불화수소산 화학화상 치료의 Calcium Gluconate Jelly 국소도포 효과

김계정,박수홍 ( Kea Jeung Kim,Soo Hong Park ) 대한피부과학회 1997 대한피부과학회지 Vol.35 No.4

Background: Calcium gluconate intralesional injection which is widely used as topical treatment of hydrofluoric acid burn gives doctors some inconvenience, since it requires a certain care about the quantity and pressure of infiltration and so on. Therefore we made calcium gluconate jelly, as the suggestion of Kono, for the convenience of topical use. Objective : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of calcium gluconate jelly in hydrofluoric acid burn. Methods : After carefully shaving off the hair of the back of guinea pigs, each side of the back were burned by three concentrations(5%, 25%, 50% ) of hydrofluoric acid. Left side of guinea pigs back(control group) was treated with saline and hyamine lavage, right side(treated group) was applied with calcium gluconate jelly after hyamine lavage. Then we evaluate the clinical and histologic feature accorriing to each time. Results : Clinical findings : In 5% hydrofluoric acid burn, both group showed no clinical response until 5 days. In 25% hydrofluoric acid burn, a mild erythema began from 3 hours after exposure in control group, but it began from 12 hours in treated group. In 50% hydrofluoric acid burn, moderate degree skin ulcer developed after 2 days in control group, but it developed after 3 days in treated group. Histopathological findings: In 5% hydrofluoric acid burn, only some inflammatory cell infiltrates in upper dermis were observed in both group after 5 days. In 25% hydrofluoric acid burn, both group showed epidermal cell damage after 6 hours. After 5 days subepidermal bullae and inflammatory cell infiltrates in upper dermis were observed in control group, but only shallow subcorneal bullae and inflammatory cell infiltrates were observed in experimental group. In 50% hydrofluoric acid burn, control group showed epidermal cell damage after 3 hours and subcutaneous fat necrosis were observed after 5 days. But in experimental group epidermal cell damage began after 6 hours, and only subepidermal bullae and inflammatory cell infiltrates in mid dermis were observed after 5 days. Subcutaneous fat necrosis was not observed until 5 days in experimental group. Conclusion : Calcium gluconale jelly and hyamine solution showed the same therapeutic effect in low concentration(5%) hydrofluoric acid burn. But, in mid to high concentration(25%, 50%) hydrofluoric acid burn, topically applied calcium gluconate jelly significantly reduce the tissue damage comparing with hyamie solution. It suggest the therapeutic effect of calcium gluconate jelly in hydrofluoric acid burn treatment is more convenient form. (Kor J Dermatol 1997;35(4): 744-751)

Fate and toxicity of spilled chemicals in groundwater and soil environment I: strong acids

Doyun Shin,Youngyeon Kim,Hee Sun Moon 환경독성보건학회 2018 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.33 No.-

We reviewed the chemical/physical properties, toxicity, environmental fate, and ecotoxicity of strong acids in soil and groundwater environments. We recommend that sulfuric acid and hydrofluoric acid be classified as chemicals of priority control based on volumes used, toxicity, carcinogenicity, and past significant spill events. Understanding the behavior and transport of spilled strong acids in soil and groundwater environments requires a multi-disciplinary approach, as they can undergo a variety of geochemical and biochemical reactions with complex geomedia. The toxicity of spilled acid is dependent on the characteristics of the geomedia exposed to the acid and the amount of residual protons following acid–substrate interaction. Soil texture, cation exchange capacity, mineral composition, bedrock type, and aluminum content may be important factors affecting the toxicity of spilled acid in soil-groundwater environments. We expect that the results of this study will contribute preliminary data for future research on chemical spills.

일개 응급의료센터에서 분석한 불화수소산 대량 누출이 지역사회 건강에 미친 영향

김영갑 ( Young Gab Kim ),이주택 ( Ju Taek Lee ),박상현 ( Sang Hyun Park ),이찬희 ( Chan Hee Lee ),최마이클승필 ( Sung Pil Choe ),제동욱 ( Dong Wook Je ),이창재 ( Chang Jae Lee ),고대이 ( Taei Ko ),조혜정 ( Hye Jung Jo ) 대한임상독성학회 2013 대한임상독성학회지 Vol.11 No.2

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to verify the influence of a massive hydrofluoric acid spill on community health through patients who claimed to have been exposed. Methods: We analyzed 2459 patients who visited our emergency department with the claim of exposure to hydrofluoric acid, and retrospective analyses were performed. We analyzed changes in numbers of visitors per day from the day of the accidental hydrofluoric acid spill, symptoms presented by the 1924 patients, and general characteristics. Comparisons of symptoms and hematologic characteristics were made between the initially set evacuation zone(1.3 km radius parameters from the spill) and the outer zone. Results: A total of 2,459 patients who claimed exposure visited our ED from 27 September 2012 to 23 October 2012, and there was a significant increase in the number of visiting patients from day 8 of the hydrofluoric acid spill. The most common complaints were a sore throat, 729(37.9%) and no specific symptom with health concern, 547 (28.4%). Statistically significant findings were pulmonary symptoms (p=0.001), nasal symptoms (p=0.001), diarrhea (p=0.023), and skin symptoms (p=0.007). In hematologic study, a statistically significant difference was observed in white blood cell count (p=0.018), creatine phosphokinase (p<0.001), erythrocyte sediment rate (p=0.013), and phosphorus (p<0.001). Conclusion: A significant increase in the number of patients was observed one week after the accidental spill of hydrofluoric acid. The most frequent symptoms were sore throat, headache, cough, and sputum. Statistically significant increase in creatine phosphokinase level and decrease in phosphorus level were noted in patients within the evacuation zone.

불산 제조업체 근로자의 골밀도 변화에 관한 조사

김지용,임현술,정회경,이현경,강흥식 大韓産業醫學會 1995 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.7 No.1

Hydrofluoric acid is one of strongest irritating, corrosive and poisonous inorganic chemicals. The most significant chronic consequence of excessive fluoride exposure is the disorder of skeletal system and connective tissue. The first stage of osteofluorosis consists of an increase in the density of flatbone such as pelvic bone and vertebral bones, with coarseness and blurring of bone trabecular. Therefore we wanted to observe the change of the bone density among workers exposed to hydrofluoric acid. Questionnairs and radiological investigations were performed for 39 hydrofluoric acid manufacturing factory worker sexposed to hydrofluoric acid. And then authors checked urinary fluoride level by fluoride ion method. The radiographs were doubly read by two radiologists for reliability. The results were as follows; 1. There was a significant difference in urinary fluoride level(p<0.01), but not in age, in tenure(p>0.05) among workers by the job title. 2. By the two radiologists, eight cases were read as bone fluorosis. The prevalence rate of bone fluorosis was 20.5%. 3. There was not a significant difference in general characteristic such as age, tenure and in muculoskeletal signs and symptoms between the fluorosis group and the normal group. 4. However, a close relationship between the occurence of the change of bone density and the degree of fluoride exposure such as burn was found. The difficulties in diagnosing fluorosis result from the questionable sensitivity of x-ray techniques and from the non-specific associated signs and symptoms. A quantitative method such as densitometry to assessosteosclerosis and bone structure alteration and a follow-up study are needed.

사고 누출 화학물질 중 강산의 생산, 사용 현황 및 사고 사례 분석

신도연,문희선,윤윤열,윤욱,이윤호,하규철,현성필,Shin, Doyun,Moon, Hee Sun,Yoon, Yoon Yeol,Yun, Uk,Lee, Yunho,Ha, Kyoochul,Hyun, Sung Pil 한국지하수토양환경학회 2014 지하수토양환경 Vol.19 No.6

We reviewed literature focusing on the amounts of domestic production, distribution, and consumption of strong acids and their spill cases. In particular, we investigated the chemistry and toxicity of four strong acids classified as "accident preparedness substances," including hydrochloric, nitric, sulfuric, and hydrofluoric acid. We recommend sulfuric and hydrofluoric acid as the chemicals of priority control based on the amounts used and toxicity. An advanced prevention/response system needs to be established along with an improved human and social infrastructure to prevent and efficiently respond to chemical accidents. Understanding the behavior and transport of spilled strong acids in the soil and groundwater environments requires a multi-disciplinary approach since they go through a variety of chemical and biogeochemical reactions with complex geomedia. However, no such research has been done in this area in Korea to the best of our knowledge. We expect the results of this study to contribute as basic data to future research.

Effect of organic acids in dilute HF solutions on removal of metal contaminants on silicon wafer

Lee, Dong-Hwan,Kim, Hyun-Tae,Jang, Sung-Hae,Yi, Jae-Hwan,Choi, Eun-Suck,Park, Jin-Goo Elsevier 2018 MICROELECTRONIC ENGINEERING Vol.198 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>With continued advances in semiconductor devices below 10 nm, the required specification for ultraclean wafer surfaces (i.e., achieving metal contamination <1 × 10<SUP>9</SUP> atoms/cm<SUP>2</SUP> on the final substrate surface) becomes very challenging. During the cleaning process, Cu contamination occurs by drawing electrons from silicon atoms according to their reduction potential difference, whereas Al forms a hydroxide or oxide upon reaction with H<SUB>2</SUB>O. In this paper, the effect of chelating agents on the removal of Cu and Al metals from Si surfaces was investigated in DHF (Dilute hydrofluoric acid) solutions. In solutions with a higher concentration of chelating agent (8 mM), the Cu removal efficiency in DHF/oxalic acid was higher than that in DHF/citric acid. In this case, oxalic acid was more ionized than citric acid at lower pH, which led to the observed results. In lower concentration (6 mM), DHF/citric acid exhibited higher Cu removal efficiency. This occurs because citric acid has more carboxylate groups than oxalic acid. In contrast to Cu, which reacted only with the chelating agents, the Al removal efficiency was >95% in all conditions because it reacted with both the chelating agents and HF.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Copper precipitates on the silicon wafer while aluminum grows with the silicon oxide simultaneously </LI> <LI> Citric acid and oxalic acid in HF solution do not affect the surface roughness and etch rate of silicon wafer </LI> <LI> At higher concentrations, OA shows higher metal removal efficiency than CA as dissociation of CA decreases with decreasing pH </LI> <LI> Al shows much higher removal efficiency than copper as Al removal can be helped by chelating agents and HF both. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

불화수소 음독 후 발생한 심근염 1례

김선휴 ( Sun Hyu Kim ),김현 ( Hyun Kim ),지호진 ( Ho Jin Ji ),장용수 ( Yong Soo Jang ),오성범 ( Sung Bum Oh ),이강현 ( Kang Hyun Lee ),황성오 ( Sung Oh Hwang ) 대한임상독성학회 2004 대한임상독성학회지 Vol.2 No.1

Hydrofluoric acid (HF), one of the strongest inorganic acids, is used mainly for industrial purpose. Hydrofluoric acid injuries has a potential for both systemic as well as severe local tissue destruction. One of the most serious consequences of severe exposure to HF by any route is marked lowering of serum calcium (hypocalcemia) and other metabolic changes, such as hypomagnesemia and which may result in a fatal outcome if not recognized and treated. promptly cardiotoxicity is not well known except arrhythmias, which are a primary cause of death. We report a case of myopericarditis by ingestion of hydrofluoric acid.

불화수소산 음독에 의한 심정지 1례

이재희,정진희,어은경,Lee, Jae-Hee,Jung, Jin-Hee,Eo, Eun-Kyung 대한임상독성학회 2007 대한임상독성학회지 Vol.5 No.2

Hydrofluoric acid is a weak inorganic acid used for etching and as rust removals. Systemic toxicity after oral ingestion induces rapid development of hypocalcemia and hyperkalemia, leading to ventricular fibrillation and finally asystole. We report a case of intentional ingestion of hydrofluoric acid producing an altered mental state at the time of the patient's arrival in the emergency department. The patient died approximately 80 minutes after the exposure with asystol.

불화수소 음독 후 발생한 심금염 1례

김선휴,김 현,지호진,장용수,오성범,이강현,황성오,Kim Sun Hyu,Kim Hyun,Ji Ho Jin,Jang Yong Soo,Oh Sung Bum,Lee Kang Hyun,Hwang Sung Oh 대한임상독성학회 2004 대한임상독성학회지 Vol.2 No.1

Hydrofluoric acid (HF), one of the strongest inorganic acids, is used mainly for industrial purpose. Hydrofluoric acid injuries has a potential for both systemic as well as severe local tissue destruction. One of the most serious consequences of severe exposure to HF by any route is marked lowering of serum calcium (hypocalcemia) and other metabolic changes, such as hypomagnesemia and which may result in a fatal outcome if not recognized and treated. promptly cardiotoxicity is not well known except arrhythmias, which are a primary cause of death. We report a case of myopericarditis by ingestion of hydrofluoric acid.

Effect of zirconia surface treatment using nitric acid-hydrofluoric acid on the shear bond strengths of resin cements

Jin Hyung Cho,Sun Jai Kim,June Sung Shim,Keun-Woo Lee 대한치과보철학회 2017 The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics Vol.9 No.2

PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to compare the surface roughness of zirconia when using Zircos E etching system (ZSAT), applying a nitric acid-hydrofluoric acid compound as a pretreatment agent, and also to compare the shear bonding strength according to different resin cements. MATERIALS AND METHODS. ZSAT, air abrasion, and tribochemical silicacoating were applied on prepared 120 zirconia specimens (10 mm in diameter, 7 mm in height) using CAD/CAM. Each 12 specimens with 4 different resin cements (Panavia F 2.0, Rely X Unicem, Superbond C&B, and Hot bond) were applied to test interfacial bond strength. The statistical analysis was performed using SAS 9.1 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The results are as follows: after application of the ZSAT on the zirconia specimens, surface roughness value after 2-hour etching was higher than those after 1-and 3-hour etching on SEM images. RESULTS. For Superbond C&B and Rely X Unicem, the specimens treated with ZSAT showed higher shear bond strength values than those treated with air abrasion and tribochemical silicacoating system. Regarding the failure mode of interface over cement and zirconia surface, Rely X Unicem and Hot bond showed cohesive failures and Panavia F 2.0 and Superbond C&B showed mixed failures. CONCLUSION. Zircos E etching system in zirconia restoration could increase its shear bond strength. However, its long term success rate and clinical application should be further evaluated.