불산 누출사고에 따른 지역사회 구성원들의 노출평가

김순신,우극현,윤성용,임현술,김근배,유승도,조용성,이석용,이현수,양원호,Kim, Sunshin,Woo, Kuck-Hyeun,Yoon, Seong-Yong,Lim, Hyun-Sul,Kim, Geun-Bae,Yu, Seung-Do,Cho, Yong-Sung,Lee, Seokyong,Lee, Hyunsu,Yang, Wonho 한국환경보건학회 2015 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.41 No.1

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to propose an indirect exposure assessment method using a questionnaire survey at a time when direct exposure assessment would be impossible after a chemical accident. Methods: About two weeks after an accident, a questionnaire survey was performed with 1,264 persons from the local community. Variables related to exposure were extracted from the survey contents, weighted and then graded for comparison with subjective symptoms in order to evaluate the extent of exposure. Survey items suitable for reflecting the previous exposure level during the accident were extracted, weighted and divided into quartile ranges. Subjective symptoms showed an increasing tendency with higher exposure level when compared with final exposure level (p<0.01). Results: For the relationship between the final exposure grade and subjective symptoms, as the exposure grade was increasing the rates complaining of symptom also showed an increasing tendency. However, when adjusted for demographic characteristics, there was a tendency for the eye irritation symptom to appear higher in women, and respiratory organ irritation appeared higher in smokers. Conclusions: When the problem of recall bias is considered, this study may not have completely unraveled exposure and the characteristics of the participants can affect subjective symptoms. Nevertheless, the exposure rating method of using a questionnaire showed a significant relationship with symptom level. It can be deemed that assessment of past exposure may be successfully evaluated by questionnaire in cases such as chemical accidents.

국내외 소비자 제품 노출평가모델을 이용한 노출량 비교

강소현,임미영,이기영 한국환경보건학회 2024 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.50 No.1

Background: Exposure assessment is an important part of risk assessment for consumer products. Exposure models are used when estimating consumer exposures by considering exposure routes, subjects, and circumstances. These models differ based on their tiers, types, and target populations. Consequently, exposure estimates may vary between models. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the results of different exposure models using identical exposure factors. Methods: Chemical exposure from consumer products was calculated using four consumer exposure assessment models: Targeted Risk Assessment 3.1, Consumer Exposure Model 2.1 (CEM), ConsExpo web 1.1.1, and the Korean Exposure Algorithm (primary and detailed) issued by the Ministry of Environment, No. 972 (MOE). The same exposure factors were used in each model to calculate inhalation and dermal exposures to acetaldehyde, d-limonene, and naphthalene in all-purpose cleaners, leather coating sprays, and sealants. Results: In the results, TRA provided the highest estimate. Generally, MOE (detailed), CEM and ConsExpo showed lower exposures. The inhalation exposure for leather coating spray showed the largest differences between models, with differences reaching up to 1.2×107 times. Since identical inputs were used for the calculations, it is likely that the models significantly influenced the estimated results. Conclusions: Despite using the same exposure factors to calculate dermal and inhalation exposures, the results varied substantially based on the model’s exposure algorithm. Therefore, selecting an exposure model for assessing consumer products should be done with careful consideration.

Affecting Factors of Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Korea: Focused on Different Exposure Locations

Li-Yuan Sun,정해관,이은환,강경진,박재현 대한의학회 2016 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.31 No.9

Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) not only can cause serious illness, but is also an economic and social burden. Contextual and individual factors of non-smoker exposure to SHS depend on location. However, studies focusing on this subject are lacking. In this study, we described and compared the factors related to SHS exposure according to location in Korea. Regarding individual factors related to SHS exposure, a common individual variable model and location-specific variable model was used to evaluate SHS exposure at home/work/public locations based on sex. In common individual variables, such as age, and smoking status showed different relationships with SHS exposure in different locations. Among home-related variables, housing type and family with a single father and unmarried children showed the strongest positive relationships with SHS exposure in both males and females. In the workplace, service and sales workers, bluecollar workers, and manual laborers showed the strongest positive association with SHS exposure in males and females. For multilevel analysis in public places, only SHS exposure in females was positively related with cancer screening rate. Exposure to SHS in public places showed a positive relationship with drinking rate and single-parent family in males and females. The problem of SHS embodies social policies and interactions between individuals and social contextual factors. Policy makers should consider the contextual factors of specific locations and regional and individual context, along with differences between males and females, to develop effective strategies for reducing SHS exposure.

소아 흉부 X-ray 검사 시 Exposure field 조정에 따른 유효선량의 평가

안준오(June-Oh Ahn):정지상(Ji-Sang Jung):김성식(Sung-Sik Kim):안치복(Chi-Bok An),박순규(Sun-Kyu Park),임재식(Jae-Sik Lim) 대한영상의학기술학회 2016 대한영상의학기술학회 논문지 Vol.2016 No.1

목 적 : 소아 흉부 X-ray 검사 시, DR system에서의 적절한 Exposure field 조정을 통해 유효 Exposure Index범위 내의 영상의 유효선량과 각 장기에서의 유효선량 및 cancer risk 확률을 비교함으로써, field size 조정에 따른 유효선량 및 장기 유효선량을 평가하기 위함에 있다. 대상 및 방법 : 본원의 디지털 진단용 엑스선 촬영장치인 Discovery XR656(GE Healthcare, Korea)을 사용하여, 소아 흉부팬텀을 이용한 Chest AP검사를 수행하였다. IEC 61257-1에서 권고하는 General Digital Radiography의 선질 RQA3 조건에 맞춰 SID는 110cm, 노출조건은 관전압 50kVp로 고정하고, mAs range는 위의 장비에서 적용할 수 있는 범위 안에서 0.5,0.63,0.8,1.0,1.25,1.6,2.0,2.5,3.2mAs으로 변화를 주며 exposure하였다. 위의 조건에 따라, Exposure field size를 20cmx20cm, 30cmx30cm, 40x40cm, 총 3그룹으로 분류하였다. 각 조건에서 총 243번의 exposure를 한 뒤, 이의 평균값을 구하였다. 또한 획득 된 영상들을 Exposure Index를 기준으로 세 그룹으로 분류하고, 이 중에서 유효 Exposure Index범위 내의 영상들만을 분류하여 DAP를 계산하고 a PC-Based Monte Carlo Program 2.0(PCXMC)를 사용, 유효선량을 도출하였다. 위에서 얻은 유효선량을 기준으로 DR system에서 소아 Chest AP(PED)검사 시, Exposure field size에 따른 유효선량 경향을 분석하였다. 또한 각 조건에서 선량계로 측정한 실측 선량 값을 측정하여 Phantom에서 흡수한 실제 선량 값을 비교하였다. 더불어, PCXMC2.0을 사용하여 각 장기에서의 유효선량과 cancer risk 확률도 계산하였다. 결 과 : 적정 노출 군(DI: -3.0이상, 2.0이하)에 포함된 영상 중에서 동일한 mAs를 기준으로 Field size가 증가할 때의 유효선량은 field size가 늘어남에 따라 유효선량도 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 반면 선량계를 통해 측정한 phantom에서의 실측 선량 값에서는 큰 변화가 없었다. 또한 PCXMC2.0을 이용한 각 장기에서의 유효선량 및 cancer risk 확률은 증가하는 경항을 보였다. 결 론 : 각 조건으로부터 획득된 영상의 Exposure Index 값을 기준으로 분류한 영상들의 결과 값을 통해 소아 Chest AP(PED)검사 시, 의료 방사선 종사자의 적절한 Field size 조정을 통해 소아 환자의 피폭 저감화 및 방사선 방어에 일조할 수 있다고 사료된다. Purpose : Pediatric chest radiography, DR system at the effective dose of the proper image within the range Exposure Index Exposure field through the appropriate adjustments by comparing the effective dose and cancer risk probability in each organ, It is in order to assess the effective dose and organ dose of the active field size adjustment. Materials and Methods : Using the present system of digital diagnostic X-rays taken of Discovery XR656 (GE Healthcare, Korea), Chest AP tests were performed using a pediatric chest phantom. SID is 110cm, exposure conditions and secure it with the tube voltage 50kVp, mAs range gives exposure to changes in 0.5,0.63,0.8,1.0,1.25,1.6,2.0,2.5,3.2mAs was within the range that can be applied to the above equipment. Depending on the conditions above, Exposure field size of 20cmx20cm, 30cmx30cm, 40x40cm, were divided into three groups. After a total of 243 times in each exposure condition, its average value was determined. Classified into three groups of the acquired image relative to the Exposure Index, and classifies the image only in the effective Exposure Index range from this calculate the DAP to use a PC-Based Monte Carlo Program 2.0 (PCXMC), derived the effective dose. Based on the effective dose obtained above test, were analyzed according to the effective dose trend Exposure field size. In addition, by measuring dose actually measured value measured by a dosimeter in each condition the actual dose value was measured by absorption at Phantom. In addition, by using the calculated PCXMC2.0 the effective dose and the probability of cancer risk from each organ. Result : Among the images included in the appropriate exposure group relative to the same mAs effective dose to increase the Field size tended to increase the effective dose is increased. On the other hand, the actually measured value of the dose measured by the dosimeter in phantom unchanged. Effective dose and cancer risk probability in each organ using PCXMC2.0 also showed a tendency to increase. Conclusion : Through the results of the classification based on the DI value of the images obtained from each condition, through the appropriate Field size adjustment of medical radiation workers, it is thought that exposure can contribute to the reduction of Radiation Protection and pediatric patients.

소비 생활용품의 노출계수 조사 방법의 고찰

박지영,이기영,신호상,양원호,Park, Ji Young,Lee, Kiyoung,Shin, Ho-Sang,Yang, Wonho 한국환경보건학회 2013 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.39 No.6

Background: Exposure factors for consumer products have been developed since the 1980s. Such exposure factors are important in risk assessment. Since the exposure/use patterns of consumer products in a country may reflect its respective cultural, meteorological, and socio-economic circumstances, unique Korean exposure factors for consumer products are needed. Such exposure factors are required for newly-enacted chemical regulations in Korea. For this review, published papers and survey reports on exposure factors of consumer products were examined for their assessment methodologies. Results: Investigation into exposure factors for consumer products used a variety of methods: home visit, online, telephone, and mail surveys using questionnaires; face to face interviews; modeling using a constructed database; and direct measurement. To collect more accurate exposure information or to check the reliability of the sampling method, some studies were repeated using the same questionnaire, in-home observation, direct measurement of usage, and videotaping. In Korea, nationwide exposure surveys were conducted five times over five years to obtain Korean exposure factors. However, with the exception of the $5^{th}$-year study, the surveys were online questionnaires and only the $5^{th}$-year study validated the accuracy of exposure information by re-visits and direct measurement. Conclusion: Accurate exposure factors are an essential part of risk assessment to assure safe use of consumer products. For better and safer management of consumer products, accurate exposure factors in Korea should be assessed for various exposure pathways.

직업적 노출에 의한 스티븐스-존슨 증후군에서 트리클로로에틸렌의 노출수준 : 3예의 사례와 문헌고찰을 중심으로

이선웅,김은아,김대성,고동희,강성규,김병규,김민기 大韓産業醫學會 2008 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.20 No.2

배경: TCE는 심각한 전산적 피부염과 관련 있는 것으로 몇몇 사례들을 통해서 보고되어 왔으나,기존의 사례 보고들에서 노출평가가 수행된 사례는 드물었고 추정되는 노출량 역시 매우 다양하였다. 본 연구에서는 TCE 노출에 의한 것으로 판단되는 스티븐스-존슨 증후군 3예를 확인하고 각 사례들에 대한 작업재연을 통해 노출수준을 추정하였으며,이를 통해 TCE의 직업적 노출수준과 스티븐스-존슨 증후군을 포함하는 전신적 박탈성 피부염 발생의 관계를 이해하고자 하였다. 증례: 사례 1은 24세 필리핀인 여자로 TCE를 이용한 탈지작업을 시작한 35일 후 발진을 포함한 피부증상이 발생하였고 증상이 진행되면서 간기능 이상이 발견되었다. 환자는 스티븐스 존슨 증후군과 독성간염으로 진단되었고 증상발생 39일 간부전으로 사망하였다. 증상발생 전 약물 복용력은 없었고 바이러스 감염 등의 비직업적 원인은 찾을 수 없었으며,작업재연을 통한 TCE의 개인 노출수준 은 TWA 21.9 ppm과 32.3 ppm이었다. 사례 2는 47세 한국인 남자로 TCE를 이용한 탈지 작업을 시작한 20일 후 발진을 포함한 피부증상이 발생하였고 증상이 진행되면서 간기능 이상이 발견되었다. 환자는 중독성 표피괴사증 또는 스티븐스 -존슨 증후군, 전격성간염 및 동반된 패혈증으로 진단되었고 증상발생 42일 간부전 및 패혈증으로 사망하였다. 증상발생 전 약물복용력은 없었고 바이러스 감염 등의 비직업적 원인은 찾을 수 없었으며,작업재연을 통한 TCE의 개인 노출수준은 TWA 30.1 ppm이었으며 세척조 주위의 지역시료는 TWA 116.5 ppm∼229. 7 ppm 이었다. 사례 3은 22세 베트남인 여자로 TCE를 이용한 탐지작업을 시작한 30일 후 발전을 포함한 피부증상이 발생하였고 증상이 진행되면서 간기능 이상이 발견되었다. 환자는 스티븐스-존슨 증후군 및 동반된 독성간염으로 진단되었고 증상발생 37일 증세 호전되어 퇴원하였다. 증상발생전 약물복용력은 없었고 바이러스 감염 등의 비직업적 원인은 찾을 수 없었으며,작업재연을 통한 TCE의 개인 노출수준은 TWA 107.2 ppm이었다. 고찰: TCE에 노출된 일부의 사람들에서 노출 후 2주에서 5주 사이에 심각한 급성 간염이 동반되는 스티븐스­존슨 증후군이 발생할 수 있음을 확인 하였고,이번의 연구결과와 기존의 연구를 종합 할 때 TCE에 대한 감수성이 있는 사람의 상당수는 노출기준 이상의 고 노출에 노 출 후 스티븐스- 존슨 증후군이 발생함을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서. TCE에 대한 고 노출을 막기 위해 TCE 세척작업에 대한 작업환경 확인과 개선이 우선적으로 필요하며,동시에 노출 후 증상발생기간의 일관성과 노출기준 이하의 저 노출에서의 감작 가능성을 배제할 수 없음을 고려하여,작업시작 후 1개월경의 특수건강검진 역시 고려되어야 할 것으로 판단된다. Back ground: Trichloroethylene (TCE) has been reported to be related to severe generalized exfoliative dermatitis frequently accompanied by toxic hepatitis. The measurements of environmental exposure were limited in the previous case reports and the reported exposure values were also diverse. We reviewed three cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with TCE. The work environment was measured by the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA) after the cases occurred. From the study results, we intended to clarify the relationship between TCE exposure level and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Case report: Case 1. A 24-year-o1d Filipino female worker developed a skin rash 35 days after starting to use TCE for degreasing. The skin rash developed into a bullous eruption and the liver function findings were abnormal. She was diagnosed with Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic hepatitis. She died of hepatic failure 39 days after the onset of the first symptom. She had no previous history of taking medicine or viral infection. The work environment measured 22.0 to 32.3 ppm (Personal exposure level) with TWA. Case 2. A 47-year-o1d Korean male worker developed a skin rash, 20 days after starting to use TCE for degreasing. The skin rash developed into a bullous eruption and the liver function findings were abnormal. He was diagnosed with Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic hepatitis and sepsis. He died of hepatic failure and sepsis 42 days after the onset ofthe first symptom. He had no previous history of taking medicine or viral infection. The work environment measured 30.1 ppm (Personal exposure level) and 116.5∼229.7 ppm (area exposure level close to the degreasing rnachine) with TWA. Case 3. A 22-year-old Vietnamese female worker developed a skin rash 30 days after starting to use TCE for degreasing. The skin rash developed into a bullous eruption and the liver function findings were abnormal. She was diagnosed with Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic hepatitis. Her symptoms improved and she was discharged 37 days after the onset of the first symptom. She had no previous history of taking medicine or viral infection. The work environment measured 107.2 ppm (Personal exposure level) with TWA. Discussion: These three case reports and the previously reported cases indicated that the majority of people susceptible to TCE develops Stevens-Johnson syndrome after high-level TCE exposure (above the TWA occupational exposure limit of 50 ppm). Therefore, work environmental survey and improvements to the TCE degreasing process are essential to prevent high exposure. Furthermore, considering the consistency of the latency period in symptoms and the possibility of sensitization in low-level exposure, we recommend that the first specific health examination also should be conducted 1 month after workers have commenced working.

Exposure and Risk Assessment of Insecticide Methomyl for Applicator during Treatment on Apple Orchard

Kim, Eun-Hye,Moon, Joon-Kwan,Choi, Hoon,Hong, Su-Myoung,Lee, Dong-Hyuk,Lee, Hyo-Min,Kim, Jeong-Han The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemisty 2012 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.55 No.1

Exposure and risk assessments were conducted to evaluate safety of speed spayer (SS) and power sprayer (PS) used for treatment of insecticide methomyl in apple orchard on the operator. Dermal patches, gloves, socks, and masks were used to monitor the potential dermal exposure, and personal air monitor with XAD-2 resins was used to evaluate the potential inhalation exposure. Validation of methods for limit of detection, limit of quantitation, recovery, reproducibility, linearity of calibration, trapping efficiency, and breakthrough tests were performed to obtain reasonable results for quantitative exposure study of methomyl. During application of methomyl, PS resulted in more dermal exposure than SS. Important contaminated parts of body were upper arms, thigh, chest, shin, hand, forearm, and head for both SS and PS. Exposure rate was 44-176 mL/h. Although the level of inhalation exposure was very low during application, relatively higher level was observed for PS than for SS. During mixing/loading, more dermal exposure occurred by SS than that of PS probably due to drift of wettable powder (WP) formulation. Exposure was mostly observed on hand, and 99.9% of hand exposure to soluble liquid formulation (215 mg) in PS was from spill of liquid formulation on gloves. However, the body exposure ratio to total mixing/loading amount and inhalation exposure during mixing/loading was very low. Margin of safety in risk assessment was much larger than 1 in all cases, indicating low risk.

과수 농민의 Chlorpyrifos 노출에 관한 연구

강태선(Tae Sun Kang),백남원(Nam Won Paik) 한국환경보건학회 1999 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.25 No.4

Exposure routes and application methods are known to be two important factors deciding degree of pesticide intoxication. Mixer-loader-applicators working at orchard farms in Kyunggi-Province iof Korea were investigated to evaluate level of exposure through respiratory or dermal route to chlorpyrifos, a representative organophosphate pesticide used in apple orchards. The level of respiratory or skin exposure was assessed using a personal air sampler or skin patch, respectively, and compared with amount of the pesticide dispersed into the ambient air nearby. Pesticide mixing works resulted in significantly higher(GM=18.1㎍/㎥, range 4.3-43.6) respiratory exposure levels than application procedures. Compared with the application by hand-held(GM=4.6㎍/㎥, range 0.4-38.2), vehicle mounted sprayer demonstrated producing relatively higher(GM=8.4㎍/㎥, range 1.9-37.6) respiratory exposure levels without statistical significance. The pesticide levels in the air were lower than the time-weighted average exposure standard. Geometric mean of total potential dermal exposure dose, which excludes exposure to hands, was 158.9 mg/hr with 74.4-273.2 range during the hand-held application, which is significantly exceeding the exposure level obtained from the vehicle mounted sprayer(GM=26.7 mg/hr, range 11.7-68.7). Whereas, the vehicle mounted sprayer brought more even distribution of the pesticide throughout the body than the hand-held. When the total potential dermal exposure doses are converted into the actual doses, all the dermal exposure levels exceed a potential health hazard guideline(210 mg/hr). The guideline was calculated considering Reference Dose by the United Stated Environmental Protection Agency and proportion of absorption through skin after pesticide´s dermal contact. overall, this study is the first report of chlorpyrifos exposure assessment associated with exposure route and application or preparation procedure, and indicated the dermal absorption as the most potential route of exposure.

Affecting Factors of Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Korea: Focused on Different Exposure Locations

Sun, Li-Yuan,Cheong, Hae-Kwan,Lee, Eun-Whan,Kang, Kyeong-Jin,Park, Jae-Hyun The Korean Academy of Medical Sciences 2016 JOURNAL OF KOREAN MEDICAL SCIENCE Vol.31 No.9

<P>Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) not only can cause serious illness, but is also an economic and social burden. Contextual and individual factors of non-smoker exposure to SHS depend on location. However, studies focusing on this subject are lacking. In this study, we described and compared the factors related to SHS exposure according to location in Korea. Regarding individual factors related to SHS exposure, a common individual variable model and location-specific variable model was used to evaluate SHS exposure at home/work/public locations based on sex. In common individual variables, such as age, and smoking status showed different relationships with SHS exposure in different locations. Among home-related variables, housing type and family with a single father and unmarried children showed the strongest positive relationships with SHS exposure in both males and females. In the workplace, service and sales workers, blue-collar workers, and manual laborers showed the strongest positive association with SHS exposure in males and females. For multilevel analysis in public places, only SHS exposure in females was positively related with cancer screening rate. Exposure to SHS in public places showed a positive relationship with drinking rate and single-parent family in males and females. The problem of SHS embodies social policies and interactions between individuals and social contextual factors. Policy makers should consider the contextual factors of specific locations and regional and individual context, along with differences between males and females, to develop effective strategies for reducing SHS exposure.</P>

Multigenerational effects of gold nanoparticles in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>: Continuous versus intermittent exposures

Moon, Jongmin,Kwak, Jin Il,Kim, Shin Woong,An, Youn-Joo Elsevier 2017 Environmental pollution Vol.220 No.1

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Nanomaterials can become disseminated directly or indirectly into the soil ecosystem through various exposure routes. Thus, it is important to study various deposition routes of nanomaterials into the soil, as well as their toxicities. Here, we investigated the multigenerational effects of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on <I>C. elegans</I> after continuous or intermittent food intake. Following continuous exposure, significant differences were observed in the reproduction rate of <I>C. elegans</I> in the F2–F4 generations, which were associated with reproductive system abnormalities. However, following intermittent AuNP exposure in P0 and F3, reproductive system abnormalities and inhibited reproduction rates were observed in F2 and F3. While continuous AuNP exposure impaired reproduction from F2 to F4, intermittent exposure caused more pronounced effects on F3 worms, which may have resulted from damage during the convalescence period up through F2. These data showed the occurrence of multigenerational effects following different exposure patterns, exposure levels, and recovery periods. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that multigenerational nano-toxicity is caused by different exposure patterns and provides insights into the unpredictable exposure scenarios of AuNPs and their adverse effects.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Nanomaterials are exposed to ecosystems with various unpredictable patterns. </LI> <LI> Permanent reproduction defects occur following continuous nanomaterial exposure. </LI> <LI> Immediate recovery occurred after a single generation of intermittent exposure. </LI> <LI> The strongest defects were found at F3, after gaps in AuNP exposure in F1 and F2. </LI> <LI> The effects of exposure could be an important factor in evaluating nano-toxicity. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>