Emotional Intelligence Research Trends and Future Research Directions in Korean Journals

LEE, Seoyeon,MOON, Jaeseung 한국유통과학회 2021 The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business( Vol.12 No.1

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to analyze the characteristics of emotional intelligence and the variables related to emotional intelligence in a comprehensive manner. In addition, the study intends to present research trends and future research directions of emotional intelligence in a Korean context by analyzing the effects of emotional intelligence and its mechanisms. Research Design, Data, and Methodology: 77 KCI listed studies were selected for the analysis, and the research perspective of emotional intelligence, measurement instruments, empirical research and research methods were analyzed. In addition, research directions were suggested based on the analysis results. Results: The results of the analysis were as follows: First, previous researchers used the ability model of emotional intelligence the most. Second, Previous studies tended to focus on behavioral factors as dependent variables affected by emotional intelligence, in addition to attitudes, affection. Third, there were few studies on the antecedents of emotional intelligence, however, most studies dealt with the consequences of emotional intelligence. Fourth, few studies dealt with moderators between emotional intelligence and dependent variables. Fifth, on the research type, most studies were quantitative studies, however, a few of them were qualitative studies (Literature review, in-depth interview). Sixth, with regard to the analysis level, almost all studies were conducted on the individual level of emotional intelligence, and most studies featured a cross-sectional research design (longitudinal research design was rare). Conclusion: First, from the perspective of emotional intelligence, additional research should be focused on not only the ability model of emotional intelligence but also on the trait model or the mixed model in the future. Second, since emotional intelligence is a multidimensional construct, it is necessary to study the profile of emotional intelligence by employing people-centered as well as variable-centered methods. Third, with regard to empirical studies, additional research is needed with respect to not only the emotional intelligence of the subordinate, but also the emotional intelligence of the supervisor (leader) and the emotional intelligence of the group. Fourth, it is necessary to actively utilize not only cross-sectional design but also longitudinal design, and qualitative research and meta-analysis methods should also be adopted.

Effects of Personal Trainers` Emotional Intelligence on Customer Trust and Loyalty

( Soo Hyun Kim ),( Jae Hwa Kim ) 한국체육학회 2016 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.2016 No.1

Purpose: Fitness center industry is rapidly growing in South Korea, as the general public becomes more aware of concepts of ‘wellbeing’ ‘wellness’ and ‘healing’ and more conscious about the benefits of exercise. Especially, a personal trainer plays an important role in contributing to the revenue growth of the fitness center industry by providing personalized custom workout program to help customers reach their health and fitness goals. Thus, effective management of the personal trainer who is the core human resource in fitness centers is critical to increase the company revenue and performance. Recent years, Emotional Intelligence has gained substantial attention in the field of Organizational Behavior and extensive research has been conducted on this topic. Early studies have indicated that emotional intelligence of organizational personnel positively affected customer trust and loyalty. However, little is known regarding how a personal trainer’s emotional intelligence impacts the customer trust and loyalty in the field of physical education. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of emotional intelligence on the customer trust and loyalty in personal trainers. This study provided a framework for the discussion on the subject of emotional intelligence and a useful basis for fitness centers to develop human resource management interventions. Method: Individuals exercising at fitness centers in Seoul, South Korea were set as a study population. Three hundred thirty seven fitness center customers (n=337) was finally selected using a convenience sampling method and surveyed concerning their opinions of emotional intelligence of their personal trainers, customer trust, and loyalty. A questionnaire was developed to measure three constructs (i.e., emotional intelligence, customer trust, and loyalty). The emotional intelligence adapted from Emotional Intelligence Scale (Wong & Law, 2002) consisted of three subconstructs (i.e., others’ emotion appraisal, regulation of emotion, and use of emotion). The customer trust and loyalty modified and adapted from a questionnaire in past studies were used in the present study. Statistical methods for the data analysis were frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, and simple and multiple regressions. All the data were analyzed using PASW Statistics 18. Result: Based on the data analyses, three main results were obtained as follows. First, emotional intelligence had a positive effect on the customer trust. In detail, three subconstructs, others’ emotion appraisal, regulation of emotion, and use of emotion, all positively affected the customer trust. The estimates of relative importance between these subconstructs indicated that the others’ emotion appraisal were most influential, followed by the use of emotion and regulation of emotion. Second, emotional intelligence had a positive effect on the loyalty. In particular, others’ emotion appraisal, regulation of emotion, and use of emotion had positive effects on the loyalty. The relative importance of the subconstructs, ranked in descending order, were others’ emotion appraisal, regulation of emotion, and use of emotion. Third, customer trust had a positive effect on the loyalty. Conclusion: Based on the results, the conclusions and recommendations were drawn as follows. First, the study provided a contribution to building the body of knowledge on the subjects of emotional intelligence of personal trainers to have a better understanding of the relationship of the aforementioned constructs in the field of physical education. Thus, administrative personnel in the fitness center should design and provide an in-service training to enhance emotional intelligence of their personal trainers. Second, the noteworthy point of the study was the finding that subconstruct of others’ emotion appraisal appeared to have the largest impact on improving the customer trust and loyalty. This finding provided useful information for administrative personnel of fitness centers to develop systematic measures to enhance a personal trainer’s ability to understand customer’s emotion and thereby increase overall company revenue and performance. Third, the study employed a quantitative method that might have a limitation in examining causal relationships between variables. For the future research, a mixed method (i.e., quantitative method combined with qualitative methods) is needed to gain better insight to make a contribution to the body of knowledge related to emotional intelligence of personal trainers.

지식기반사회에서 정서지능 이론에 기초한 실과ㆍ교수학습 자료 개발과 그 적용 효과

정진현,양용명 한국실과교육학회 2011 한국실과교육학회지 Vol.24 No.1

This study focus on how the practical arts education should perform for elementary students, in order to participate in the practical arts more positively and elementary students can be improved the abilities of emotional area. The purpose of this study verifies experimentally about that the practical arts instruction based on the emotional intelligence theory effects on creativity, attitude, self-efficacy of the elementary students. For this, this study performed 1)theoretical consideration about emotional intelligence, creativity, attitude, self-efficacy, 2)development about teaching media materials and problem solving teaching-learning lesson plan based on the emotional intelligence theory, 3)verification about improvement effect of emotional intelligence, creativity, attitude, self-efficacy in practical arts. Emotional intelligence program was composed of 17 items which made of "Our life and electricity·electronic' unit and 'supplies making with needle and thread' unit based on the emotional intelligence theory. Results of this study were as follows:1. Elementary students improved the creative thinking through the making activities, promoted the emotional stability through vegetable growing and animal breeding, promoted more the development of emotion ability than recognition ability which be raised the cooperation, problem solving ability, and self-efficacy in practical arts education. 2. Experimental group that be applied for practical arts program based on the emotional intelligence theory improved emotional recognition and emotional control as the subordinate elements of emotional intelligence. 3. Experimental group improved creativity, attitude to practical arts, self-efficacy. Therefor through practical arts program which based on the emotional intelligence theory, elementary students improved emotional intelligence, creativity, attitude to practical arts, and self-efficacy. 본 연구에서는 아동들의 정의적 영역의 능력들이 향상될 수 있고, 좀 더 실과에 능동적으로 참여하도록 하기 위하여 아동들에게 실과교육은 어떠해야 하는지에 초점을 두고, 정서지능의 이론, 실과에서의 창의성, 태도, 자아효능감, 정서지능의 실과 적용 의미에 대한 이론적으로 고찰하고, 정서지능 이론에 기초한 문제해결 교수·학습 지도안과 수업매체 자료를 개발하고, 정서지능 이론에 기초한 실과 문제해결 수업이 아동의 정서지능, 창의성, 태도, 자아효능감 신장에 미치는 효과를 검증하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 정서지능, 태도, 자아효능감에 대해서는 실험집단과 비교집단의 정서지능에 대한 사후검사를 t검증한 결과, 실험집단과 비교집단 간에는 정서지능 총점에서 유의한 차이가 없었으며, 실험집단과 비교집단의 사전·사후검사의 정서지능 점수의 증가폭을 비교해 본 결과 실험집단의 총점 증가폭이 비교집단의 총점 증가폭에 비해 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 창의성에 대해서는 실험집단과 비교집단의 사후검사 점수를 검증한 결과, 실험집단과 비교집단 간의 창의성 총점에서 유의한 차이가 나타났으며, 창의성의 하위요인에서도 유창성 요인과 정교성 요인에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났고, 융통성과 독창성 요인에서도 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 따라서 정서지능 이론에 기초한 문제해결 교수 · 학습 지도안과 수업매체 자료를 개발하여 실과 수업에 적용한 결과, 아동의 정서지능, 창의성, 태도, 자아효능감 신장에 미치는 효과가 부분적으로 있는 것으로 나타났음을 알 수 있다.

이러닝 환경에서 정서지능이 학업성취도에 미치는 영향

이인숙 ( In Sook Lee ) 한국교육정보미디어학회(구 한국교육정보방송학회) 2012 교육정보미디어연구 Vol.18 No.3

정서지능은 개인의 학습과 행동을 결정하는 주요 변인으로 폭넓게 인식되어 다루어지고 있음에도 이러닝 환경에서 정서지능의 역할에 대한 학문적 논의는 미비한 편이다. 본 연구는 학습자의 자기주도적인 역할이 특히 강조되는 이러닝 환경에서 중요성이 높아지고 있는 정서지능이 학업 성취도에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자 하였다. 서울시내 ``ㅅ`` 대학의 학생 30명을 대상으로 단기 이러닝 강좌를 운영하였으며 문용린(1997)의 정서지능 검사, 인지 및 태도 목표의 학업성취도 검사를 실시하였다. 그 결과 정서지능은 이러닝 환경에서 ``감정이입``을 제외하고는 전반적으로 인지영역의 학업성취도를 유의미하게 예측하지 못하였다. 그러나 정서지능이 태도영역의 학업성취도를 전반적으로 유의미하게 예측함과 동시에 특히 ``감정이입``과 ``정서인식`` 하위 정서지능 변인들이 학업성취도를 유의미하게 예측해주고 있었다. 본 연구결과는 특히 ``감정이입``의 학업성취도 예측 가능성을 인지 및 정의 영역 학습에서 공통적으로 확인해주고 있으며 정서지능을 개선하기 위한 지원프로그램의 필요성과 가능성을 제안하고 있다. Emotional intelligence and emotional regulation as one of the sub concepts of emotional intelligence have been considered critical in daily life, learning, and education, since Bar-on (1997), Goleman (1995), and Mayer & Salovey (2000) have introduced their conceptual definitions and measurement scales and tools. And e-Learning as ``maximizing access to and interactions with various knowledge sources`` nowadays has become a norm in educational practices worldwide. Considering emotional intelligence has been dealt with as a critical variable deciding individual learning and behavior, however, there is still little discussion found on the roles of emotional intelligence in e-learning setting. The present study mainly aims to examine if emotional intelligence would be a significant variable in predicting cognitive and attitudinal learning achievement in e-learning context where learners are expected to develop better multi-cultural understanding in Korea. Various positions in defining and measuring emotional intelligence are available. Among them, ability- and trait-emotional intelligence are most commonly accepted differentiations (Petrides & Furnham, 2000, 2001; Mayer, Salovey & Caruso, 2008). The present study was conducted based on ability-emotional intelligence paradigm with a sample of 30 undergraduate students who took an Introductory Educational Methodology and Technology course. Their academic backgrounds were varied. An intensive one week e-learning module, ``Introduction to Multicultural Understudying`` has been delivered for individual learning first followed by group discussions. The individual learning materials include facts, laws and regulations, and case stories/news-clips/videos. The discussion activities were provided after each individual learning chapter cover issues related to discrimination toward immigrant workers and solutions. The level of emotional intelligence was measured with Moon`s 45-item questionnaire including ``perceiving emotions``, ``expressing emotions``, ``empathy``, ``managing emotions``, and ``using emotions``. Attitude toward immigrant workers was collected with an 11-item questionnaire before and after learning. Knowledge about immigrant workers was assessed with test items including laws and regulations, root causes of discrimination, and alternative solutions to resolve discrimination problems. The questionnaires were tested before and after learning. Results of multiple regression analyses revealed that ``ability`` emotional intelligence (R²=.183, p<.05), especially ``empathy`` (R²=.131, p<.05) and ``perceiving emotion`` (R²=.289, p<.00), predict improvement of positive attitude toward different cultures among the undergraduate students. However ``ability`` emotional intelligence did not generally predict improvement of cognitive understanding of different cultures among the undergraduate students except ``empathy`` (R²=0.211, p<.05). The findings of the present study confirm Kang and Koo`s finding suggesting that emotional intelligence is not generally predicting cognitive learning achievement among undergraduate students within individual online learning. However, ``empathy`` could act as a predictor of cognitive learning achievement. Concerning attitude learning, the present result show that emotional intelligence predict its learning achievement, as most of the longitudinal research done in the international community. Another point of concern is that ``empathy`` is probably the best predictor of academic achievement. The present study results implicate that there is a need to support or educate people to develop emotional intelligence competencies in daily life or through learning opportunities in order to achieve more positive effects in academic performances.

감성지능이 소비자 혁신성에 미치는 영향 - 감각추구성향과 인지욕구를 중심으로 -

박유식,채희남 한국기업경영학회 2011 기업경영연구 Vol.18 No.3

New products are the key to developing a company and yielding profit. The importance of developing new products is being magnified in current environment where PLC(product life cycle) is getting short owing to development of technology and competitive launch of new products. From strategic point of view for diffusing new product efficiently, information from markets is all about characteristics of consumer purchasing new products, marketing activities rival firms conduct and targeted market environment. We focus on consumer characteristics which influence on adoption new products. Many studies on consumer characteristics, especially about consumer innovativeness, are being conducted. Consumer innovativeness is the rate of consumer adopting new idea and an innovative consumer not only adopts new products easily but also influences diffusing them through entire market. Success or failure of new products, therefore, depends on how rapidly new products are adopted by consumers. Innovators play an important role in success of new products and consequently studying on these consumer characteristics may contribute success of new product in may ways. As emotion is becoming as important as intellect, emotion is being applied diversely in marketing area. However, there is few studies focused on emotional intelligence among articles on innovative consumer characteristics even though nowadays an importance of emotional marketing which improves a relationship between customers and brands through emotional drive is emphasized. A study on emotion of innovator, therefore, needs to be performed to diffuse new products efficiently. We try to figure out effects on emotional intelligence in consumer innovativeness. Emotional intelligence is an ability of perceiving and expressing emotion accurately, of crating emotion and promoting thinking, of understanding sentiment, and of controling emotion to promote intellectual and emotional development. We consider ‘self emotional appraisal,’ ‘otherʼs emotional appraisal,’‘use of emotion,’ ‘regulation of emotion’ as independent variables. Because cognitional and emotional aspects coexist in consumer’s mind, emotional intelligence has an positive influence on ‘need for cognition’ and ‘sensation seeking tendency.’ In addition, because ‘need for cognition’ acts as an important drive of information processing, we can consider ‘need for cognition’ and ‘sensation seeking tendency as a mediate variable explaining innovativeness. Consumer innovativeness is divided two constructs, technological innovativeness and fashion innovativeness; technological innovativeness presents the degree of adopting functional products such as a car and fashion innovativeness presents the degree of adopting emotional products like apparel. We performed first how ʻneed for cognition, which is innate tendency’ and ʻsensation seeking tendency ʼ influence technological innovativeness and fashion innovativeness, which are domain-specific innovativeness and then how emotional intelligence, which consists of ʻself emotional appraisal,’‘otherʼs emotional appraisal,’ ‘use of emotion,’ ‘regulation of emotion’ have an effect on ʻneed for cognition and sensation seeking tendency.ʼThe results revealed H1 and H2(sensation seeking tendency → fashion innovativeness) and H3 and H4(need for cognition → technological innovativeness) are accepted. H5~H12(emotional intelligence → sensation seeking tendency, need for cognition) are partly accepted. In detail, otherʼs emotional appraisal and use of emotion, which are dimensions of emotional intelligence, had partly effects on sensation seeking tendency and othersʼ emotional appraisal, use of emotion and regulation of emotion,which are dimensions of emotional intelligence, had partly effects on need for cognition positively. As results of this study, we find out ʻemotional intelligenceʼ includes both emotional and intellectual aspects... 오늘날은 이성만큼이나 감성이 중요하게 여겨지고 있는 시대로 마케팅 분야에서도 그 활용범위가 점차 확대되고 있다. 특히 신제품을 효과적으로 확산시키기 위해서는 혁신소비자(innovator)의 감성에대한 연구가 꼭 필요하기 때문에 본 연구에서는 감성지능이 소비자 혁신성(consumer innovativeness)에미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 그래서 감성지능의 하위차원이 소비자의 내재적 성향인 인지욕구와 감각추구성향에 미치는 영향과, 인지욕구와 감각추구성향이 특정 영역에 대한 혁신성인 기술혁신성과 유행혁신성에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 그 결과 감성지능의 하위차원 중에 타인감정이해와 감정활용은 감각추구성향에 감정활용 및 감정조절은 인지욕구에 영향을 미쳤으며, 감각추구성향은 유행혁신성에 인지욕구는 기술혁신성에유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 이 연구결과로 감성지능이 소비자 혁신성에 미치는 영향을 알아볼 수 있으며, 감성지능의 하위차원들이 감각추구성향과 인지욕구에 부분적으로 긍정적인 영향을 미친 것으로 보아 감성지능은감성적인 면과 인지적인 면을 포함한다는 것도 확인 할 수 있었다. 그리고 기술혁신성이 강한 신제품과 유행혁신성이 강한 신제품의 효과적인 확산에 대한 마케팅적 시사점을 제시할 수 있다

통합학급 교사의 정서지능이 교사효능감에 미치는 영향

엄은남,강옥려 서울교육대학교 초등교육연구원 2018 한국초등교육 Vol.29 No.1

The purpose of this study was to present the direction of the qualitative success of inclusive education by examining the effects of emotional intelligence on teacher’s efficacy of inclusive classroom teachers and the difference between the inclusive classroom teachers with high emotional intelligence level and the inclusive classroom teachers with low emotional intelligence. A questionnaire survey concerning emotional intelligence and teacher’s efficacy was conducted on 189 inclusive classroom teachers of the public elementary schools in Seoul for the purpose of this study. Pearson's correlation, Multiple Linear Regression and T-test were conducted with the collected data. The study results showed that first, there was overall significant positive correlation between inclusive classroom teachers’ emotional intelligence and their efficacy; the highest positive correlation between emotional utilization which is a subcategory of emotional intelligence and the personal teacher’s efficacy which is a subcategory of teacher efficacy. Second, the emotional intelligence of the inclusive classroom teachers explained the teacher’s efficacy about 11.0%, the general teacher’s efficacy about 3.8%, and the personal teacher’s efficacy about 18.9% respectively. Especially, empathy which is a subcategory of emotional intelligence has a significant effect on general teacher efficacy which is a subcategory of teacher efficacy. Third, there was a statistically significant difference between the teacher’s efficacy and the personal teacher’s efficacy according to emotional intelligence level (upper and lower) of inclusive classroom teachers. Especially, the higher the level of thinking facilitation of the inclusive classroom teachers, the higher the general teacher’s efficacy. As it has been shown that the inclusive classroom teachers’ emotional intelligence is an important variable that can raise their teacher’s efficacy, these results suggest that various approaches are needed to promote the inclusive classroom teachers’ emotional intelligence. In addition, each subcategory of emotional intelligence can influence on teacher’s efficacy of the inclusive classroom teachers differently, so it is necessary to study the independent view of the subcategories that make up emotional intelligence and the programs that can develop each subcategory separately. 본 연구는 통합학급 교사의 정서지능이 장애학생 교수에 대한 교사효능감에 얼마나 영향을 미치는지, 그리고 통합학급 교사의 정서지능 수준이 높은 집단과 낮은 집단의 교사효능감이 얼마나 차이가있는지를 설문조사를 통해 분석하여 통합교육의 질적 성공을 위한 방향을 제시하는데 그 목적을 두었다. 수집된 자료는 피어슨의 상관분석(Pearson's Correlation Analysis), 다중선형회귀분석(Multiple Linear Regression), t-test 차이분석을 실시하였으며 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 통합학급 교사의 정서지능과 교사효능감은 유의한 정적 상관이 있으며, 정서지능 하위영역 중 정서활용과 교사효능감 하위영역 중 개인적 교사효능감이 가장 높은 정적 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 통합학급 교사의 정서지능은 교사효능감을 약 11.0% 정도 설명하고, 일반적 교사효능감을 약 3.8% 정도, 개인적교사효능감을 약 18.9%정도 설명하는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 통합학급 교사의 정서지능 하위영역 중감정이입은 교사효능감 하위영역인 일반적 교사효능감에 유의한 정적 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 통합학급 교사의 정서지능의 수준의 상하에 따라 교사효능감과 개인적 교사효능감은 통계적으로유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 정서지능 하위영역 중 사고촉진은 그 수준이 높을수록 일반적교사효능감, 개인적 교사효능감 모두 높게 나타났다. 연구 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 통합학급 교사의 정서지능은 장애학생 교수에 대한 교사효능감을 긍정적으로 변화시킬 수 있는 변인으로, 통합학급 교사의정서지능의 다각적인 이해와 연구를 통해 통합학급 교사의 교사효능감 증진을 위한 적극적 방안을 간구해야 할 것이다. 또한 정서지능의 각 하위영역들이 교사효능감에 미치는 영향력이 각각 다르다는 점에서 정서지능을 구성하는 하위영역을 독립적으로 바라보는 시각과 각 영역들을 개별적으로 발달시킬수 있는 프로그램의 연구 또한 이루어질 필요가 있다.

유아의 정서지능이 영성지능에 미치는 영향

김용구(Kim, Yong goo),김희정(Kim, Hee Jung) 한국홀리스틱융합교육학회 2021 홀리스틱융합교육연구 Vol.25 No.3

본 연구는 유아의 정서지능이 영성지능에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여, G광역시 소재 유아교육기관에서 만3-5세 유아를 담당하는 교사 304명을 대상으로 한 설문지를 분석하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 유아의 배경변인에 따른 정서지능과 영성지능의 차이를 살펴본 결과, 유아의 성별에서는 남아보다 여아가, 종교유무에서는 종교를 갖지 않은 유아보다 종교를 가진 유아가 전체 정서지능과 영성지능 모두에서 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 유아의 연령에서는 정서지능은 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았으나, 영성지능에서는 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 둘째, 유아의 정서지능과 영성지능 간의 상관관계가 있는지를 살펴본 결과, 전체 정서지능과 전체 영성지능 간에 높은 정적상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 정서지능과 영성지능의 모든 하위변인들 간에 유의한 정적상관관계가 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 셋째, 유아의 정서지능의 하위변인이 영성지능의 하위변인에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 영성지능의 하위변인에서는 삶의 에너지에 자기정서인식과 타인정서조절이, 타인과 사물과의 관계성 및 긍정적 미래관에는 자기정서조절과 타인정서인식, 타인정서조절이, 통합적 에너지는 정서지능의 모든 하위변인이 영향을 미치는 것으로 밝혀졌다. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of young children’s emotional intelligence on spiritual intelligence. Early childhood teachers aged 3 to 5 from early childhood education institutions located in G City were randomly sampled, and finally 304 teachers was selected. The research results are as follows. First, there was a statistically significant difference between the total score of emotional intelligence and spiritual intelligence in young children s gender and presence or absence religion. Both the emotional and spiritual intelligence were higher in boys than in girls and in children with religion than children without religion. And in the age of young children, spiritual intelligence was a statistically significant difference. Second, there was a statistically significant high positive correlation between the overall emotional intelligence and the overall spiritual intelligence of young children. And there was a statistically significant positive correlation between all sub-variables of emotional intelligence and spiritual intelligence. Second, there was a statistically significant high positive correlation between the overall emotional intelligence and the overall spiritual intelligence of young children. And there was a statistically significant positive correlation between all sub-variables of emotional intelligence and spiritual intelligence. Third, it was found that the sub-factors of emotional intelligence of young children had a significant influence on the sub-factors of spiritual intelligence. In the sub-variables of spiritual intelligence, oneself emotional awareness and another emotional regulation had an influence on life energy, and oneself emotional regulation, another emotional awareness, and another emotional regulation had an influence on the relationship of people and things and positive perspective of future. And Integrative energy was found to influence all sub-variables of emotional intelligence.

초등학생의 정서지능 유형별 학습자 특성 및 심리적 환경과의 관계 분석

정다해,노현종,손원숙 한국여성심리학회 2015 한국심리학회지 여성 Vol.20 No.1

The main purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between home and classroom psychological environment of elementary students and types of their emotional intelligence, and to examine students' characteristics for each emotional intelligence type. The subjects of this study were 394 2nd, 5th and 6th graders(194 boys and 200 girls) who were selected from three elementary schools located in D-City. For the results, four types of elementary students' emotional intelligences were identified: Low emotional intelligence(Type 1) which showed low in all subscales of emotional intelligence; Low emotional which showed only low in emotional expression; Low empathy/low emotional regulation(Type 3) which showed emotional perception and emotional expression above the average but low in empathy and emotional regulation; and High emotional intelligence (Type 4) which showed high in all subscales of emotional intelligence. Secondly, gender and grades were significantly related to types of emotional intelligence. Also, high emotional intelligence showed strong self-regulation efficacy and positive attitude toward class, while low emotional intelligence demonstrated low self-regulation efficacy and bad behavior in class. Thirdly, some psychological environment provided by home and classroom had strong effects on discriminating between four types of emotional intelligence. For example, open communication with parents, parent support, and quality of relationships with siblings had strong effects on differences between high and low emotional intelligence types. In conclusion, necessity of a teaching-learning method customized for elementary students’ emotional intelligence type and learners’ characteristics is discussed.

유아의 감성지능과 창의성의 관련성 연구

최종욱,이영석 미래유아교육학회 2003 미래유아교육학회지 Vol.10 No.4

본 연구는 유아의 감성지능과 창의성의 관련성을 알아보는데 목적을 두고 있다. 이를 위해 만 4세 유아 600명과 만 5세 유아 900명 등 총 1500명을 대상으로 유아 감성지능 검사와 유아 창의성 검사를 실시하였다. 그 결과 감성지능과 창의성은 유의미한 정적 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났으며 연령 및 성별로 알아본 하위 연구에서는 성별의 경우 유의미한 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났으며 연령의 경우에는 만 4세가 만 5세보다 유의미하게 높은 상관관계를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 이 밖에 감성지능의 4개 하위요인과 창의성간의 관련성을 알아본 연구에서는 정서인지 요인이 정서조절 및 정서표현과 같은 기타 하위 요인보다 창의성과 더 밀접한 관련성을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. The purposes of this study were : 1) to investigate the relationship between young children’s emotional intelligence and creativity. 2) to find out gender and age effect on the relationship between emotional intelligence and creativity. 3) to analyze the relationships among four factors of emotional intelligence and creativity. 4) to examine gender and age influence on the relationships of four factors of emotional intelligence with creativity. In this study 600 4-year-old children(312boys, 288girls) and 900 5-year-old children(466 boys, 434 girls) were selected from 15 different educational institutions located in Ulsan and Gwangju. Two instruments were used; Emotional Quotient Inventory for young children(EQI) were employed to test young children’s emotional intelligence. EQI was translated, and modified by Lee, Lee, and Kim(2001) based on Emotional Quotient Inventory(EQI) originally developed by Bar-On and Parker. PRIDE, a parents’ rating scale, developed by Rimm(1976) was used to find out young children’s creativity. The result from this study were as follows : First, a significant correlation was found between young children’s emotional intelligence and creativity. Second, young children’s age was found to be an important intervening variable to the relationship between emotional intelligence and creativity. Statistics showed that correlation between emotional intelligence and creativity among younger children group was higher than the older ones, but gender did not show any significant influence on the correlation between emotional intelligence and creativity. Third, all of the four factors of emotional intelligence were positively related with creativity. Finally, there were no gender and age influence on the relationships of creativity with four factors of emotional intelligence.

감성지능(感性知能)을 통한 동양예술(東洋藝術)의 심미적(審美的) 접근(接近) - 석도화론(石濤畵論)의 ‘자임(資任)’을 중심으로 -

권윤희 ( Kwon Yunhee ),김귀석 ( Kim Kyuseok ) 한국동양예술학회 2018 동양예술 Vol.40 No.-

인공지능이 인간의 이성에 의하여 이루어진 지각능력이라면 감성지능은 인간의 감성에 의한 지각능력이다. 즉, 인공지능과 감성지능은 인간의 이성과 감성에 의한 지각능력임을 알 수 있다. 人工知能은 인간의 마음. 즉 감정이나 감성까지 대체할 수는 없다. 인공지능으로 인한 4차 산업혁명 덕분에 삶의 여유를 통한 인간의 기본적인 욕구의 충족과 아울러 발생된 인간소외 현상이 감성지능의 열풍으로 나타나게 되었다. 4차 산업혁명시대에 인간의 삶과 행복은 감성지능의 발견과 확장에 있다. 감성지능은 기계문명에 빼앗길 수 없는 인간 고유의 영역이다. 감성지능의 연구는 주로 감성지능의 증진·감성지능의 계발·감성지능에 영향을 끼치는 인자나 미의식 분야에 주로 이루어져 왔다. 본 연구는 인간의 감성지능을 동양예술에 적용하여 고찰에 있다. 인간의 감성지능은 이상과 가치를 실현시켜 주는 인자이다. 그러므로 예술영역에서 인간의 감성지능은 스스로 가치를 부여하고 이를 발견하여 심미이상을 실현시킬 수 있다. 청대의 석도는 ‘資任’이란 동양예술의 심미론은 제기한 바 있다. 이는 동양예술을 감성 지능적으로 접근한 예를 보여준다. ‘資任’의 심미론은 동양예술을 더욱 격조있고 심오하게 하였다. 인간의 감성지능은 개개인의 이상과 행복을 실현시켜 줄 수 있는 가치영역이다. 이는 감성이 가지는 특성이기 때문이다. If artificial intelligence is defined as the perceptual ability related to human reason, emotional intelligence can be defined as the perceptual ability related to human emotions. In other words, artificial intelligence and emotional intelligence are the perceptual abilities of human reason and emotion. Artificial intelligence cannot replace the human mind, that is, emotions or sensitivity. Thanks to the fourth industrial revolution caused by artificial intelligence, the basic human need for freedom of life met, but the resulting human alienation has become a craze for emotional intelligence. In the fourth industrial revolution, human life and happiness focus on the discovery and expansion of emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is a unique area of human nature that cannot be replaced by mechanical civilization. The study of emotional intelligence has been mainly conducted in the areas of the development and enhancement of emotional intelligence, the factors that affect emotional intelligence or aesthetic consciousness. The goal of this study is based on the application of human emotional intelligence to oriental art. Human emotional intelligence is a factor that realizes ideals and values. Thus, human emotional intelligence in the art area can value itself and realize the aesthetic ideal by discovering it. Shitao of chung dynasty period has raised the aesthetic theory of oriental art called duty of artist's accumulated talents. This shows an intelligent and emotional approach to oriental art. The aestheticism of duty of artist’s accumulated talents has made Oriental art more refined and profound. Human emotional intelligence is a valuable area that can realize individual ideals and happiness. This is because emotion has such characteristics.