전치사 의미의 확장

정희자 새한영어영문학회 2007 새한영어영문학 Vol.49 No.1

A preposition is one of the most difficult parts for Korean students learning English to absorb its usage with different meanings. The difficulty is due to two facts. One is that Korean has no grammatical category of 'preposition'. The other is the traditional definition of preposition. The preposition is traditionally defined as a functional word that indicates a grammatical relation between the noun or pronoun it governs and another word, which may be a verb, an adjective, another noun or pronoun. The definition especially causes Korean students to have much difficulty in understanding various meanings that a preposition carries in different contexts. The purpose of this paper is to show the core meaning of a preposition and its extended meanings in different contexts. The discussion is based on five different prepositions: at, on, in, over and under. Each of them has a certain invariant property which can be abstracted from different usages. This common property is the core meaning of the preposition. The core meaning is temporally, abstractly or metaphorically extended in different contexts. This paper concludes that the core meaning of a preposition appears to be systematically extended in various contexts, and that the extended meanings are represented and comprehended based on our spacial or physical experiences, assumption and inference, and background knowledge.

관계절 내 전치사구 삭제와 보류 현상의 중국어 제 방언에서의 실현 양상

정혜인 한국중국어문학회 2019 中國文學 Vol.101 No.-

Focused on not allowing preposition-stranding in the relative clauses of Chinese languages, the study demonstrated the strategies for avoiding prepositional stranding in the relative clause of Chinese dialects. Based on the 28 Chinese dialects researched, the following features were found. 1. When the object of a preposition is relativised, preposition-straining was not permitted in the researched dialects. 2. Deletion and retention of preposition structure was used as a strategy for avoiding prepositionstranding in the researched dialects. 3. There were no dialects which only use deletion of preposition structure or retention of preposition structure in the researched dialects. 4. In all the dialects investigated, each of the two strategies(deletion strategy and retention strategy of preposition structure) was used to avoid preposition-stranding. 5. The strategies which were used according to prepositions in the researched dialects had a certain regularity. The fifth characteristic reveals that the usage of two strategies in Chinese dialects is not a random or disorderly phenomenon, but a phenomenon of regularity, which can be explained. Finally, the strategy for avoiding preposition-stranding according to prepositions in each dialect revealed the semantic hierarchy of prepositions. This was consistent with semantic hierarchy of oblique in the Noun phrase accessibility hierarchy which was suggested in 정혜인 (2015). 본고에서는 중국어 방언에서 보이는 관계절에서의 전치사 좌초 회피 현상과 사용 전략에 대해 고찰하였다. 조사된 중국어의 여러 방언에서 전치사의 목적어가 관계화 될 경우 전치사 좌초(preposition-stranding)는 허용되지 않았으며, 전치사 좌초 회피 전략으로 전치사구 삭제 전략과 전치사구 보류 전략이 사용되고 있었다. 이들 방언에서 전치사에 따라 사용되는 전략은 유표성의 위계를 지녔는데, 이러한 전치사 좌초 회피 전략의 유표성에 근거해 전치사의 어법의미의 유표성 위계를 도출해낼 수 있었다.

루마니아어 전치사의 구조와 시간-공간 관계 표현 양상

엄태현(Oum, Tae-hyun) 한국외국어대학교 외국학종합연구센터 중국연구소 2005 동유럽발칸연구 Vol.14 No.1

동사와 명사구 사이의 통사적 또는 의미적 관계를 보여주는 표지로 영어에서와 같이 전치사의 역할이 강조 되는 언어가 있는가 하면 한국어에서처럼 전치사가 존재하지 않는 경우도 있다. 루마니아어에서처럼 일부 경 우 전치사와 격( )어미 변화가 병용되는 경우도 있다. 루마니아어에서는 수사 등의 격 변화를 통한 의미 표 현이 어려운 경우 전치사를 사용하지만 소유격(Genitiv), 여격(Dative), 목적격(Acuzativ) 등을 표시할 때의 일부 경우에 양자가 혼용되기도 한다. 이것은 개인별, 텍스트 종류별로 차이를 보일 것으로 예상된다. 간편한 글쓰기를 추구하는 최근의 추세 역시 전치사의 사용을 선호하게 만든 것으로 보인다. 루마니아어에서 전치사 는 형식적인 면에서 크게 주 전치사와 보조 전치사로 나누어질 수 있으며 주 전치사는 다시 단순 전치사와 복 합 전치사로 나뉘어 질 수 있다. 단순 전치사는 한 단어로 이루어진 전치사이며 복합 전치사는 2개 또는 3개 의 단어로 이루어진 전치사이다. 보조 전치사는 대부분 품사 전환을 통해서 만들어진다. 여러 다른 단어들과 복합적으로 만들어진 전치사구도 전치사의 역할을 담당한다. 루마니아어에서는 공간적 관계를 나타내는 전치 사가 이와 유사한 의미로 시간적 관계를 나타내는 사용되기도 한다. 이때 단순 전치사와 복합 전치사간에 있 어서 의미상 또는 통사 규칙상 차이를 보이기도 한다. Preposition could function as an instrument of showing syntactic and semantical relations. In case of English the role of preposition to express this relation between verb and noun phrase at deep structure is very active. Also in case of Romanian, the role of preposition is very important. But Romanian has another instrument of expressing casual relations, which is declension of articles, nouns and adjectives etc. So in many cases of expressing causal relations in Romanian, the instruments, i.e. preposition and declension of articles are staying at the synonym situations. This possibility of substitution between two instruments could be a maker for showing functional stylistics or individual stylistics. So field research on this subject by means of making a small corpus after styles or texts would be a very valuable works for evaluating dynamic aspects of Romanian writings. Romanian prepositions could be divided, from the view point of forms, as Principal Prepositions, Auxiliary Prepositions and Prepositional Phase. Principal Prepositions could be divided, as a sub category of Principal Preposition, into Simple Preposition and Complex Preposition. Complex Preposition is consist of Prime Preposition and Second Preposition. Contemporary Romanian language has 3 active Prime Preposition, i. e. de, pe, până. It is easily expected that, also from other languages, many prepositions which have a spacial concept are used for expressing temporal concepts. In case of Romanian preposition, which are fully researched on this paper, this is true. It comes from the fact that temporal concepts are hard to be recognized than spacial concepts. The main influent factor is existence of visual image from the spacial concept on which human being is mainly dependent for recognition and for further interpretation. Prepositions of expressing spacial and temporal concepts are used a little bit different from the phrases with a little diverse meanings.

汉语介词“在”的产生时代及鉴别标准

?斌(Huang, Bin) 한국중어중문학회 2018 中語中文學 Vol.- No.72

In the study of modern Chinese, the “Zai(在)” that acts alone as the core of the predicate is generally regarded as a verb, while the “Zai(在)” that is used in conjunction with other verb structures is considered as a preposition. The preposition “Zai(在)” has two positions —— before the verb and after the verb. In the ancient Chinese , the usage of “Zai(在)” combined with other verbs has already appeared, and both front and back positions are also available. There are two different views on the “Zai(在)” of ancient Chinese: one is represented by Ma Jianzhong and Wang Li, considering it as a verb; the other is represented by Yang Shuda, considering it as a preposition. Related to this, there are different views on when the preposition “Zai(在)” appeared: (1) Yang Shuda is the representative and believes that the word “Zai(在)” has been used as a preposition in the Zhou and Qin Dynasties. (2) Wang Li believes that the preposition “Zai(在)” originated in the Western Jin Dynasty. (3) Guo Xiliang believes that the preposition “Zai(在)” originated in the Western Han Dynasty. Different judgments are made for the same linguistic phenomenon. This is due to differences in the criteria for the judgment. This article implements Wang Li’s systematic view of language research, and uses the identification criteria of preposition “Zai(在)” in modern Chinese research to investigate and study this language fact. First of all, Mr. Wang believes that in the system of the ancient Chinese, there was a confrontation between the preposition “Yu (于/於)” and the verb “Zai(在)”; only if the “Zai(在)” replaced the “Yu (于/於)” , preposition “Zai(在)” was really present. Secondly, in modern Chinese, the prepositional “Zai(在)” has the compatible grammatical and semantic features as the verb “Zai(在)” , but there is also a grammatical feature that is opposite to the verb “Zai(在)”. The characteristics that determine its independence are the latter. Based on these methods, This article also uses it as an identification standard, and proves that the “Zai(在)” is a verb in the ancient Chinese. It is in opposition to the preposition “Yu (于/於)”. In Chinese history, the usage of the preposition “Zai(在)” first appeared in the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty.

아랍어 부가(附加)전치사에 관한 연구

정규영 ( Kyu Young Jung ) 한국아랍어아랍문학회 2015 아랍어와 아랍문학 Vol.19 No.4

The number of Prepositions in Arabic is known to be 20. The major syntactic role of the preposition is to govern its object in the Genitive case. In general, Arabic prepositions are divided into two categories, which according to traditional Arabic classifications are ``original prepositions`` and ``annexed prepositions``. The annexed preposition is important in analyzing and teaching Arabic prepositional phrases and translating them into Korean. However this area of study has been largely neglected by Korean scholars most likely because prepositions have been considered relatively insignificant compared to other subjects of Arabic grammar. The conditions for an annexed preposition are as follows; firstly, negatives, prohibitions or interrogatives are to precede the preposition; secondly, the word governed by a preposition should be indefinite. In this study, the researcher has tried to elucidate the annexed prepositions and apply their conditions to the second chapter of the Quran, Surah Al-Baqarah.

Preposition Pied-piping, Stranding, Doubling, & Dropping in Korean EFL Learners’ Interlanguage

신은영,윤정회,정태구 한국영어학학회 2017 영어학연구 Vol.23 No.2

This study investigates Korean EFL learners’ interlanguage in the course of the acquisition of preposition stranding and pied-piping in syntactic contexts such as relative clauses and wh-questions with respect to preposition placement. An acceptability judgment task was conducted with Korean EFL learners at different proficiency levels in order to look at the developmental path and the effects of various factors such as clause types, the argumenthood of prepositional phrases, and the interpretability of prepositions. The results of the experiment showed that while preposition dropping and doubling were attested in learners’ interlanguage, their acceptance rates decreased as learners’ general English proficiency increases. While preposition doubling was rejected at an early stage, preposition dropping gradually decreased, which exhibited an interesting contrast with the native speakers‘ judgment.

현대 러시아어에서 전치사: “전치사 + 명사” 구절전치사에 관한 연구

표상용 한국슬라브․유라시아학회 2019 슬라브학보 Vol.34 No.3

This paper studies the formation of complex prepositions and the mechanism of degree to which a noun in the phrasal preposition may be considered as grammaticalized. It has been pointed out that grammaticalization is very active in modern Russian within prepositional system and this paper explains the degree of grammaticalization by means of function and form of the phrase prepositions. The main aim of this study is to show the meaning change process of noun and primary prepositions and grammaticalization mechanism of noun into prepositions in the form of the phrase prepositions [primary preposition + noun] in Modern Russian. The analysis reveals that formation of phrasal prepositions are accompanied by a grammaticalization process of noun and also examines the desemanticalisation of the core Noun and the primary preposition within the phrase preposition. The meaning change process of noun in phrasal prepositions: full lexical meaning → nominal modifier with partially emptied meaning → prepositional use with primary preposition expressing relations to the modificand. The analysis of corresponding constructions in modern Russian some nouns demonstrate more advanced in grammaticalization process than others, and some are still evolving. This paper approaches phrase prepositions as prepositional-nominal set expressions, grammaticalizations and analytic tendency in modern Russian. It investigates the overall prepositional-nominal set expressions system of modern Russian from a grammaticalization and analytic tendency perspective in modern Russian. It suggests that grammaticalization, lexeme formation and analytic tendency of modern Russian must be considered as a connected processes, not distinctive. In the paper we can identify the grammaticalization channels peculiar to prepositional units and enlighten the active grammaticalization process and the increasing analytic structure in the area which very significant for paying attention to considerable changes in modern Russian prepositions as a category. 현대러시아어서 구절전치사는 양적으로 증가하고 있다. 이에 대해서 [본원전치사 +명사] 형태의 구절전치사를 의미적으로 조명한다. 언어의 보편적 현상인 문법화, 그리고 현대 러시아어의 특징인 분석적 경향에 촛점을 맞추어 분석하고 있다.

On the Production of Axial Prepositions: Linking Figure and Ground in Broca`s Aphasia: A Case Study

( Elisa Zampieri ),( Ludovico Franco ),( Giulia Bencini ),( Francesca Meneghello ) 서강대학교 언어정보연구소 2013 언어와 정보 사회 Vol.19 No.-

Zampieri, Elisa; Franco, Ludovico; Bencini, Giulia, and Meneghello, Francesca(2013), “On the Production of Axial Prepositions: Linking Figure and Ground in Broca`s Aphasia: A Case Study”, Language & Information Society 19. We report the case of a classic agrammatic speaker of Italian in repeating locative Figure/Ground relations via complex prepositions consisting of a locative axial preposition and a simple preposition in light of recent theoretical accounts of prepositions and the existing literature on prepositions in aphasia. The repetition data showed greater rates of omission for simple than axial prepositions, and a trade-off between the inclusion of the Figure and the Axial preposition. Grounds tended to be preserved. These results are unexpected on accounts that simple prepositions are more functional in nature than axial prepositions and argue for an analysis in which axial prepositions can take on a functional grammatical role. To account for the repetition data we propose that the agrammatic processor is unable to fill and retain functional Axial Parts. Hence, it links Figure and Ground through a reduced configuration, mediated by the simple preposition operating as a relational item and not a functional category. The clinical data presented here add to the empirical data set against which to test the validity of finergrained distinctions among prepositions and compare different theoretical views of the status of prepositions.

Prosodic Effects on Preposition Stranding

김영선 한국영어학회 2008 영어학 Vol.8 No.4

Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics 8-4, 547-573. One of the best known prescriptive rules is not to end a sentence with a preposition. However, stranded prepositions are acceptable in many cases, especially in the constructions by a wh-movement. A purely syntactic approach does not properly account for the preposition stranding phenomena. In this paper, I propose that there is a corelation between stranding a preposition and prosodic factors. For example, as long as a preposition is not set off by intonation phrase boundaries from the preceding phrase, the preposition may be stranded. When the preposition is stranded at the clause-final position, it is stressed and thus is realized as a strong form. The stressing of the stranded preposition at the clause-final position also shows that it is the final word of the intonational phrase. Hence, this confirms that after the wh-movement, the placement of the intonational boundary falls after the stranded preposition, parsing the preposition into the new intonational phrase with the preceding words.

EFL 환경 영어학습자들의 전치사 구조와 쓰임에 대한 이해정도

양용준(Yang, Yong-Joon) 언어과학회 2021 언어과학연구 Vol.- No.98

The purpose of this paper is to examine how to understand and use the structure of prepositions for 250 students who are taking Practical English at J university in Korea. Many learners understand and utilize the basics of prepositions as “functional words” and “grammatical words”, but they aren’t interested in terms related to prepositions and don’t use them properly. For that reason, when learning about prepositions, they learn only with simple time prepositions and place prepositions and also show a tendency to use them mechanically. Learners must understand and use “the meaning and feeling of prepositions” properly. To understand and use the preposition properly, it was possible to obtain the result that it is a priority to understand not only the preposition but also the terms related to the preposition, prepositional adverbs, particle, and preposition stranding.