비정질과 결정질 V₂O₅ 박막의 온도에 따른 발광특성

강만일,추민우,김석원,Kang, Manil,Chu, Minwoo,Kim, Sok Won 한국결정성장학회 2014 한국결정성장학회지 Vol.24 No.5

$V_2O_5$ 박막에서의 PL 특성을 조사하기 위해 RF 스퍼터링법을 이용하여 비정질과 결정질 $V_2O_5$ 박막을 제작하였고, 10~300 K의 온도까지 PL 스펙트럼을 측정하였다. 상온에서 성장된 비정질 박막에서는 ~505 nm를 중심으로 하는 하나의 PL 피크만이 관찰되었고, 결정질 $V_2O_5$ 박막에서는 505 nm를 중심으로 하는 피크와 산소결함에 의한 것으로 알려진 ~695 nm를 중심으로 하는 피크가 관찰되었다. 비정질과 결정질 $V_2O_5$ 박막에서 관찰되는 505 nm에서의 PL 피크의 위치는 온도에 강한 의존성을 보였고, 그 값은 300 K에서 2.45 eV였고, 10 K에서 2.35 eV였다. 505 nm에서의 PL은 $V_2O_5$에서의 밴드 에너지 전이에 의한 것이었으며, 또한 온도의 감소에 따른 피크 위치 에너지의 감소는 전자-포논 상호작용의 감소에 의한 격자팽창효과의 감소 때문이었다. In order to investigate the photoluminescence (PL) properties of $V_2O_5$ films, amorphous and crystalline films were prepared by using RF sputtering system, and the PL spectra of the films were measured at the temperatures ranging from 300 K to 10 K. In the amorphous $V_2O_5$ film grown at room temperature, a PL peak centered at ~505 nm was only observed, and in the crystalline $V_2O_5$ film, two peaks centered at ~505 nm and ~695 nm, which is known to correspond to oxygen defects, were revealed. The position of PL peak centered at 505 nm for both the amorphous and crystalline $V_2O_5$ films showed a strong dependence on temperature, and the positions were 2.45 eV at 300 K and 2.35 eV at 10 K, respectively. The PL at 505 nm was due to the band energy transition in $V_2O_5$, and also, the reduction of the peak position energy with decreasing temperature was caused by a decrement of the lattice dilatation effect with reducing electron-phonon interaction.

비신호 교차로 상황에서 V2V 기반 자율주행차의 위험성 분석 및 모니터링 컨셉 연구

백윤석,신성근,안대룡,이혁기,문병준,김성섭,조성우 한국ITS학회 2020 한국ITS학회논문지 Vol.19 No.6

자율주행차는 GPS 및 레이더, 라이다, 카메라, IMU 등 다수의 센서가 장착되어 도심 교차로 주행 환경에서 다양한 교통체계를 인지하고 판단하여 주행하지만 장착된 센서의 감지 거리를 벗어나는 영역에 대한 예측 및 판단의 한계 등으로 자율주행차의 교차로 사고 비율은 전체 사 고의 88%로 사고 비율이 높다. 따라서 ITS 도입으로 V2V, V2I를 통한 비신호 교차로 사고 회 피 전략 연구가 진행되고 있을 뿐만 아니라 고장 상황에서 안전한 교차로 주행에 대한 연구도 진행되고 있지만 단순한 교차로 시나리오를 통한 검증과 단편적인 V2V 고장만을 제시하고 있 다. 본 논문에서는 V2V 모듈의 아키텍쳐를 분석하여 V2V 모듈별 위험 요인을 분석하여 고장 모드를 정의하였다. 또한 다양한 도로 조건 및 교통량에 따라 교차로 시나리오를 제시하여 ISO-26262 Part3 프로세스를 활용하여 HARA를 수행하여 자율주행차의 오작동에 대해 시뮬레 이션 기반 위험성을 분석하여 ASIL을 제시하였다. V2V 모듈의 각 컴포넌트별 모니터링 컨셉 을 제안하였고 시뮬레이션을 통해 모니터링 커버리지를 제시하였다. Autonomous vehicles are equipped with a wide rage of sensors such as GPS, RADAR, LIDAR, camera, IMU, etc. and are driven by recognizing and judging various transportation systems at intersections in the city. The accident ratio of the intersection of the autonomous vehicles is 88% of all accidents due to the limitation of prediction and judgment of an area outside the sensing distance. Not only research on non-signalized intersection collision avoidance strategies through V2V and V2I is underway, but also research on safe intersection driving in failure situations is underway, but verification and fragments through simple intersection scenarios Only typical V2V failures are presented. In this paper, we analyzed the architecture of the V2V module, analyzed the causal factors for each V2V module, and defined the failure mode. We presented intersection scenarios for various road conditions and traffic volumes. we used the ISO-26262 Part3 Process and performed HARA (Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment) to analyze the risk of autonomous vehicle based on the simulation. We presented ASIL, which is the result of risk analysis, proposed a monitoring concept for each component of the V2V module, and presented monitoring coverage.

V2X Technology Trends for Next-Generation Mobility

Young-Hak Kim 한국인터넷방송통신학회 2020 International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting an Vol.12 No.1

We describes V2X technology, a connectivity-based recognition technology that is attracting attention as a key technology for implementing autonomous driving technology, and autonomous communication modules that implement ADAS technology, a sensor-based recognition technology. It also explains the trends in V2X technology standardization centered on IEEE 802.11p, which is a WAVE technology standard based on Wi-Fi/DSRC. Finally, we will discuss the market growth trend of V2X communication modules in the United States, the leading V2X technology module, and the development of technology development trends of major domestic and international companies that are leading the global technology market related to V2X communication modules. V2X and ADAS technologies will be the biggest influence on automotive purchasing decisions. In recent years, V2I mandates have been promoted beyond V2V, mainly in developed countries such as the United States. The related industry needs to focus on the development of information transmission network technology that can support high frequency high efficiency(transmission rate) and sophisticated positioning accuracy beyond conventional vehicle communication.

V2X 통신 기술 동향

( Han-gyun Jung ),( Seong-keun Jin ),( Jae-min Kwak ) 한국항행학회 2023 韓國航行學會論文誌 Vol.27 No.6

Recently, V2X (Vehicle-To-Everyting) communication has established itself as an essential technology for cooperative autonomous driving. V2X communication currently includes DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communication) communication technology, which is a WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) based communication technology, and C-V2X (Cellular-V2X) communication technology, which is a Cellular-based communication technology. Since these two communication methods are not compatible with each other, various studies and experiments are being conducted to select one of the two communication methods. In the case of C-V2X communication, there are LTE-V2X (Long Term Evolution - V2X) communication technology, which is an initial version, and 5G-V2X communication technology, which is a next-generation version. 5G-V2X communication technology has been completed only until standardization, so LTE-V2X communication technology is mainly used. In this paper, we introduce trends related to various issues in V2X communication, including communication method decisions.

obwohl-V2-문장의 특성과 담화 구조

한경남 ( Han Kyoung-nam ) 한국독일언어문학회 2021 독일언어문학 Vol.- No.91

본 연구는 obwohl-V2-문장의 여러 가지 특성과 obwohl-V2-문장이 텍스트 담화에서 갖는 역할에 관한 것이다. 입말뿐 아니라 글말에서도 나타나는 obwohl-V2-문장은 obwohl-VL-문장과 다른 의미적, 통사적, 화용적 특징을 갖고 있으며 이러한 특징들은 obwohl-V2-문장이 담화 구조적으로도 obwohl-VL-문장과 다른 역할을 할 것이라고 추론된다. 계층적 구조를 가지는 담화에서 핵과 위성의 역할이나 종속과 병렬 관계는 문법적 주문장과 부문장에 항상 상응하는 것은 아니다. 본 연구에서는 obwohl-V2-문장이 일반적인 obwohl-VL-문장처럼 위성이나 종속 관계를 만드는 역할을 하는지 아니면 그 반대의 역할을 하는지 알아보았다. COSMAS II에서 obwohl-V2-문장이 나타나는 텍스트를 발췌하여 obwohl-V2-문장에 이어지는 내용이 obwohl-V2-문장과 obwohl-V2-문장의 선행문장, 즉 문법적 주문장 중 어느 문장에 이어지는지를 분석했다. 분석 결과 obwohl-V2-문장에 이어지는 담화의 내용은 대부분 obwohl-V2-문장의 문법적 주문장이 아닌 obwohl-V2-문장에 이어졌다. 따라서 obwohl-V2-문장은 일반적으로 선행문과 같은 핵의 역할을 수행하며 선행문과 병렬 관계를 만든다고 할 수 있다. 이 연구의 결과는 독어 교육에서 텍스트 담화 생성시 obwohl-V2-문장의 사용 방법으로 제시될 수 있을 것이다. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Eigenschaften von obwohl-V2-Sätzen diskutiert und in Bezug auf die Diskursstruktur wurden obwohl-V2-Sätze in der geschriebenen Sprache analysiert. obwohl-V2-Sätze haben nicht nur andere semantische, syntaktische und pragmatische Eigenschaften als obwohl-VL-Sätze: Sie relativieren die Gültigkeit des vorherigen Bezugssatzes. Sie sind syntaktisch relativ selbständig. Sie sind illokutionär selbständig und haben eine eigenständige illokutive Kraft. Diskursstrukturell spielen sie auch eine andere Rolle als obwohl-VL-Sätze. Während die Tatsachen oder Sachverhalte von obwohl-VL Sätzen allgemein als nebensächlich behandelt werden, haben obwohl-V2-Sätze das gleiche Gewicht wie das des vorherigen Bezugssatzes und nicht das Thema des Bezugssatzes, sondern das Thema des obwohl-V2-Satzes wird im darauffolgenden Diskurs weiter entfaltet. Das bestätigt das Ergebnis der Korpusanalyse. Demzufolge wird der darauffolgende Diskurs meist nicht mit dem Hauptsatz, sondern mit dem obwohl-V2-Satz inhaltlich verbunden. So lässt sich in der Regel sagen, dass obwohl-V2-Sätze in Bezug auf die Diskursstruktur eine Rolle als Nukleus spielen oder eine koordinierende Diskursrelation mit dem Hauptsatz bilden.

Photodecomposition of Concentrated Ammonia over Nanometer-sized TiO₂, V-TiO₂, and Pt/V-TiO₂ Photocatalysts

Choi, Hyung-Joo,Kim, Jun-Sik,Kang, Mi-Sook Korean Chemical Society 2007 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.28 No.4

To enhance the photodecomposition of concentrated ammonia into N2, Pt/V-TiO2 photocatalysts were prepared using solvothermal and impregnation methods. Nanometer-sized particles of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mol% V-TiO2 were prepared solvothermally, and then impregnated with 1.0 wt% Pt. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks assigned to V2O5 at 30.20 (010) and Pt metal at 39.80 (111) and 46.20 (200) were seen in the 1.0 wt% Pt/ 10.0 mol% V-TiO2. The particle size increased in the order: pure TiO2, V-TiO2 and Pt/V-TiO2 after thermal treatment at 500 °C, while their surface areas were in the reverse order. On X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the bands assigned to the Ti2p3/2 and Ti2p1/2 of Ti4+-O were seen in all the photocatalysts, and the binding energies increased in the order: TiO2 < Pt/V-TiO2 < V-TiO2. The XPS bands assigned to the V2p3/2 (517.85, 519.35, and 520.55 eV) and V2p1/2 (524.90 eV) in the V3+, V4+ and V5+ oxides appeared over V-TiO2, respectively, while the band shifted to a lower binding energy with Pt impregnation. The Pt components of Pt/ V-TiO2 were identified at 71.60, 73.80, 75.00 and 76.90 eV, which were assigned to metallic Pt 4f7/2, PtO 4f7/2, PtO2 4f7/2, and PtO 4f5/2, respectively. The UV-visible absorption band shifted closer towards the visible region of the spectrum in V-TiO2 than in pure TiO2 and; surprisingly, the Pt/V-TiO2 absorbed at all wavelengths from 200 to 800 nm. The addition of vanadium generated a new acid site in the framework of TiO2, and the medium acidic site increased with Pt impregnation. The NH3 decomposition increased with the amount of vanadium compared to pure TiO2, and was enhanced with Pt impregnation. NH3 decomposition of 100% was attained over 1.0 wt% Pt/1.0 mol% V-TiO2 after 80 min under illumination with 365 nm light, although about 10% of the ammonia was converted into undesirable NO2 and NO. Various intermediates, such as NO2, -NH2, -NH and NO, were also identified in the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra. From the gas chromatography (GC), FT-IR and GC/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) analyses, partially oxidized NO and NO2 were found to predominate over V-TiO2 and pure TiO2, respectively, while both molecules were reduced over Pt/V-TiO2.

V2I 오작동에 의한 자율주행자동차의 위험성 분석

안대룡,신성근,백윤석,이혁기 한국ITS학회 2019 한국ITS학회논문지 Vol.18 No.6

최근 자율주행자동차의 개발이 활발하게 진행되면서 더욱 안전하고 쾌적한 주행을 위해V2V, V2I 등 V2X 서비스를 활용하는 자율주행시스템의 중요성이 높아지고 있다. 환경 센서에기반한 부분 자율주행자동차는 장착된 센서의 인식 거리를 벗어나는 영역에 대한 예측 및 판단과 센서가 검지하기 힘든 비정형 물체에 대한 대응에 한계가 있다. 따라서 센서 검지 성능의한계를 개선하고 보다 안전하고 쾌적한 주행을 위한 V2X 서비스 활용은 중요하다. 하지만V2X의 잘못된 정보 제공으로 인한 자율주행자동차의 사고 위험도 존재할 수 있어 이를 방지하기 위한 기술의 적용 또한 고려되어야 할 것이다. 본 논문에서는 ISO-26262 Part3 프로세스를활용하고 HARA를 수행하여 V2X 중에서 차량과 인프라의 통신을 활용한 V2I 오작동에 의한자율주행자동차의 위험원을 도출하고 주요 V2I 사용례의 오작동 시뮬레이션 및 실차 시험을기반으로 ASIL 등급을 산정하였다. The importance of autonomous driving systems that utilize V2X services such as V2V(Vehicle to Vehicle) and V2I(Vehicle to Infrastructure) for safer and more comfortable driving is increasing with the recent development of autonomous vehicles. Partly autonomous vehicles based on environmental sensors have limitations for predicting and determining areas beyond the recognition distance of the mounted sensors and in response to atypical objects that are difficult to detect. Therefore, it is important to utilize the V2X service to improve the limit of sensor detection performance and to make driving safer and more comfortable. However, there may be an accident risk of autonomous vehicles due to incorrect information provided by V2X. Thus, the application of technology to prevent this needs to be considered. In this pater, we used the ISO-26262 Part3 Process and performed HARA (Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment) to derive the risk sources of autonomous vehicles due to V2I malfunctions by using the communication between vehicles and infrastructure among V2X. We also developed ASIL ratings based on the simulations and real vehicle tests of the malfunctions of major cases of usnig V2I.

SnO2-TiO2-V2O5계의 노랑안료 합성

주인돈,이현수,박주석,이병하,황동하 한국세라믹학회 2009 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.46 No.6

The research was performed to find out the optimum firing condition for the SnO2-TiO2-V2O5 system yellow pigment. The pigment based on SnO2-V2O5 system showed very intense yellow color and it was used widely in ceramics industry. Synthesized pigment, with partial substitutions of SnO2 by TiO2, was fired at 1300o C soaking 1h and it showed bright yellow color. SnO2-TiO2-V2O5 system was very more intensive changes in yellow color by colorimetric value b* than SnO2-V2O5 system. Synthesized yellow pigments were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-IR, and UV-vis spectroscopy. The best composition for yellow pigment was 93:7:0.5 (mole%) for SnO2-V2O5-TiO2. The measurement of CIE L*a*b* of pigment was L*(78.82), a*(−4.88) and b*(59.25). The research was performed to find out the optimum firing condition for the SnO2-TiO2-V2O5 system yellow pigment. The pigment based on SnO2-V2O5 system showed very intense yellow color and it was used widely in ceramics industry. Synthesized pigment, with partial substitutions of SnO2 by TiO2, was fired at 1300o C soaking 1h and it showed bright yellow color. SnO2-TiO2-V2O5 system was very more intensive changes in yellow color by colorimetric value b* than SnO2-V2O5 system. Synthesized yellow pigments were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-IR, and UV-vis spectroscopy. The best composition for yellow pigment was 93:7:0.5 (mole%) for SnO2-V2O5-TiO2. The measurement of CIE L*a*b* of pigment was L*(78.82), a*(−4.88) and b*(59.25).

운전자 주행패턴 기반 V2G 확산 가능성 및 전략 연구 :K-평균 군집 분석을 이용하여

정현주,우종률 한국혁신학회 2023 한국혁신학회지 Vol.18 No.3

Increasing the integration of renewable energy sources is a key means towards carbon neutrality. However, given that a rapid shift towards renewable energy generation could lead to a decrease in power grid stability, there is a need for flexibility in power systems to improve the supply-demand imbalance of electricity. Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) is gaining particular attention as a technology that can enhance the stability and flexibility of energy use by optimizing the supply and demand of renewable energy. V2G can contribute to power grid stability if EV charging loads are prioritized during high-supply midday hours and discharged after sunset. As EV owners must be willing to tolerate time inconveniences or changes to their driving behavior to participate in V2G, widespread adoption is challenging. This study aims to analyze Korean drivers based on driving patterns using K-means clustering to determine the potential for V2G adoption in the domestic market. Among the six clusters identified, two groups, comprising 22% of drivers, were found to be more suitable for V2G participation. The largest cluster, “regular commuters,” which comprised 43% of drivers, appeared to have difficulty adopting V2G considering their current driving patterns. The findings of this study can accelerate the diffusion of V2G by providing policy implications for the potential V2G market. 재생에너지 발전 확대는 탄소중립 실현을 촉진하는 핵심 수단이다. 그러나 재생에너지원 비중이 커지면 그 특성으로 인해 전력수급 불균형이 심화되고 전력망의 안정성을 저해할 수 있으므로, 전력계통의 유연성 자원이 필요하다. V2G(Vehicle to Grid)는 재생에너지 수급 최적화를 통해 에너지 사용의 유연성과 안정성을 제고할 수 있다는 점에서 주목받는 기술이다. V2G가 전력계통 안정성 향상에 기여하기 위해서는, 태양광 에너지 공급이 많은 시간대에 전기자동차 충전을, 일몰 이후 시간대에는 방전을 유도하는 것이 중요하다. 즉 전기자동차 운전자가 V2G에 참여하려면 자동차 이용에 불편을 감수하면서 운전 행동을 변화해야 하므로, V2G 확산은 매우 도전적인 과제라고 할 수 있다. 본 연구는 K-평균 군집화 방법을 이용하여 운전 패턴을 기준으로 한국 운전자들을 군집하고, 국내 시장에서의 V2G 수용 가능성을 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 군집 결과 6개의 운전자 군집 가운데 총 22%를 차지하는 2개의 그룹이 V2G 참여가 용이한 것으로 나타났으며, 전체의 43%로 가장 큰 군집인 “규칙적인 출퇴근 운전자”의 경우 현재 운전패턴 상으로는 V2G 채택이 어려운 것으로 파악되었다. 본 연구의 결과들은 V2G 잠재 시장에 대한 정책적 함의를 제공하여 V2G 확산에 기여할 수 있다.

V2V/V2I 통신기반 응용서비스 인터페이스 설계

정병곤(Byoung-Gon Jung),정성대(Sung-Dae Jung),이상선(Sang-Sun Lee),최혜옥(Hae-Ock Choi) 한국자동차공학회 2008 한국자동차공학회 춘 추계 학술대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-

V2V(Vehicle to Vehicle)/V2I(Vehicle to Infrastructure) communication is while running vehicle occurs from inside the area where it has become the running vehicle. The vehicle to vehicle or the vehicle to infrastructure based communications gave and took the speed and location, braking and operation state of the vehicles, state of the road information. Therefore, It have made a very smooth and safe environment for vehicle. This paper, such as high mobility and wireless communication at vehicle environment considerd services of V2V/V2I based communication. We studied service model and scenario, USE Case that defined Requirement Of Service about each services.