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지리적, 언어적, 문화적 배경으로 읽는 열왕기하 2:23-24
임미영 (재)대한성서공회 성경원문연구소 2019 성경원문연구 Vol.0 No.45
Even if critics see the same scene in a drama, they often give different reviews and interpretations. This is because they have different impressions depending on their own social environment, educational background, and emotional responses. Only when critics try to understand the background and intention of the director(writer) who wrote the drama and the director who directed it, can they grasp the true meaning of a scene. When it comes to the scene of 2 Kings 2:23-24, biblical scholars also need to return to its background and intent. When we understand the geographical, linguistic, and cultural background of its era, we can forget about the wacky and fiery Bald Elisha, who has cursed little children. After Elijah’s ascension, Elisha wearing his master’s coat (’āderet) went up to Bethel where there were religious troubles. He would have met the sons of the prophets in Bethel as he had met them in Jericho. But he could not even enter Bethel because he was blocked by ‘nearim ktanim (nĕ‘ārîm qĕtanîm)’ on the way there. The exact meaning of this phrase requires clarification. First, there are various examples of ‘nearim’ in the Bible. The term can refer to young men between the ages of 13 and 25 years. This range of ages means that the ‘nearim’ were at the age of marriage, but they probably had not yet become fathers. The word ‘ktanim’ used to be translated as “little”but this word rather means ‘young’ in this phrase. Thus the ages of ‘nearim ktanim’ must be estimated at around 13-17. They were old enough to be responsible for their own words and actions. They might be immature but they were not childish when they spoke the words “Go up, baldhead (‘alēh qērēaḥ)!” They meant to tease Elisha, the prophet of YHWH. Despite the fact that the priests of Egypt and other nations were bald, Israel had a negative view of baldness. Given that Elisha was 25-30 years old at the time, he was less likely to be bald. Therefore, it was a blasphemy to call Elisha a bald man because they were referring to him as the leader of foreign religion, not as YHWH’s prophet. Elijah, who chastised them went up (‘ālāh, meaning “to go up”) into heaven and did not bother them anymore. The same word ‘alla’ was used against Elisha. They told Elisha to go up, meaning that as Elijah went up and disappeared,“Elisha, you too, go away, get out of here, disappear, and do not bother us.” The act of insulting the prophets of YHWH was to mock YHWH. They were punished based on “Whoever does not listen to my words, to those who speak in my name will be punished by me” (Deu. 18:18-19) and “They will send wild animals among you, and your ways shall be desolate”(Lev 26:22). The result was terrible. Two female bears came and tore them apart. It was not because of their mockery of Elisha’s physical condition that they were punished, but because of their faithlessness in interfering in the ministry of YHWH’s prophet. The rumor about this event in Bethel likely spread throughout Israel and proclaimed that the Lord had started to pass judgment on Israel’s religious problems.
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국내 육성 프리지아 구경 절편체의 역위 치상에 의한 기내 급속대량증식
임미영,강지수,정향영,최윤정,윤재길 한국화훼학회 2015 화훼연구 Vol.23 No.3
Quality reduction due to virus infection often occurs in domestically propagated freesia plants. To produce high quality freesia continuously, virus free corms should be induced, propagated, and distributed massively in a short period. Present study was conducted to determine an efficient protocol for in vitro mass propagation of corms using corm explant of two freesia cultivars bred in Korea, ‘Shiny Gold’ and ‘Gold Rich’. MS medium was used for this experiment as basal medium, and 5.0 mg • L−1 NAA and 5.0 mg • L−1 kinetin were added in the medium, to investigate the effect of plant hormones on the induction of callus or adventitious bud formation. Freesia corms were cut horizontally in 3-4 mm thickness and planted on the media at normal position or inverted position. The explants were placed in dark condition for 5 weeks, then transferred to light condition (60 μmol • m−2 • s−1, 16/8, day/night). At 10 weeks after planting, the explants planted at inverted position showed 2-6 times higher values in adventitious buds occurrence regardless of cultivar or plant hormone. At 19 weeks after planting, the explants of ‘Shiny Gold’ planted at inverted position showed 42.7 shoots per explant in the basal medium and 17.7 shoots in the hormone added medium, demonstrating 2-7 times higher values than those planted at normal position. The explants of ‘Gold Rich’ planted at inverted position showed 55.4 shoots per explant in the basal medium and 61 shoots in the hormone added medium, demonstrating 1.7-2.4 times higher values than those planted at normal position. In conclusion, planting explants from horizontally cut corm at inverted position on medium could be an efficient method for mass propagation of two freesia cultivars bred in Korea. 국내 육성 프리지아(Freesia)가 농가에 보급되고 시간이 지나면서 바이러스에 감염되거나 품질이 저하되는 문제가 발생하고 있다. 고품질을 유지하기 위해서는 생장점 배양을 통해 무병종구를 만들고 기내에서 급속 대량증식하여 농가에 보급하는 일이 시급하다. 본 연구에서는국내에서 육성된 프리지아 ‘Shiny Gold’와 ‘Gold Rich’의자구를 이용하여 효과적인 급속 대량증식 기술을 찾고자실험을 수행하였다. 배지는 MS기본배지에 호르몬을 첨가하지 않은 배지와 5.0mg • L−1 NAA + 5.0mg • L−1 Kinetin 를 넣은 호르몬배지 2종류를 이용하였다. 치상방법은 자구를 횡으로 절단한 절편체를 정상으로 치상(정상치상)한경우와 위아래를 거꾸로 치상(역위치상)하는 2가지 방법을 이용하였다. 치상한 절편체는 23o C의 암배양실에서 5 주간 배양한 후, 광도 60µmol • m−2 s −1 (16/8, 주/야)의 광환경으로 옮겨 주었다. 치상 10주째에 두 품종 모두 역위치상하였을 때, 정상치상에 비해 부정아 발생이 2~6 배 정도 증가하였다. 이러한 결과는 호르몬 유무에 상관없이 비슷한 결과를 보였다. 역위치상하고 19주 후 ‘Shiny Gold’의 신초수는 기본배지에서 절편체당 42.7개로 정상치상에 비해 약 2.5배 증가되었고, 호르몬 첨가배지에서는 17.7개로 정상치상에 비해 약 7.1배 증가되었다. ‘Gold Rich’를 역위치상 하였을 때, 기본배지에서는 신초수가 절편체당 55.4개로 대조구에 비해 약 1.7배 증가되었고, 호르몬 첨가배지에서는 61.0개로 대조구에 비해 약 2.4배증가되었다. 결론적으로 프리지아 자구를 기내에서 급속대량증식 하고자 할 때, 호르몬 유무와 상관없이 자구를횡으로 절단하여 역위치상 하는 방법이 효율적이라는 것을 알 수 있었다.
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