조선시대 석회가마 연구

이동준 ( Dong Jun Lee ) 단국사학회 2011 史學志 Vol.42 No.-

석회는 다양한 분야에서 이용되어져 왔으나, 석회가마를 비롯한 관련유구가 조사된 사례가 많지 않아 생산방법을 구체적으로 파악하기 어려웠다. 최근 들어 조선시대 석회가마의 조사 성과가 꾸준히 증가하고 있으나 연구 성과의 축적은 미비하다. 이에 문헌기록과 고고학적 조사 성과를 중심으로 조선시대 석회가마의 구조적 특징과 성격에 대하여 살펴보고자 한다. 문헌기록상으로 석회소성의 구체적인 방법은 『朝鮮王朝實錄』과 『天工開物』 등의 일부 사료에서 확인되는데, 석회의 용도는 능묘의 조성, 선박·성곽 축조 및 보수 등에 이용되었다. 조선시대 석회가마는 지역적으로 경기 및 충청지역에 한정되어 있다. 경기지역에서는 파주와 오산으로 구분되며, 각 1기씩 조사되었다. 충청지역에서는 아산, 진천, 청양, 보은, 대전 등지에서 조사되었으며, 보은 적암리유적을 제외하면 대부분 1~2기가 단독 분포한다. 조사된 석회가마는 대부분 장축방향이 등고선과 직교하는 지하식 등요로 사면 말단부에 위치하고 있다. 현재까지 조사된 석회가마는 아궁이의 단면형태는 외고내저로 동일하나, 연소실과 소성실의 구조 및 위치를 통해 크게 Ⅰ·Ⅱ식 등 두 가지 형식으로 구분된다. Ⅰ식은 소성실과 연소실이 상·하 수직으로 배치되어 연결되는 점이 가장 특징적이다. 또한 전체적인 단면형태가 ``L``자형으로 출입구(아궁이)가 짧게 축조되었으며, 출입구보다 연소실이 더 깊게 조성되었다. 이에 비해 Ⅱ식은 일정한 높이의 단벽으로 연소실과 소성실이 구분되어 여타 가마의 구조와 유사한 일반적인 등요의 형태이다. 소성실의 형태는 (타)원형으로 동일하며Ⅰ식은 소성실 바닥이 편평하거나 중앙이 약간 깊게 조성되었다. 또한 중앙의 원통형 구멍을 통해 연소실로 연결되어 있어 소성실~연소실의 전체적인 단면형태는 역삼각형을 띠고 있다. 이에 비해 Ⅱ식은 소성실이 10° 미만의 경사도가 있으며, 단면형태도 상광하협으로 차이를 보이고 있다. 한편, 연도부는 파주 당하리·대전 원신흥동 2호요를 제외하고 확인되지 않는다. 회구부를 제외한 평면형태는 열쇠구멍과 유사하며, 여타 가마에 비해 소형이다. 이는 높은 화력으로 인한 기물의 변형 및 파손에 대한 부담이 상대적으로 덜하기 때문에 고열을 내는 구조로 집중되었던 것으로 추정된다. 조업연대는 파주 당하리 및 아산 산양리·용두리 등의 고지자기분석 결과 보아 17~18세기에 조업이 이루어진 것으로 추정된다. 또한 대부분의 석회가마 내부에서는 석회석이 출토되고 있다. 한편, 당하리 석회가마에서는 많은 양의 석회석이 출토되었을 뿐만 아니라 굴 껍데기 등의 패각류가 확인되었는데, 굴껍데기는 『천공개물』 뿐만 아니라 전통방식의 호분 제조에도 이용되고 있어 이러한 예를 보여주는 사례로 판단된다. 한편, 문헌기록을 통해 국초부터 교하현 일대에서 꾸준히 석회생산이 이루어졌으며, 국가 주도로 생산이 이루어졌던 것으로 추정된다. 교하일대에서 조사된 석회가마는 당하리유적을 제외하고 조업시기를 파악하기 어려우나 교하일대가 전·후기를 막론하고 오랫동안 석회 생산이 이루어졌던 것으로 파악되어 문헌기록과 좋은 대비를 이룬다. 석회가마의 소성으로 이루어진 결과물은 고고학적 유물이 아닌 석회이기 때문에 내부에서 출토된 유물로 조업시기를 판단하기에는 어려움이 있다. 따라서 조업연대 추정을 위해 고지자기 및 방사성탄소연대 측정과 함께 내부에서 출토되는 석회석에 대한 암질분석을 통해 산지 추정 등을 병행하는 것이 바람직할 것이다. Until now few researches have conducted on related relics and remains, including lime-kiln and it seems difficult to understand production method in detail, even though lime has been believed to be used for various fields and purposes. Recently the outcomes of researches on lime-kiln during Joseon Dynasty have increased; however, the accumulation of researches and outcomes are rather immaterial since there are still a lot of unstudied relics and remains. In this study, I will briefly touch the structural characteristics of lime-kiln during Joseon Dynasty, mainly basing on related references and archeological researches conducted up until now. Details of lime-firing were described in "the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty" and "Chinese document(『天工開物』)", and lime is believed to have been used for royal mausoleum, including construction and repair of vessels and fortresses. Dispersion of lime-kiln built in Joseon Dynasty is limited in Gyonggi and Chungcheong province. Gyonggi province divided Paju and Osan, one remain has been discovered in each region respectively. In Chungcheong province, one or two remains are discovered in Asan, Jincheon, Chungyang, Boeun and Daejeon area, except for Boeun Joekam-ri. Studied lime-kiln are largely cellar-typed whose direction of long-axis meet contour lines at right angle and located in the lower parts of slope. The cross section of fireplace of the discovered kiln are identical to a high-exterior-low-interior type, but most kilns are classified into two types as Ⅰ, Ⅱ by the structure and location of combustion chamber and firing chamber. TypeⅠis unique in that firing chamber and combustion chamber are built vertically. Cross section view is ``L`` typed and entrance(fireplace) is built rather short, making combustion chamber deeper than firing chamber. Whereas, combustion area and firing area is divided by walls of same height, which is similar to other ordinary kiln. The shape of combustion chamber is oval, same as in typeⅠ and Ⅱ; however, in case of type Ⅰ, the floor of combustion chamber is flat or deeper in central part of it. Connected through the cylindrical hole, the cross section diagram from combustion chamber to firing chamber is inverted-triangle in shape. On the other hand, type Ⅱ has a combustion chamber with less than 10 degree slant, and cross section diagram is a wide-top-narrow-bottom shape, differentiating type Ⅰ. Meanwhile, except for Dangha-ri in Paju and the 2nd kiln of Wonshinheung-dong in Deajeon, chimneys(煙道部) have not been confirmed. Except for ``ash treating area(灰邱部)``, cross section diagram looks a keyhole in shape and smaller than other ordinary kiln. It is assumed that with this structure, deformation and demolition of materials by high temperature might be avoided, therefore this structure was suitable for making and keeping high temperature. Production process is believed to have been conducted between 17C and 18C, according to result of "paleo-magnetism analysis" from Dangha-ri and SanYang-ri and Yongdu-ri in Asan. Additionally, limestones from almost all lime-kiln have been discovered. By the way, out of lime-kiln of Dangha-ri, large portions of lime stones have been discovered along with shell fishes, such as oyster shells. Oyster shells were used not only in "Chinese document(『天工開物』)" also in production of ``Hobun``. According to the related literature, early in Joseon Dynasty, lime seems to have been produced and the process has been led by the state in the region of Gyo-ha. It is difficult to decide the production period of lime furnace discovered in Gyo-ha and neighboring regions, except for remains of Dangha-ri; however, in these regions lime was produced for a long time, concurring with references from related documents. Materials from firing process of kiln are considered not as archeological relics but as lime itself, and deciding production time by relics from the furnace seems not simple and easy. In order to confirm the production era, paleo-magnetism and radio-carbon dating need to be conducted. Moreover, estimation of production site should be considered, through lithologic analysis of limestones from the inside of the kiln.

Effects of using silica fume and lime in the treatment of kaolin soft clay

Alrubaye, Ali Jamal,Hasan, Muzamir,Fattah, Mohammed Y. Techno-Press 2018 Geomechanics & engineering Vol.14 No.3

Soil stabilization can make the soils becoming more stable by using an admixture to the soil. Lime stabilization enhances the engineering properties of soil, which includes reducing soil plasticity, increasing optimum moisture content, decreasing maximum dry density and improving soil compaction. Silica fume is utilized as a pozzolanic material in the application of soil stabilization. Silica fume was once considered non-environmental friendly. In this paper, the materials required are kaolin grade S300, lime and silica fume. The focus of the study is on the determination of the physical properties of the soils tested and the consolidation of kaolin mixed with 6% silica fume and different percentages (3%, 5%, 7% and 9%) of lime. Consolidation test is carried out on the kaolin and the mixtures of soil-lime-silica fume to investigate the effect of lime stabilization with silica fume additives on the consolidation of the mixtures. Based on the results obtained, all soil samples are indicated as soils with medium plasticity. For mixtures with 0% to 9% of lime with 6% SF, the decrease in the maximum dry density is about 15.9% and the increase in the optimum moisture content is about 23.5%. Decreases in the coefficient of permeability of the mixtures occur if compared to the coefficient of permeability of kaolin soft clay itself reduce the compression index (Cc) more than L-SF soil mix due to pozzolanic reaction between lime and silica fume and the optimum percent of lime-silica fume was found to be (5%+6%) mix. The average coefficient of volume compressibility decreases with increasing the stabilizer content due to pozzolanic reaction happening within the soil which results in changes in the soil matrix. Lime content +6% silica fume mix can reduce the coefficient of consolidation from at 3%L+6%SF, thereafter there is an increase from 9%L+6%SF mix. The optimal percentage of lime silica fume combination is attained at 5.0% lime and 6.0% silica fume in order to improve the shear strength of kaolin soft clay. Microstructural development took place in the stabilized soil due to increase in lime content of tertiary clay stabilized with 7% lime and 4% silica fume together.

漢城百濟의 ‘烝土築城’에 대한 硏究

심광주 서울역사편찬원 2010 서울과 역사 Vol.- No.76

It has been generally accepted that "Jeungto Chukseong(Building a fortress by boiling soil)" described in King Gaero Section of Baekje History in Samguk Sagi(A history of three kingdoms) indicates construction of earthen fortress using a method called Panchuk(Placing earth between boards and hardening it). However, there is a record that Tongman Fortress in Jeokyeonha, Shaanxi, China, is also built using "Jeungto Chukseong" like the fortress in Hanseong Baekje. But it is found that the fortress was built using lime. Therefore, it is possible that for the "Jeungto Chukseong" indicated in Samguk Sagi, lime was used. To use unslaked lime safely, a process of making it to slaked lime is needed. In this process, unslaked lime reacts to water and generates a lot of stream and heat. And it is thought that this process is expressed as building a fortress by boiling soil. To obtain lime, limestone or shell needs to be heated to over 900°C for a long time. When the limestone is heated and carbon dioxide is removed, it changes to calcium oxide(unslaked lime), a material with new property. When the calcium oxide reacts to water, it becomes calcium hydroxide and when it combines with carbon dioxide in the ground, it changes to calcium carbonate, which is hard like stone and waterproof. Using chemical change to make new material for construction means significant development of civil engineering technology at the time. In China, lime began to be used in the Zhou Dynasty. At the time, lime was made by burning shells and it was applied to walls mostly. After the Han Dynasty, construction technology using stones and bricks developed and lime began to be used as mortar that binds bricks and stones. Mixing lime, sand, and loess to strengthen the foundation or build a strong structure started in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. "Jeungto Chukseong" using the mixture of lime, sand and loess was first used for Tongman Fortress, the capital of Daeha, in 424. In Korea, lime was first used in Goguryeo for wall application or mortar. But the use of lime for the construction of fortress began during King Gaero of Baekje as indicated in the expression "Jeungto Chukseong" in Samguk Sagi. Lime used in the earth for the fortress found during the excavation of Mongchon Earthen Fortress in 1984 proves this. It is estimated that the mixture of lime, sand, and loess might be used for Pungnap Earthen Fortress, but it is not clear whether lime was actually used since the components of the fortress was not analyzed even though the cross section of the wall was examined during its excavation. To decide if Mongchon Earthen Fortress and Pungnap Earthen Fortress were built during King Gaero, analysis of components of each fortress needs to be carried out. Lime has been widely used as construction material from ancient times. And lime does not exist in nature and it is produced through chemical change. It is caustic material that requires caution in production and handling. Therefore, production of lime and expansion of its use need to be seen in a new way in terms of the development of civil engineering technology. 『三國史記』 蓋鹵王條에 등장하는 ‘烝土築城’이 견고한 版築工法에 의하여 구축된 土城이라는 것이 지금까지의 일반적인 견해였다. 그러나 백제 도성처럼 ‘烝土築城’ 하였다고 기록된 大夏의 統萬城에 대한 검토결과 石灰로 성벽을 版築하였고, ‘烝土築城’은 生石灰를 소화하는 과정에서 발생하는 엄청난 열과 수증기를 의미하고 있음을 알게 되었다. 이에 따라 한성백제의 ‘烝土築城’도 石灰와 관련이 있을 것으로 판단되어 국내의 각 유적에서 출토된 석회시료를 수집하고, 과학적 분석을 시도하였다. 그 결과 5세기 중반까지의 백제의 석회는 고구려나 신라․가야와 마찬가지로 조개껍데기로 만든 貝灰였고 공사시 순수한 석회만 사용되었음이 확인되었다. 이에 비하여 연천 신답리고분과 통현리고분의 석회는 石灰石으로 만든 석회이며 석회에 모래와 점토를 섞어 강도를 높였음이 확인되었다. 이는 5세기 중엽부터 6세기 초 사이에 석회석 석회의 생산기술과 三合土 시공기술이 도입되었음을 의미하며, 그 기간 사이에 있는 것이 백제의 ‘烝土築城’ 기록이다. 蓋鹵王은 都城에 대한 대대적인 공사를 위하여 南朝의 劉宋이나 北魏로부터 석회기술을 포함한 새로운 土木․建築기술을 도입하였을 것으로 추정된다. 漢城百濟의 都城으로 추정되는 유적 중 풍납토성은 발굴결과 개로왕대의 수축과 석회 사용여부는 아직 확인되지 않았다. 반면 防禦用 山城인 몽촌토성에서는 版築土 내에서 石灰包含層이 확인되었으며 성벽의 높이도 최소한 4m 이상 增築하였음이 확인되고 있다. 이는 개로왕대에 방어력을 높이기 위하여 도성을 修築한 것이고, ‘烝土築城’이 축성공사에 石灰가 사용되었음을 의미하는 것임을 입증하는 것이라고 생각된다. 더 나아가 『삼국사기』의 ‘烝土築城’ 기록은 발달된 석회 관련 신기술이 우리나라에 도입된 시점을 알려주는 역사적인 사건으로서 토목․건축기술사 측면에서도 새롭게 조명되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.

高句麗 高墳壁畵의 製作技法 硏究

安秉燦(AHN Byong-chan),白燦圭(토론자) 고구려발해학회 2003 고구려발해연구 Vol.16 No.-

As registration of Koguryo tombs with wall-paintings as World Heritage is being expected, techniques of wall-painting of those tombs were examined and analyzed scientifically. Materials of study were small pieces of wall-painting from Hahaebang area Tomb No. 31(下解放地區 第31號墳, JXM031) in JiAn(集安). Materialistic features of lime used on the wall, method of making lime mortar, and technique of pasting lime on the wall were studied. Composition of vegetable materials added to the lime mortar such as chopped hay, and of paint were also examined. Methods used in this study are as following: First, the wall-sample was examined with naked eyes. Then selecting a proper part, a thin section was made and examined through a microscope. And all the layers of lime wall were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by means of XRD and SEM-EDS. Presence of added materials were examined after the sample was melted in diluted hydrochloric acid solution. Colour was measured by a chromameter. Paint was also analyzed qualitatively by means of XRF. Solidity of the sample were also measured. The results are: 1. Koguryo men, who had superb lime-processing technique, are estimated to have used purer slaked lime instead of quick lime. 2. They pasted three layers(rendering, arriccio, intonaco) of slaked lime mortar on the wall of tomb 3. Different materials such as clay, sand, chopped hay etc. were added into the slaked lime mortar so that they might be fitting to each layer. 4. Lime mortar for rendering was mixed with clay, lime mortar for arriccio mixed with chopped hay and sand, and the mortar for intonaco was made of only pure lime. 5. This three-layer lime wall appears commonly in Hahaebang area Tomb No. 31 and Ssangnyeongchong(雙楹塚) which are 5th century tombs, but these three layers changed into one layer in 7th century. So we see one-layer lime wall in the tombs of Silla area and Japan. Major point of this study was to find out how lime was processed in tomb lime walls, but the results could not go beyond estimation It is also regrettable that we could not clarify plainly the characters of various adding materials mixed with lime mortar. Making technique of wall-painting of Koguryo tombs needs more studies.

석회 흔입 점토의 강도 특성

여재호,권무남,구정민,김현기 경북대학교 농업과학기술연구소 2000 慶北大農學誌 Vol.18 No.-

This study was conducted to investigate most effective the optimum lime content for lime-clay modification. To achieve the aim, characteristics of compaction and compressive strength were tested by adding of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% lime (Hydrated lime) of dry weight of the clay. Distilled water was added 10, 15, 20 and 25% of dry weight of lime-clay mixture. In this test, the compressive strength of the specimens was measured according to the following curing period : 7, 21, 28, 35 and 49 days. The results are as follows. (1) As lime additive increased, the optimum moisture content of lime-clay mixture was increased and the maximum dry density was decreased. (2) the soil mixture of 20% of the moisture content and 10% of lime additive was shown the maximum compressive strength. (3) As curing period longer, the compressive strength was increased but after 21 curing days, the increasing rate of compressive strength was low as compared with earlier its value. (4) In the range of 20% of the moisture content, compressive strength of mixture of 10% lime additive increased twice compared with that of mixture of 0% lime additive. (5) All of the lime-clay are possible to use for an sub-base material and 20% of moisture content of lime-clay mixture is possible to use for a base material.

성남 고등동 회곽묘 삼물회의 배합비 분석

이상옥,배고운,정광용 국립문화재연구원 2020 헤리티지:역사와 과학 Vol.53 No.1

In order to clarify the lime-based building method used in the Joseon Dynasty, lime materials, production techniques, and mixing methods recorded in ancient literature were examined. In ancient Joseon Dynasty literature, the use of low grade limestone as a raw material was recorded, and the use of pozzolanic materials such as Hwangtoh , white clay, and roof tile powder as mixing aids to enhance the strength of lime was recorded. In addition, various lime hydration and mixing methods were recorded, and based on re-experiments carried out with regards to this, a physical property evaluation was deemed to be required in accordance with the various types of raw lime materials, lime hydration methods, and mixture ratios. In the early Joseon Dynasty, lime was used for various aspects, but frequent problems were experienced due to lack of supply and poor production techniques. In the late Joseon Dynasty, lime production techniques developed along with mass production. Based on analysis of the manufacturing techniques of Hoegwagmyo lime mortar in the 16th and 18th centuries during the Joseon Dynasty, it was found that mixing ratios and the methods described in the ancient literature had been applied. It was confirmed that the mixing ratio differed depending on mixing materials and lime quality. Since the mixing ratio of Hoegwagmyo lime mortar changed over time and it was produced strictly on the basis of a guidebook, it is believed that if continuous scientific analysis of the Hoegwagmyo lime mortar production method were carried out, this would be helpful for ascertaining the chronological methodology of Hoegwagmyo .

조선시대 회곽묘의 편년과 변천 양상

김현우 한국고고학회 2012 한국고고학보 Vol.85 No.-

In this paper, the chronology of lime-mortar burials of the Joseon Dynasty is established so that it may be used as a basic archaeological research tool. To establish such a chronology, 71 lime-mortar burials were examined. Among them, the dates of 38 lime-mortar burials were identified through the actual date of death, and dates of 33 lime-mortar burials were identified by dendrochronology. The results of this study demonstrate that the lime-mortar burials of the Joseon Dynasty can be divided into four phases (Phase I~IV). In Phase I (late 15th or early 16th century~mid-16th century), lime-mortar burials with charcoal were used. In Phase II (mid-16th century~late 16th century or early 17th century), lime-mortar burials with wooden outer coffins were used. In Phase III (late 16th century or early 17th century~mid-17th century), lime-mortar burials with outer inner coffins began to be used and lime-mortar burials with wooden outer coffins also continued to be used. In Phase IV (mid-17th century~20th century), only lime-mortar burials with outer inner coffins were used. Change in the lime-mortar burials of the Joseon Dynasty can be summarized as the simplification of burial construction and the reduction of size. Simplification of burial construction involved the elimination of burial elements such as charcoal and the wooden outer coffin, etc. Originally used due to prescribed guidelines of burial tradition, is assumed that these features were abandoned as experience in constructing lime-mortar burials came to be accumulated. On the other hand, there is the possibility that economical problems after the Japanese invasion of the Korean peninsula in 1592 had some influence on burial construction. But it is still far too early to arrive at such a conclusion and this view needs to be considered from various angles.

고구려 고분벽화 회벽체의 재료학적 특성에 관한 연구 - 진파리 4호분의 회벽체를 중심으로 -

임권웅 동북아역사재단 2009 東北亞歷史論叢 Vol.- No.23

The purpose of this study is to define chemical substance and constituent mineral of lime plaster of Jinpari Tomb No. 4, which is a Goguryeo ancient tomb wall painting manufactured in the middle of the 6th century, measure physical property and dynamic feature of lime plaster and enable it to be used for study on preservation method, manufacture of preservation agent and experiment of appropriateness. In experiment, white lime plaster layer(M01) sample made of lime and sand and brown lime plaster layer(M02) sample made of clayish soil of weathered rock and lime. By observing the use of FE-SEM and EDS in detail area and analyzing their substances, it was found that there were lump-typed clayish soil of weathered rock, lime and shell in M01 and M02. It was also found that M01 consisted of Ca and Si and M02 consisted of Ca, Si and elements organizing clayish mineral such as Al and K. Although very fine charcoal was observed, it seemed that it was mixed in the process to manufacture quicklime. XRD analysis was performed in order to define the constituent mineral of lime plaster. It was found that M01 consisted of lime and quartz sand and M02 consisted of lime, quartz sand, muscovite and clayish minerals such as illite and clinochlor. In order to analogize constituent minerals through qualitative analysis on chemical substance of lime plaster, XRF analysis was performed by melting lime plaster sample at the temperature of 1400℃ and manufacturing glass disk. The analysis result showed that it was same as the result of EDS and XRD. From the result of performing qualitative analysis on ionized soluble salt contained in the lime plaster sample by using IC and ICP-OES, it was found that Ca2+ and Cl- were contained as the largest ratio of positive ion and negative ion respectively. Through physical property of sample, the researcher measured particle size analysis, water vapour permeability, capillary water absorption coefficient, capillary water absorption speed coefficient and total water absorption degree in air & vacuum status. Regarding water vapour permeability, it was measured that the porosity of M02 was larger than that of M01 but the permeability of M02 was better than that of M01. Regarding capillary water absorption coefficient and capillary water absorption speed coefficient, M01 was higher than M02 but regarding absorption degree in air & vacuum status, M02 was higher. In the result of particle size analysis, it was found that M01 mainly contained inorganic additive, whose diameter was 0.063mm and M02 contained inorganic additive, whose diameter was less than 0.063mm. In the analysis on dynamic feature, the researcher calculated compressive strength by measuring point load strength index. It was found that the compressive strength of M01 was higher than that of M02.

석회노분과 석회로 처리된 세립토의 단기적 역학특성 비교

사공명,사공명,이용희 한국지반공학회 2004 한국지반공학회논문집 Vol.20 No.3

The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) has permitted the use of Lime Kiln Dust (LKD) as a low-cost construction material in creating a workable platform for soil modification (not for soil stabilization) since the early 1990s on selected projects. However, the enhanced strength of soils with LKD has not been accounted for in the subgrade stability calculations in the design process. This study was initiated to evaluate how the lime kiln dust is a comparable material to hydrated lime. A series of laboratory tests were performed to assess the mechanical benefits of lime kiln dust in combination with various predominant fine grained soils encountered in the State of Indiana, such as A-4, A-6 and A-7-6. In the course of this study, several tests such as the Atterberg limits, standard Proctor, unconfined compression, CBR, volume stability, and resilient modulus were performed. As a result, mixtures of fine grained soils with 5% lime or 5% LKD substantially improve unconfined compressive strength up to 60% - 400%. CBR values for treated soils are in the range of 25 to 70 while those for untreated soils range from 3 to 18. In general, significant increase in resilient moduli of the soils treated with lime and LKD was observed. This indicates that lime kiln dust may be a viable, cost effective alternative to hydrated lime in enhancing the strength of fine grained soils.

조선시대 회곽묘의 계층성과 확산 : 서울 · 경기지역 대규모 분묘군을 중심으로

김현우(Kim Hyun woo) 한국상고사학회 2016 한국상고사학보 Vol.91 No.-

그간 조선시대 회곽묘는 양반계층의 묘제로서 인정되었지만 본고는 서울·경기지역 대규모 분묘군의 회곽묘를 대상으로 분묘 배치양상, 양반계층 회곽묘와의 단순일치계수 및 회곽 계측치의 비교를 통해 서울·경기지역 대규모 분묘군에서 확인되는 회곽묘는 양반계층보다는 일반민에 의해 축조되었을 가능성이 높다고 판단하였다. 조선시대 회곽묘가 일반민으로 본격적인 확산이 이루어진 시점은 17세기 중반 이후로 생각되는데, 이는 성리학적 예법의 광범위한 확산과 함께 일반민의 양반층에 대한 동경과 모방이 결합함으로써 이루어진 것으로 추정된다. 회곽묘의 계층적 확산과정에서 양반계층의 회곽묘에 비해 상대적으로 규모가 축소되고 다양한 형태적 변이가 확인되는데 이러한 양상은 양반계층에 비해 석회의 확보가 원활하지 않았던 것에 기인하였을 가능성이 있다. 한편 회곽묘의 일반민으로의 확산을 통해 당시 석회 수요의 증가 현상이 있었던 것으로 추정되며, 이러한 현상은 문헌과 물질자료에서 확인되는 조선 후기 석회 생산의 증가 양상과 어느 정도 관련이 있는 것으로 여겨진다. Until now, it has been assumed that lime-mortar burials of the Joseon Dynasty were constructed by Yangban( 班) class. However this view was not verified by archaeological data but was only a hypothesis. So, in this paper to examine the social class of lime-mortar burial, lime-mortar burials at large cemetery sites in Seoul and Gyeonggi province were compared with definite Yangban class’ lime-mortar burials through the spatial distribution of burials, a simple matching coefficient, and size. As a result there is a high possibility that lime-mortar burials at large cemetery sites in Seoul and Gyeonggi province were constructed by the common people of Joseon. These lime-mortar burials were diffused to the common people of Joseon after mid-17th century. Diffusion of lime-mortar burials to common people could be under the wide dissemination of Neo-Confucian rite and the common people’s yearning to be, and imitation of, the Yangban class. After the diffusion of limemortar burial to the common people, many variations of lime-mortar burials appeared in large cemetery sites of Seoul and Gyeonggi province. It is assumed that this archaeological phenomenon was caused by the shortage of lime to construct lime-mortar burials. In the meantime, diffusion of the lime-mortar burial led to the increase of lime production in the late Joseon Dynasty.