안전보고 문화가 복행관련 의사소통에 미치는 영향: 조종사 계급에 따라 달라지는 부정적 감정의 매개효과

강윤진,정은경 한국항공경영학회 2023 한국항공경영학회지 Vol.21 No.2

A go-around is an important decision-making strategy adopted by pilots and is essential for flight safety. Both cognition and the effects of the emotions pilots experience are important for short-term decision- making, such as in a go-around. Yet little attention has been paid to this critical process. This study tested a parallel multiple mediation model in which different categories of negative emotions were assessed in terms of their ability to mediate the relationship between safety reporting culture and pilots’ go-around communication to assess possible differences in the impact of negative emotions by pilot rank(captain vs. copilot). We collected self-reported data from 363 pilots for a commercial South Korean airline, using offline training sessions. The results show that safety reporting culture has indirect effects on go-around communication mediated by the negative emotions pilots experience in unstable flight situations. Evidence was also found of emotional differences depending on pilot rank. For captains, the negative emotion of anger mediated the relationship between safety reporting culture and go-around communication, but safety reporting culture had only indirect effects on copilots’ go-around communication, which was mediated only by the negative emotion of anxiety. Theoretical and managerial implications of our findings and future research directions are discussed. 복행은 항공 안전사고와 관련된 주요 의사결정이며 전략임에도 불구하고 복행과 관련된 연구는 제대로 이루어지지 않고 있다. 복행에 대한 의사결정 관련 규칙은 법과 항공 당국의 가이드라인을 따르고 있으나 조종사는 결국 자신의 판단에 기초하여 복행 결정을 하게 된다. 따라서 복행과 같은 조종사의 안전행동에는 조직의 안전문화, 특히 안전보고문화가 중요한 역할을 할 수 있으며, 조직의 안전보고문화는 다양한 방식으로 안전행동에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 안전문화와 복행과 같은 안전행동 간의 관계에서 작용하는 매개변인에 대해서는 주로 인지적 요인들이 제기되어 왔으나 감정의 역할을 다룬 연구는 거의 없는 상황이다. 감정은 불확실성이 높고 위급한 상황에서 의사결정이나 안전행동에 직접적인 영향을 미칠 가능성이 높으며, 하나의 감정이 아니라 다양한 감정이 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 본 연구는 조종실에서 영향을 미칠 수 있는 안전보고문화가 복행관련 의사소통에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지를 알아보고, 이 관계에서 부정적 감정이 매개역할을 하는지를 살펴보고자 하였다. 아울러 조종사의 계급별로 매개역할을 하는 부정적 감정의 유형이 다른지도 알아보고자 하였으며, 이를 위해 병렬다중매개모델을 계급별로 검증하였다(기장과 부기장). 국내 민간 항공사에 속해있는 373명이 연구에 참가하였으며 그 중 불성실한 답변을 한 데이터를 제외한 363명의 데이터가 최종 분석에 사용되었다. 분석 결과, 상관분석에서는 부기장집단에서만 안전보고문화와 바람직한 복행관련 의사소통간의 관계가 유의하였다. 매개분석에서는 안전보고문화가 복행관련 의사소통에 미치는 영향이 부정적 감정에 의해 매개되는 간접효과만 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 안전보고문화는 복행을 해야 할 것 같은 불확실한 상황에서 발생하는 부정적 감정을 약화시켰으며, 이는 다시 바람직한 복행 관련 의사소통을 촉진시키는 것으로 나타났다. 아울러 이러한 부정적 감정의 매개효과는 계급에 따라 다른 것으로 나타났는데, 기장 집단에서는 분노 관련 감정만이, 부기장 집단에서는 두려움 관련 감정만이 매개효과를 갖는 것으로 확인되었다. 상기한 결과를 바탕으로 본 연구의 이론적, 실무적 함의점과 제한점, 향후 연구 방향에 대해 논의하였다.

Explainable Boosting Machine for Predicting Wind Shear-Induced Aircraft Go-around Based on Pilot Reports

Afaq Khattak,Pakwai Chan,Feng Chen,Haorong Peng 대한토목학회 2023 KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering Vol.27 No.10

The go-around is a safety-critical procedure in civil aviation that is rarely executed but is essential to avoid risky landings. Analyzing the factors that trigger go-around events can aid in identifying measures that could lower their frequency. This involves circumstances that could be deemed abnormal and intrinsically harmful. The study employed the Explainable Boosting Machine (EBM), a contemporary transparent model, to predict aircraft go-arounds and interpret different influential factors. The model proposed exhibits comparable accuracy to black-box models. The study utilized pilot reports and applied SMOTE-ENN to address the imbalance problem. The EBM model was trained with treated data in conjunction with Bayesian optimization. The EBM model's performance was evaluated using holdout data and compared to binary logistic regression and decision tree models, as well as black-box models such as adaptive boosting, random forest, and extreme gradient boosting. The EBM model exhibited superior performance compared to other models in terms of precision (83.15%), recall (79.77%), geometric mean (77.29%), and Matthews’s correlation coefficient (0.453). The EBM algorithm enables the comprehensive interpretation of individual and pairwise factor interactions in predicting aircraft go-around outcomes from both global and local perspectives. This facilitates the assessment of the impact of different factors on go-around outcomes.

민간항공 조종사의 Go-around 의사결정에 관한 연구- 조절초점을 중심으로

황효정,김천용,박수애 한국항공운항학회 2009 한국항공운항학회지 Vol.17 No.3

This research examined the influence of status and regulatory focus on go-around decision making. The result showed that there was no difference between captains and first offers on the go-around decision making about various landing situations. But there was significant relationships between regulatory focus and go-around decision making. Prevention focus was positively related with uncertain situation, and runway situation. Promotion focus has positive relationship with deficiency situation but has negartive relationship with runway situation.

민간항공 조종사의 Go-around 의사결정에 관한 연구 -조절초점을 중심으로

황효정 ( Hyoe Jung Hwang ),김천용 ( Chun Yong Kim ),박수애 ( Su Ae Park ) 한국항공운항학회 2009 한국항공운항학회지 Vol.17 No.3

This research examined the influence of status and regulatory focus on go-around decision making. The result showed that there was no difference between captains and first offers on the go-around decision making about various landing situations. But there was significant relationships between regulatory focus and go-around decision making. Prevention focus was positively related with uncertain situation, and runway situation. Promotion focus has positive relationshipwith deficiency situation but has negartive relationshipwith runway situation.

국내 항공기 위치 데이터를 활용한 이착륙 접근 단계에서의 항공 위험상황 탐지를 위한 데이터 전처리 및 머신 러닝 분석 기법

이상호,손일락,정규호,박노삼 아이씨티플랫폼학회 2023 JOURNAL OF PLATFORM TECHNOLOGY Vol.11 No.5

본 논문에서는 2019년 국내 공항을 기준으로 측정된 시계열 항공기 위치 데이터를활용하여 국내 공항에 이착륙 시 접근 단계에서의 항공 위험상황 중 Go-Around 및 UOC_D 를분석하고, 다양한 클러스터링 기반 머신 러닝 기법을 적용하여 국내 항공 데이터에서 가장알맞은 분석 기법이 무엇인지를 실험을 통해 제시한다. 항공기 위치를 측정하기 위한 센서는ADS-B를 단일로 사용하였으며, 클러스터링 기법들 중 K-Means, GMM, DBSCAN 등의 알고리즘을사용하여 이상상황을 분류하기 위한 모델을 설계하였다. 그 중 해외에서는 RF 모델이 가장나은 성능을 보였으나, 국내 항공 데이터에 대해서는 국내 지형에 특화된 부분을 반영한GMM이 가장 높은 분류 성능을 보이는 것으로 실험을 통해 확인하였다. In this paper, we utilize time-series aircraft location data measured based on 2019 domestic airports to analyze Go-Around and UOC_D situations during the approach phase of domestic airports. Various clustering-based machine learning techniques are applied to determine the most appropriate analysis method for domestic aviation data through experimentation. The ADS-B sensor is solely employed to measure aircraft positions. We designed a model using clustering algorithms such as K-Means, GMM, and DBSCAN to classify abnormal situations. Among them, the RF model showed the best performance overseas, but through experiments, it was confirmed that the GMM showed the highest classification performance for domestic aviation data by reflecting the aspects specialized in domestic terrain.

비행 데이터 분석 기반의 불안정 접근 경감방안

김현덕 ( Kim Hyeon Deok ) 한국항행학회 2021 韓國航行學會論文誌 Vol.25 No.1

IATA (International Air Transport Assosiation)의 운송용 항공기 사고 집계에 의하면, 사고 건의 61%가 비행의 접근 및 착륙단계에서 발생 되었으며, 이중 항공기의 불안정한 접근으로 인한 사고가 16%인 것으로 파악되었다. 이는 조종사의 불안정한 접근 및 수정 조작 미흡에 따른 복행을 시행하지 않고, 무리하게 접근을 지속하여 사고로 이어진 것으로 식별되었다. 불안정 접근의 원인으로는 공항의 접근 절차, 조종사의 실수, 잘못된 계획, 업무 부하 (workload), ATC (Air Traffic Control) 혼잡 등 다양하게 있을 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 비행 데이터 분석 시스템을 활용하여, 불안정 접근 이벤트가 반복해서 발생하는 국내의 사례 공항과 기종을 선정하여, 주요 발생 이벤트, 공항 접근 절차, 조종사의 조작 뿐만이 아니라 공항의 기상, 지리적 여건 등 다양한 환경적 요인을 포함한 비행 데이터 분석을 통해 불안정 접근 이벤트의 경향성과 발생 원인 및 위험 요소를 식별하고 제거하여 불안정 접근 이벤트의 경감조치 및 항행 안전 증진 방안 마련의 시사점을 도출하고자 한다. According to the International Air Transport Association (IATA), 61% of the accidents occurred during the approach and landing phase of the flight, with 16% of the accidents caused by unstable access of the commercial aircraft. It was identified that the pilot's unstable approach and poor manipulation of correction led to accidents by continuing the excessive approach without go-around manuever. The causes of unstable access may vary, including airport approach procedures, pilot error, misplanning, workload, ATC (Air Traffic Contol) congestion, etc. In this study, we use the flight data analysis system to select domestic case airports and aircraft type where unstable approach events occur repeatedly. Through flight data analysis, including main events, airport approach procedures, pilot operations, as well as various environmental factors such as weather and geographical conditions at the airport. It aims to identify and eliminate the tendency of unstable approach events and the causes and risks of them to derive implications for mitigating unstable approach events and for developing navigation safety measures.

無何堂 洪柱元의 漢詩 일고찰- 晩年의 詩를 중심으로-

이상우 동양고전학회 2019 東洋古典硏究 Vol.0 No.76

Through the contents of the recollections and the self-reflections which can be captured from the poems of the latter years of the Muhadang Hong, Joo-won, who had been active in the beginning and the middle of the 17th century as a son-in-law of the King Seojo, the purpose of this manuscript is to consider how he has been recognizing his life. Hong, Joo-won had regulated his own life as a life that had been tied down by the country. The emotion of the stuffiness that had come from such a life had been embodied in the poems. Although the poetic agent had been the same, the categories in which this could be embodied could be divided into the many. And, among them, regarding the representative aspects, 'the envy and the sense of shame regarding going around the scenic spots' and 'aiming at the retirement as a desire for breaking from the reality' can be mentioned. Firstly, regarding the poems in which the envy and the sense of shame regarding going around the scenic spots, they had the tendency of being expressed while giving the farewell poems mainly to the acquaintances who had started for the new posts in the provinces. The life of being tied down had been one motivation for the creations. And, in addition, the personal creed that 'a son must have the intention in the four directions' was added. Regarding such a creed, to him, going around the scenic spots had been recognized as an indispensable element and not a selection towards the taste. Also, regarding the point that, in relation to the works of art that belong to this category, there had been a lot of the cases in which the emotions had been directly revealed rather than using a specific rhetoric, including the metaphors and the authentic precedents, I could find out at how deep a concentration they had been internalized in his base consciousness. Secondly, the poems with the contents that show the aim at the retirement as a desire regarding the breaking from the reality had spoken of the mind in the form of a self-portrait that mainly speaks to himself. Regarding such a form of the self-portrait, it had the meaning with regard to the point that it had the point of the distinction from the poems by the general, literary persons that aim at the retirement. Regarding the general aim at the retirement, most of them are the things that have been according to the external environment which cannot be controlled by oneself, including hwejaebulwu, munjaebulyong, etc. However, there had been a glimmer of hope that it can change to whatever the extent in case the political situation changes. This, mainly, materializes the poetic embodiment with a lamentation regarding mistakenly meeting the time, a desire for a relaunch, etc. And such an embodiment had been revealed in the form of complaining about the external environment which had caused his own problematic situation. In contrast, regarding Hong, Joo-won, the method of the expression had appeared in the form of a monologue and not a complaint. The form of the monologue that recollects while looking back at his own life in the past and the pledge to himself while having the focus on the future are them. With regard to the content aspect, the lamentation regarding not being able to achieve it although a plan for the retirement had been continuously established in the past had come first. The emotion of the lamentation had mainly been expressed as 'being vain'.

사고영향평가를 이용한 지하 매설 배관 사고 시 긴급차단밸브에 의한 피해 범위 감소에 관한 연구

박상배,이창준 한국가스학회 2019 한국가스학회지 Vol.23 No.2

A large number of underground pipelines in the Ulsan National Industrial Complex has been constructed to improve the productivity of chemical products and tackle transportation problems. Now, the total of 1,293km of underground pipelines around 62 companies has been installed and operated. Many of underground pipelines have been installed outside of factories. For a past three years, five gas leakage accidents have occurred and the emergency response took up to 8 hours or more. Due to these delay in accidents, second serious accidents might occur and lead to occur damages to adjacent residents. In this study, it is assumed that emergency valve systems are installed under a ground and the efficacy of these is verified. Consequence analysis program was employed to evaluate the mitigation impact of emergency valve systems. The results show that these valve systems are economical and their performances for a mitigation are excellent. The results indicate that the installation of emergency valve systems for underground pipelines should be urgently legislated and performed. 현재 울산국가산업단지에는 생산량의 증대와 이송의 편의를 위해 막대한 규모의 지하매설배관이 설치되어 있다. 현재 울산국가산업단지에는 62개 사에 총 1,293km의 지하배관이 설치되어 있으며, 이 중에서 상당수는 사업장외부에 설치되어 있다. 최근 3년간 울산국가산업단지에서는 5건의 누출사고가 발생하였으며, 대응시간은 평균 8 시간 이상 걸렸다. 이러한 사고대응의 지체는 심각한 2차 사고로 이어질 수 있으며, 이는 지역주민들에게 큰 위험을줄 수도 있다. 본 연구에서는 지하매설배관에 긴급차단장치를 설치하는 경우 사고영향평가를 통해 얼마나 누출사고의 영향이 경감되는지 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해 긴급차단장치 설치가 지하매설배관의 누출사고의 피해를 줄이는 데 큰 역할을 할 수 있음을 검증하였다. 향후, 지하매설배관의 안전성 향상을 위해 시급히 긴급차단장치의 설치를 입법화하고 실행되어야 할 것이다.

윤달 ‘세절밟기’의 민속적 전개와 제의적 특성

구미래(Koo Mee-Rae) 실천민속학회 2007 실천민속학연구 Vol.10 No.-

전통적으로 윤달을 '길한 달'로 여겨왔지만, 일상에서 벗어난 시간이라는 신비적·주술적 특성으로 인해 윤달에 대한 생각 및 이를 반영한 윤달민속은 복합적 성격을 지니고 있다. 곧 윤달이 지닌 비일상성이 길(吉)이 되기도 하고 흉(凶)이 되기도 하여, 중요한 일상사를 하거나 하지 않음으로써 상반된 양상을 드러내고 있다. 또한 윤달을 맞아 실생활과 무관한 민속의 생성을 통해 길흉관념을 드러내는 유형이 있는데, 이는 불교의 초월적 존재를 향한 일련의 기복행위 및 윤달에 횡행하는 잡귀를 막기 위한 벽사행위로 집약된다. 이때 불교의 기복행위를 제외하면 나머지 유형의 민속은 모두 부정적 성격을 지닌 초월적 존재로 설정되어, 부재함으로써 길한 달이 되거나 실재함으로써 흉한 달이 되는 경우이다. 이러한 윤달에 행하는 세절밟기는 대중교통이 발달한 1970년대 이후, 사찰에서 주관하는 성지순례의 일환으로 시작된 것이라 보는 것이 통설이다. 그러나 의례의 주요요소들을 중심으로 기존민속과 밀접한 연계성을 지니고 있어, 삼사순례의 생성배경을 유추함에 있어 이전 시기부터 새로운 민속으로 생성되었을 가능성을 무시할 수 없다. 곧 '인간을 감시·심판할 신이 없다→저승문이 열린다→극락을 갈 수 있다'는 일련의 윤달담론을 기반으로, 윤달에 성을 3회 밟음으로써 극락왕생한다는 '성밟기'가 '탑돌이'와 결합된 양상을 드러내고 있기 때문이다. 순례가 일반화되어가던 시절에 절내행사인 '탑돌이'와 절밖행사인 '성밟기'가 전통적으로 의미화된 '3'회의 수, 돌면서(밟으면서) 밟는(도는) 민속놀이적 유형을 공유하면서 결합된 양상이 세절밟기라는 명칭과 의례행위, 의례목적 등의 개연성 등을 통해 살펴볼 수 있다. 아울러 한 달이라는 기간 중에 자율적이고 개별적으로 행하는 세절밟기이지만, 다양한 차원의 내적규범이 존재함으로써 세절밟기의 제의적 구속성을 형성해내고 있다. 곧 '1일완결'이라는 시간구속성, '삼도삼절(三道三寺)'을 중시하는 공간구속성, '내세기복'의 의미 중시 등이 그것이다. 따라서 세절밟기는 행하는 주체에 따라 나들이·놀이적 성격을 강하게 띤 자유방임형에서부터, 윤달담론에 충실한 규범준수형에 이르기까지 다양한 유형으로 행해지고 있다. A leap month was traditionally considered as 'an auspicious month', but the concept and ethnic customs are complex due to its mysterious, occult characteristics of time overcoming everyday life. That is, the non-ordinary leap month can be propitious or portentous, revealing its mixed aspect by doing or not doing an important everyday life affair. Also, in the leap month, there is a type that reveals the concept on good or ill luck through the formation of ethnic customs that do not concern actual life. This is integrated to be a series of prayers for good fortune toward a superior being of Buddhism and an act of driving away evil spirits for repulsing demons. When the act of praying of Buddhism is excluded, other types of ethnic customs are set as superior beings with negative characteristics and the month becomes propitious in absence, but portentous in existence. This 'Stepping on three temples(三寺巡禮)' which was done in the leap month, is commonly known to have started after the 1970's when public transportation developed as a part of a pilgrimage supervised by the temple. However, since it was closely connected to existing ethnics centered on main factors of the ceremony, the possibility of it becoming a new custom from the past cannot be neglected when analogizing its unfolding background. Based on the leap month discussion on the series of 'There is no god to watch human-The door to the afterworld is open-One is able to enter heaven', 'stepping on the castle(踏城)' which enables one to easily pass into eternity by stamping on it three times in the leap month shows an aspect combined with 'going around the tower'. 'Going around the tower' as a ceremony held inside the temple and 'Stepping on the castle(踏城)' which was held outside show a combination of the number '3' being given a meaning traditionally and the form of folk play done by stepping and turning. Although 'Stepping on three temples(三寺巡禮)' is performed individually and by self-control during one month's period, inner standards of various levels exist to form the ritual restrictiveness of 'Stepping on three temples(三寺巡禮)'. This includes time restrictiveness of 'one-day completion', spatial restrictiveness that emphasizes 'three provinces and three temples(三道三寺)', and serious consideration of praying for good fortune in future existence. Therefore, 'Stepping on three temples(三寺巡禮)' is done in various types from non-interference with strong outing, entertaining characteristics, to standard-observing that is faithful to discussions on the leap month.

“공자적위(孔子適衛)”의 본말과 그 행정(行程)의 재구성

임태승 ( Lim Tae-seung ) 성균관대학교 대동문화연구원 2017 大東文化硏究 Vol.100 No.-

周遊의 行程은 당시의 사회·정치·역사 등의 여러 요인이 조합되어 구성된 것이다. 그러므로 孔子의 行程을 재구성하는 데는 직접적으로는 그의 정치 역정, 나아가서는 그가 추구했던 이념이나 교육사상 등을 이해하고 추론함에 매우 중요한 기초자료적 의미가 있다. 孔子는 周遊列國하는 동안 부단히 군주 및 권력자들을 설득했고, 동시에 현실적 목표를 이루어내기 위해서 현실 권력을 얻고자 했다. 이러한 목표가 衛나라에 머문 기간 내지 전체 周遊 기간 동안 제대로 이루어졌다고는 볼 수 없다. 중요한 것은 孔子시대를 역사로 학습하고 이해하는 후세들에게, 무수히 겪고 마주치거나 혹은 앞으로 다가오는 과제를 대하는 데 있어 마땅한 자세와 적절한 교훈을 제시했다는 철학적 공로는 인정해야 한다는 점이다. The course of the journey around the nations consists of combining various factors, including social, political, and historical events. So, there is a very important basic significance to reconstitute the course of Confucius' journey in order to understand and reason with his political journey, his ideology, and his philosophy of education. Throughout his journey, Confucius constantly persuaded the monarch and ruler, and he tried to gain real power in order to achieve his goal at the same time. This is not to say that such a goal was accomplished during the stay in Wei or during the entire journey. The important thing is that we have to acknowledge his philosophical achievement of giving those who study and understand Confucius' time as a history the right attitude and proper lessons.