the Goryeo dynasty’s kneeling Bodhisattva with Hands in votive gesture.

19세기 초중엽 중앙아시아 정치 환경 변화와 부하라-히바 관계

이광태 ( Lee Kwang Tae ) 중앙아시아학회 2021 中央아시아硏究 Vol.26 No.1

The history of the “tribal dynasties” of Bukhara and Khiva in the nineteenth century remains little studied. One of the primary reasons for the lack of scholarly attention on the Bukharan Manghit and the Khivan Qungrat dynasties seems to lie in the prejudice that the nineteenth century was the period of decline and “Oriental despotism,” which were clearly shaped by Orientalism underlying the previous scholarship, both the West and the Russia-Soviet. In the same context, the relationship between Bukhara and Khiva in the early and mid-nineteenth century has been disregarded as “feudal” conflict of the two Oriental despotic dynasties. However, in light of changes that occurred in nineteenth century Central Asia, in relation to the unprecedented trade increase throughout the Eurasian continent, the Bukhara-Khivan relations should be reevaluated primarily from the perspective of Central Asia’s political and social transformations. Traditionally, the Abū’l Khayrids in Mā warā al-nahr and the ʿArabshāhids in Khwārazm, each established in the early sixteenth century, had maintained a political rivalry for centuries. The tradition of political competition continued even after the Manghits in Bukhara and the Qungrats in Khiva replaced the two Chinggisid dynasties in the late eighteenth century. However, such a rivalry began to be conditioned by new political factors that emerged under the new circumstances in the nineteenth century. The huge growth in caravan trade across Central Asia brought Russia as an important player into the region even decades before the Russian Empire’s expansion in the 1860s. The tribal resurgency in Central Asia accompanied by the establishment of another independent tribal dynasty in the Ferghana valley, or the Khoqand Khanate, had a crucial impact on the Bukhara-Khiva relationship. In addition, the Qājār Persia’s activities, which were deeply affected by the world-wide confrontation between the Russia and the British Empires, influenced Central Asia’s political situation particularly regarding the Turkmen tribal groups in Merv. The Turkmens’ change of allegiance from Khiva to Bukhara proved critical for the hegemony of the latter over the former. In conclusion, the Bukhara-Khiva relations in the early and mid-nineteenth century show that Central Asia was never isolated but closely connected to the other parts of the world, undergoing various levels of political changes and transformations.