Exploring nutritional composition of bee feed: Insights into honey bee nutrition

Sampat Ghosh,Chuleui Jung 한국응용곤충학회 2023 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2023 No.10

The foraging behavior of honey bees can be attributed to the nutritional incentives they gain from their activities. Nevertheless, a persistent question has revolved around how the nutritional composition undergoes alterations during the process of converting pollen into bee bread. We embarked on a comprehensive investigation of nutritional shifts, spanning from fresh pollen to bee-pollen, pollen patties, and bee bread. Our research findings unveiled that pollen exhibited notably higher levels of individual amino acids, resulting in significantly elevated overall amino acid content compared to bee-collected pollen. While we provided pollen patty to the honey bee colony, initially, during the first 3 to 7 days, there were no substantial discrepancies in the total amino acid content between bee bread and the pollen patty. Intriguingly, unlike most amino acids, we detected a distinct pattern of higher proline content in bee bread compared to bee-pollen or the pollen patty. This shift in amino acid composition likely stems from the incorporation of nectar and other secretions during the bee bread-making process. Moreover, over a span of approximately 14 days within hive conditions, the amino acid content in bee bread increased. Conversely, in terms of fatty acid contents, they were found to be lower in bee bread than those in the pollen patty, with no significant temporal differences observed. Regarding mineral content, bee bread, in general, contained fewer minerals than bee pollen and pollen patties. In conclusion, the transformation of pollen into bee bread involves dynamic alterations in nutrient contents, influenced by both intrinsic bee-related factors and external factors within the hive environment.

한반도 지역에서 관측된 꽃가루 농도 특성에 관한 연구

박기준 ( Ki Jun Park ),김헌애 ( Heon Ae Kim ),김규랑 ( Kyu Rang Kim ),오재원 ( Jae Won Oh ),이선영 ( Sun Young Lee ),최영진 ( Young Jean Choi ) 한국농림기상학회 2008 한국농림기상학회지 Vol.10 No.4

Airborne pollen is known as one of the major causal agents to respiratory allergic reactions. Daily number of pollen grains was monitored using Burkard volumetric spore traps at seven locations including Seoul and Jeju during 1997-2007. Pollen grains were observed throughout the year especially from February to November. They showed similar distribution patterns of species among locations except in Jeju, where Japanese cedar vegetation is uniquely found. Peak seasons for pollen grains from trees and weeds were March to May and August to October, respectively. Tree pollens were mainly composed of pine, oak, alder, and birch. Weed pollens were mainly from Japanese hop, Wormwood, and ragweed. Diameter of pollen grains, which has a typical range of 20~60μm, has close relationship with allergenicity. Allergenicity of tree and weed pollens is higher than that of grass pollens in general. In the case of trees and shrubs, pine trees account for about 70% of all tree pollens. However, pine pollens are weak allergens. The remaining 30% of tree pollens, including alder trees, white birches, and oaks, are moderate to strong allergens despite the smaller numbers. Grass and weeds are also highly likely to cause allergies. Especially, the pollens of Wormwood and Japanese hop are highly likely to cause allergies. Daily fluctuations in the number of pollens have to do with a variety of meteorological factors, such as temperature and rainfall.

A Case of Occupational Rhinitis Induced by Maize Pollen Exposure in a Farmer: Detection of IgE-Binding Components

Sung, Se-Yong,Lee, Won-Yeon,Yong, Suk Joong,Shin, Kye Chul,Park, Hae-Sim,Kim, Hyun-Mi,Kim, Sang-Ha The Korean Academy of Asthma, Allergy and Clinical 2012 Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research Vol.4 No.1

<P>Corn is a major staple food, along with rice and wheat, in many parts of the world. There are several reports of hypersensitivity to maize pollen. However, cases of occupational allergic rhinitis induced by inhalation of maize pollen are very rare. We herein report the case of a 67-year-old male with occupational rhinitis caused by occupational exposure to maize pollen in a cornfield. He showed positive responses to maize pollen, as well as grass pollens, in skin prick tests. A high level of serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) specific to maize pollen extracts was detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Laboratory tests showed a high serum level of total IgE (724 kU/L) and a high level of IgE specific to maize pollen (8.32 kU/L) using the Immuno-CAP system. Occupational rhinitis was confirmed by a nasal provocation test with maize pollen extracts. IgE ELISA inhibition tests showed antibody cross-reactivity between maize pollen and grass pollen extracts. IgE immunoblotting using maize pollen extracts demonstrated a 27 kDa IgE-binding component. These findings suggest that maize pollen can induce IgE-mediated occupational rhinitis in exposed workers.</P>

부산의 도심 건물 옥상에서 채집되는 공중화분 및 공중진균의 분포

김성원(Sung Won Kim),김민정(Ming Jung Kim),전경훈(Kyoung Whoon Cheon) 대한소아알레르기호흡기학회(구 대한소아알레르기 및 호흡기학회) 2000 소아알레르기 및 호흡기학회지 Vol.10 No.2

목 적 :공중화분 및 공중진균에 대한 역학적 조사는 알레르기 질환의 진단과 치료에 유용한 자료이다. 우리 나라에서도 60년대부터 공중화분의 분포에 대한 연구들이 있었으나, 부산 지역에서 이에 대한 보고는 없었다. 본 연구는 부산의 대기 중 화분과 진균의 종류, 수량, 월별 또는 계절별 분포를 알아보기 위해 시행하였다. 방 법 : 1997년 7월 1일부터 1999년 6월 30일(period Ⅰ: 1997. 7. 1-1998. 6. 30, period Ⅱ : 1998. 7. 1-1999. 6. 30)까지, 부산 도심에 위치한 성분도 병원 옥상에 Rotorod sampler(Sampling Technologies, Inc. MN, USA)를 설치하고, 매일 오전 8시부터 익일 오전 8시까지 24시간 동안 대기 중의 화분과 진균 입자들을 채집하였다. 채집된 입자들은 Calberla`s fuchsin으로 염색하여, 화분은 400배, 곰팡이는 1000배로 관찰하였고, 화분과 곰팡이 포자의 수는 ㎡당 수자로 환산해 기록하였다. 아울러, 부산 지역의 기온과 강우량, 알레르기 피부 단자시험 결과들과 비교 분석하였다. 결 과 : 채집된 공중화분은 19종이었으며, 수목화분은 2월 중순부터 5월까지 높은 분포를 보였고, 목초화분기는 4월부터 11월 초순까지로 비교적 길었으며, 잡초화분기는 7월부터 12월 중순까지였다. 총 화분의 하루 최고 채집량은 1,000 grains/㎥이었으며 절정기는 연중 2회로 봄과 가을에 있었다. 봄과 가을의 월별 채집량이 가장 많은 달은 3월(평균 화분량; period Ⅰ 297 grains/㎥, period Ⅱ 58 grains/㎥)과 9월(평균 화분량; period Ⅰ107 grains/㎥, period Ⅱ 50 grains/㎥)이었다. 채집된 공중진균은 22종이었는데 Cladosporium, Leptospheria, Alternaria 순으로 많았다. Cladosporium은 10월과 11월에 많았으나 비교적 연중 고르게 분포하였고, Leptospheria는 7월에서 9월사이, Alternaria는 7월에 가장 많았다. 공중진균 포자는 강우량이 많은 6월에서 10월 사이에 많이 채집되었다. 채집된 화분 알레르겐 중 봄의 오리나무 화분과 가을의 쪽 화분이 알레르기 피부 단자시험에 강한 양성반응을 나타내었다. 결 론 :부산의 대기 중에서 공중 화분과 진균을 만 2년간 채집 분석하여 각각 19종과 22종을 확인하였다. 채집된 화분 알레르겐 중 계절별 채집량과 피부 단자시험 결과를 함께 비교 분석시, 오리나무 화분과 쑥 화분이 봄과 가을에 부산 지방의 주된 공중화분 알레르겐으로 생각되었으며, 공중진균이 많이 채집된 시기는 주로 강우량이 많은 6월에서 10월 사이인 것으로 나타났다. Purpose : Airborne pollen and mold spores are common causative agents of allergic disease. Atmospheric pollen and spores in one area of Pusan were collected to investigate species, particle amount, seasonal distribution, and of its association with reactivity to skin prick test in children. Methods : Rotorod sampler was installed on the rooftop of St. Benedict Hospital in Pusan. 24 hour sampling of airborne allergens over a two year period was conducted 6 days/week from July 1, 1997 to June 30, 1999. Those samples were stained with Calberla`s fuchsin and were identified, counted under the light microscope(400× for pollen, 1000× for mold). The data were compared with the daily weather report and allergy skin test. Results : Major pollens collected were Pinus, Alnus, Juniperus, Betula, Quercus, Artemisia, Ambrosia, and Chenospodium-Amaranthus. The pollen season is relatively short and the pollen dispersed mainly during the period from March to May in case of tree pollen and from August to October in case of grass pollen. Total pollen count ranged from 0 to 1000 grains/㎥/day(May 14, 99). The peak pollen season was seen during Spring and Autumn, especially in March and September. Major mold spores counted were Cladosporium, Leptospheria and Alternaria. Mold spore count ranged from 0 to 2,360 spores/㎥/day(Oct. 8, 98). Cladosporium was dispersed year-round, but mainly in the October and November, while Leptospheria was dispersed mainly in the period from July to September and Alternaria counts tended to be higher around July. The concentration of mold is roughly correlated with the amount of rainfall, having high spore count in July and August, especially in case of Leptospheria. In terms of positive reaction to skin prick test in children, Alnus and Artemisia were found to be allergen source in early spring and late summer season, respectively. Conclusion : Analysis of pollens and mold spores sampled in the atmosphere of Pusan, Korea, for a 2 year period identified 19 species of pollens and 22 species of mold spores with seasonal variation of some clinically important pollen/mold load. Cladosporium, Leptospheria and Alternaria are found to be three major molds, especially from June to October.

A Case of Occupational Rhinitis Induced by Maize Pollen Exposure in a Farmer: Detection of IgE-Binding Components

성세영,리원연,용석중,신계철,박해심,김현미,김상하 대한천식알레르기학회 2012 Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research Vol.4 No.1

Corn is a major staple food, along with rice and wheat, in many parts of the world. There are several reports of hypersensitivity to maize pollen. However, cases of occupational allergic rhinitis induced by inhalation of maize pollen are very rare. We herein report the case of a 67-year-old male with occupational rhinitis caused by occupational exposure to maize pollen in a cornfield. He showed positive responses to maize pollen, as well as grass pollens, in skin prick tests. A high level of serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) specific to maize pollen extracts was detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Laboratory tests showed a high serum level of total IgE (724 kU/L) and a high level of IgE specific to maize pollen (8.32kU/L) using the Immuno-CAP system. Occupational rhinitis was confirmed by a nasal provocation test with maize pollen extracts. IgE ELISA inhibition tests showed antibody cross-reactivity between maize pollen and grass pollen extracts. IgE immunoblotting using maize pollen extracts demonstrated a 27 kDa IgE-binding component. These findings suggest that maize pollen can induce IgE-mediated occupational rhinitis in exposed workers.

The Revised Edition of Korean Calendar for Allergenic Pollens

오재원,Ha-Baik Lee,Im-Joo Kang,Seong-Won Kim,Kang-Seo Park,Myung-Hee Kook,Bong-Seong Kim,백혜성,Joo-Hwa Kim,Dong-Jin Lee,김규랑,최영진,김자경 대한천식알레르기학회 2012 Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research Vol.4 No.1

The old calendar of pollens did not reflect current pollen distribution and concentrations that can be influenced by changes of weather and environment of each region in South Korea. A new pollen calendar of allergenic pollens was made based on the data on pollen concentrations obtained in eight regions nationwide between 1997 and 2009. The distribution of pollen was assessed every day at 9 stations (Two Seoul sites, Guri, Busan, Daegu, Daejeon, Kwangju, Kangneung, and Jeju) for 12 years and at 3 stations (Jeonju, Ulsan, and Chuncheon) for 3 years among 12 pollen collection stations. Pollens were collected by using Burkard 7-day sampler (Burkard Manufacturing Co Ltd, UK). Pollens which were stained with Calberla’s fuchsin staining solution were identified and counted. Pine became the highest pollen in May, and the pollen concentrations of oak and birch also became high. Ragweed appeared in the middle of August and showed the highest pollen concentration in the middles of September. Japanese hop showed a high concentration between the middle of August and the end of September, and mugwort appeared in the middles of August and its concentration increased up until early September. In Kangneung, birch appeared earlier, pine showed a higher pollen concentration than in the other areas. In Daegu, Oriental thuja and alder produced a large concentration of pollens. Pine produced a large concentration of pollens between the middle of April and the end of May. Weeds showed higher concentrations in September and mugwort appeared earlier than ragweed. In Busan the time of flowering is relatively early, and alder and Oriental thuja appeared earliest among all areas. In Kwangju, Oriental thuja and hazelnut appeared in early February. Japanese cedar showed the highest pollen concentration in March in Jeju. In conclusion, update information on pollen calendar in South Korea should be provided for allergic patients through the website to manage and prevent the pollinosis.

15년 동안 부산 지역에서 채집된 공중화분 분포 및 알레르기 감작률과의 상관관계

성명순 ( Myong Soon Sung ),박영진 ( Yong Jin Park ),박근화 ( Geun Hwa Park ),오재원 ( Jae Won Oh ),김성원 ( Sung Won Kim ) 대한천식알레르기학회 2014 Allergy Asthma & Respiratory Disease Vol.2 No.1

Purpose: pollen is the most common causative agents of allergic disease. Since 2000, there isn``t no more report about pollen in Busan. This study is that pollen in one area of Busan was collected to investigate species, particle counts, seasonal distribution, and of its correlation with reactivity to skin prick test in children during 1998.2012. Methods: Rotorod sampler was installed on the rooftop of St. Mary Hospital in Busan. A 24-hour sampling of allergens over a fifteen-year period was conducted 6 days/wk from January 1, 1998 to December 31, 2012. After staining they were identified, counted and recorded with the weather in Busan. Results: Major pollens collected were Pine, Alder, Oak, Juniperus, Humulus. The pollen season is relatively short and the pollen dispersed mainly during the period from March to May in case of tree pollen, from April to September in case of grass pollen and from August to October in case of weed pollen. Total annual pollen count ranged from 36,412 grains/m3 (2002) to 1,342 grains/m3 (2006). The peak pollen season was seen for spring and autumn, especially in May and September during 1998.2012. In skin prick tests, birch was the highest sensitization rate (15.1%), followed by alder (14.7%), hazel (14.1%) in the tree for 15 years. And in weed, mugwort and ragweed were the highest sensitization rate (10.6%, 10.3%), followed by humulus (5.5%) for 15 years, but since 2008, was increased. Conclusion: Analysis of pollens sampled in the atmosphere of Busan, Korea, for a 15-year period identified 24 species of pollens with seasonal variation of some clinically important pollen load. Analysis of data, it showed that alder and birch are main allergen in spring for 15 years, and in 1998.2008, ragweed and artemisia was main allergen in fall, since 2009, followed by humulus. (Allergy Asthma Respir Dis 2014;2:38-47)

Seasonal distribution of airborne pollen in Ulsan, Korea in 2009-2010

최승혁,정인용,김동엽,김양호,이지호,오인보,최기룡 한국생태학회 2011 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.34 No.4

To determine the peak dispersal times of allergenic pollen grains in Ulsan, Korea, we performed continuous airborne pollen counts at three stations (Sts. A, B, and C) in Ulsan from August 2009 to November 2010. Pollen grains were sampled using a Durham sampler. Two peak pollen dispersal seasons were observed per year. The peak seasons generally coincided with the flowering period of anemophilous trees: Taxodiaceae (February), Alnus (March), Cupressaceae (April), Quercus,and Pinus (May), and with the flowering phase of herbs from August to November, e.g., Humulus, Artemisia, Gramineae,and Ambrosia from August through September. The highest concentration of airborne pollen was from Pinus (68%), followed by Quercus (15%), Alnus (6%), and Humulus (2%); whereas very low pollen concentrations were from Taxodiaceae,Cupressaceae, Artemisia, Gramineae, and Ambrosia (≤ 1% of the annual total airborne pollen concentration). Our findings indicate that Alnus and Humulus pollen are major allergens whereas those of Pinus and Quercus are minor allergens. The concentration of Alnus pollen grains at St. C was over five times that at Sts. A and B. This finding implies that individuals living at or near St. C are exposed to high concentrations of Alnus pollen before and after March, which is the flowering period of the alder tree. From August to September, individuals living at or near St. B are exposed to high concentrations of Humulus pollen. Our study suggests that Alnus pollen may be the major aeroallergen causing pollinosis in the spring at St. C and Humulus pollen may be the major aeroallergen in autumn at St. B.

The Revised Edition of Korean Calendar for Allergenic Pollens

Oh, Jae-Won,Lee, Ha-Baik,Kang, Im-Joo,Kim, Seong-Won,Park, Kang-Seo,Kook, Myung-Hee,Kim, Bong-Seong,Baek, Hey-Sung,Kim, Joo-Hwa,Kim, Ja-Kyung,Lee, Dong-Jin,Kim, Kyu-Rang,Choi, Young-Jin The Korean Academy of Asthma, Allergy and Clinical 2012 Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research Vol.4 No.1

<P>The old calendar of pollens did not reflect current pollen distribution and concentrations that can be influenced by changes of weather and environment of each region in South Korea. A new pollen calendar of allergenic pollens was made based on the data on pollen concentrations obtained in eight regions nationwide between 1997 and 2009. The distribution of pollen was assessed every day at 8 areas (Seoul, Guri, Busan, Daegu, Jeonju, Kwangju, Kangneung, and Jeju) for 12 years between July 1, 1997 and June 30, 2009. Pollens were collected by using Burkard 7-day sampler (Burkard Manufacturing Co Ltd, UK). Pollens which were stained with Calberla's fuchsin staining solution were identified and counted. Pine became the highest pollen in May, and the pollen concentrations of oak and birch also became high. Ragweed appeared in the middle of August and showed the highest pollen concentration in the middles of September. Japanese hop showed a high concentration between the middle of August and the end of September, and mugwort appeared in the middles of August and its concentration increased up until early September. In Kangneung, birch appeared earlier, pine showed a higher pollen concentration than in the other areas. In Daegu, Oriental thuja and alder produced a large concentration of pollens. Pine produced a large concentration of pollens between the middle of April and the end of May. Weeds showed higher concentrations in September and mugwort appeared earlier than ragweed. In Busan the time of flowering is relatively early, and alder and Oriental thuja appeared earliest among all areas. In Kwangju, Oriental thuja and hazelnut appeared in early February. Japanese cedar showed the highest pollen concentration in March in Jeju. In conclusion, update information on pollen calendar in South Korea should be provided for allergic patients through the website to manage and prevent the pollinosis.</P>

표층퇴적물의 현생화분을 이용한 고식생 및 정량적 고온도 복원을 위한 연구방법 소개

김동욱,이상헌,이은미,전창표,김용미,김진철,최한우,한민,임현수 대한지질학회 2020 지질학회지 Vol.56 No.1

This study aims to identify the assemblages characteristics of modern pollen driven by topography, climate and vegetation over the southern South Korea (33°00′-35°00′N, 125°21′-129°30′E). To do this, experiments and analyses are underway using several different modern pollen traps in reservoirs with little human impacts. Anemophilous pollen trap, and hydrophilous and entomophilous pollen trap were installed in eight reservoirs over E-W transect. Reservoir sediment trap collecting water-driven pollen was installed to study the relationship between modern pollen assemblages, and topography, climate, and vegetation around reservoirs. Collecting samples that are being monitored every month for two years are expected to provide the seasonal variation in water-borne pollen transport around the reservoir basin. Anemophilous (wind-driven) pollen traps were equiped at each reservoir bank. Analyzed dataset will provide the wind transportation mechanisms such as wind speed, wind direction, and topography in catchment area. Mountain slope sediment trap was set up to investigate how much pollen and sediments input the reservoir from the slope when heavy rainfall take place. In addition, surface soil samples with every 100 m in altitude are taken around the reservoir basin. The comprehensive pollen dataset will make a better understanding the relationship between modern vegetation and climatic eco-environments in study area. Finally this study will contribute to reconstruct properly vegetation dynamics response to climate changes in southern area of South Korea. 이 연구는 남해안 일대(위도 33°00′~35°00′, 경도 125°21′~129°30′)의 지형, 기후 및 식생군락의 특성이 반영된 화분의 산출특성을 파악하기 위해 현생화분을 채집하여 현재 분석 중에 있다. 이를 위해 인위적 교란이 적은 8곳의 저수지를 선정하여 저수지 퇴적물과 사면 퇴적물 채집기 및 풍매화 화분 포집기를 각각 설치하였다. 저수지 퇴적물 채집기는 월별 저수지 유역의 지형특성과 식생군락에 따라 현생화분의 이동 메커니즘이 어떻게반영되는지를 조사할 목적으로 설치하였으며, 사면 퇴적물 채집기는 강우기 동안 저수지를 둘러싼 사면을 따라저수지에 유입되는 현생화분과 퇴적물의 양을 측정하기 위해 설치하였다. 풍매화 화분 포집기는 저수지가 위치하고 있는 지역의 계절별 풍향, 풍속, 지형에 따라 현생화분의 이동경로 및 거리를 파악하기 위해 설치하였다. 추가적으로 저수지 유역 내 고도(100 m)에 따라 분포하는 식생과 고도별 현생화분 산출특성과의 관계를 분석하기 위해 고도별 표층시료를 채집하였다. 이 연구는 2017년 4월 저수지 퇴적물 채집기 설치를 시작으로 2년간의 자료 수집을 실시하였으며, 설치한 채집기 및 표층시료에서 산출될 분석결과는 연구지역의 기후환경과 현생화분 산출특성 간의 관계를 더 올바르게 해석할 수 있도록 할 것이다. 이 연구결과는 남해안 지역의 고화분 분석 자료를 이용한 고식생 및 정량적 고온도를 복원하는데 기초자료로 활용될 것이다.