THE INFLUENCE OF COUNTRY OF ORIGIN ON PURCHASE INTENTION WITH SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO APPAREL FITTING

A. Rashid,L. Barnes 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2018 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2018 No.07

Introduction: Country of origin has long been of interest to many researchers (e.g. Phao, 1993; Kalicharan, 2014; Yunus and Rashid, 2016). In part, this is because consumers evaluated the quality of a product based on where it was manufactured, and this became an important issue with the majority of fashion product production taking place in developing countries. Consequently, country of origin as a branding tool became an important factor in the fashion industry (Lee et al., 2013). Previously, numerous studies have suggested that consumers’ perception of, and association with, country of origin are influenced by different factors, such as social, environmental and political factors and the workmanship of the country in question (e.g. Insch and McBride, 2004; Jim?nez and Mart?n, 2012; Lee et al., 2013; Mostafa, 2015). For example, Rashid and Barnes (2017) identified the influence the media industry has on the perception of a country’s image, i.e. the influence of a factory collapse in Bangladesh in 2013 (Bolle, 2014). In the same vein, studies on the country of origin effect have also found the influence that the halo and summary effects have on the product evaluation. For example, if consumers were less familiar with fashion products made in Indonesia, they would naturally infer the product attributes using the general image of Indonesian-made products, and thus rate the product based on their perception of the country as a whole (see also Kotabe and Helsen, 2009). In contrast, when consumers are familiar with a country’s products (i.e. fashion designers in Paris), a summary construct model operates in which consumers develop a country’s image from its product information, which then indirectly influences product perception (Han, 1989). In other words, a product naturally receives a positive attitude because of the perception of a country’s products. Moreover, studies have also examined the impact of patriotism and ethnocentric behaviour on association with country image. More recently, authors, e.g. Rashid et al. (2016) and Barnes and Rashid (2017), have also made a contribution towards managerial perspectives and issues relating to the country of origin impact on the fashion industry. However, no research to date has examined the influence of country of origin on purchase intention with specific reference to apparel fitting. Apparel fitting: Over the past two decades, authors have shown increasing interest towards the fit of apparel (e.g. Otieno et al., 2005; Apeagyei et al., 2007; Holmlund et al., 2011). For example, Shim and Bickle (1993) examined women 55 years and older as catalogue shoppers and their differences in satisfaction with the fit of apparel purchased through catalogues and found that the satisfaction level was relatively low for the entire sample of 872 respondents. Some of the key issues identified were that garment fits did not accommodate body proportions for the older market, especially those who did not fit sizes that were tailored for petit or plus sizes. Consequently, it is evident that age is an important factor in apparel fitting. Furthermore, Alexander et al. (2007) pointed out the issue of personal judgement on how a garment looks on the body. Finally, other factors have also been raised, such as fit association with comfort, body-cathexis (feelings about one’s body) and symbolic meanings in social interactions. Adding to this, Rahman et al. (2017) has also added how consumers often evaluate the product on the basis of descriptive, inferential, informational and/or visual cues, and these can be classified as extrinsic or intrinsic cues. “Extrinsic cues” are a product’s physical structure or appearance, such as price, brand name and country of origin, whereas intrinsic cues are inherent to the physical composition of a product such as fabric, fit, colour and style. Moreover, authors have very recently also looked at apparel fitting issues in online fashion retailing (Miell et al., 2017) and technologies linked to fitting, such as 3D body scanners in a retail store (Lewis and Loker, 2016). However, the apparel fit and size association with country of origin remains an under-researched area. Research design: As this study aims to explore country of origin association from an apparel fitting perspective, a qualitative interpretivist approach is adopted (Creswell, 2007; Welch et al., 2011). This is a significant contribution to the country of origin study, as previous country of origin studies from consumer perspectives have prominently been quantitative in nature (e.g. Insch and McBride, 2004; Jim?nez and Mart?n, 2012). Participants for study will be chosen using a judgemental approach, in particular female shoppers who consider fitting an important factor when deciding on the brand from which to purchase a product. To carry out the study, the project will use face-to-face semi-structured interviews. The semi-structured interview questions derive from the country of origin literature and are influenced by theory planned behaviour model (TBP) (Azjan, 1991), taking into account both individual and social factors that may influence customer intention and attitude towards apparel fitting and its association and or perception of a country. Interviews will last between 60 and 90 minutes and will be conducted by the researchers from March 2018 to September 2018. To analyse the data, a thematic analysis approach will be utilised to develop an understanding of the meaning, as interpreted by participants. Discussion and conclusion: The data collection for this study will help address the gap regarding how consumers deem fit as one of the important factors influencing purchasing behaviour, but also their perception of how they associate a fit of a product with the country of origin of different fashion brands. The findings will make a contribution to the literature on country of origin, fashion branding and product management. The study may also introduce practical implications on how to make the service better in a fashion retail setting, where apparel fit is becoming an issue. Thus, the study may also add knowledge to the literature on service marketing.

The Moderating Role of Product Category and Customer Knowledge in Country of Origin Effect by Brand and Manufacturing

강민정,양영근,김명학 한국기업경영학회 2009 기업경영연구 Vol.16 No.2

Business environment has been rapidly changing due to globalization. Recently, FTA negotiation among various countries newly draw the importance of country of origin. Country of origin concept was introduced as an extension of country image. Previous studies found that country of origin work as a salient cue in buyer’s perceived quality. It also has been found for country of origin effect to have an important role in consumer purchasing decisions. Not only country of origin by brand but also country of origin by manufacturing appear to affect product evaluation. And country of origin may serve as a proxy variable when quantity of information is not fluent. Based on the previous studies, the purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of country of origin on product evaluation both by brand and by manufacturing. Additionally the moderating role of product knowledge and product category will be analyzed. In this study, the authors divided the country of origin concept into two category based on the literature review. That is country image of brand and country image of manufacturing. It should be noticed that two country image (favorable/unfavorable), product categories (high/low involvement), consumer knowledge (high/low) affect product evaluation. As expected, country of origin effect appeared differently by combination of country of origin. Conclusively, customers evaluated the product best when both country of origin by brand and country of origin by manufacturing image are favorable. And favorable country of origin by brand and unfavorable country of origin by manufacturing, unfavorable country of origin by brand and favorable country of origin by manufacturing and unfavorable country of origin by brand and unfavorable country of origin by manufacturing are in order in product evaluation. But the hypothesis on moderating role of product knowledge and product category (product involvement) are not supported Business environment has been rapidly changing due to globalization. Recently, FTA negotiation among various countries newly draw the importance of country of origin. Country of origin concept was introduced as an extension of country image. Previous studies found that country of origin work as a salient cue in buyer’s perceived quality. It also has been found for country of origin effect to have an important role in consumer purchasing decisions. Not only country of origin by brand but also country of origin by manufacturing appear to affect product evaluation. And country of origin may serve as a proxy variable when quantity of information is not fluent. Based on the previous studies, the purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of country of origin on product evaluation both by brand and by manufacturing. Additionally the moderating role of product knowledge and product category will be analyzed. In this study, the authors divided the country of origin concept into two category based on the literature review. That is country image of brand and country image of manufacturing. It should be noticed that two country image (favorable/unfavorable), product categories (high/low involvement), consumer knowledge (high/low) affect product evaluation. As expected, country of origin effect appeared differently by combination of country of origin. Conclusively, customers evaluated the product best when both country of origin by brand and country of origin by manufacturing image are favorable. And favorable country of origin by brand and unfavorable country of origin by manufacturing, unfavorable country of origin by brand and favorable country of origin by manufacturing and unfavorable country of origin by brand and unfavorable country of origin by manufacturing are in order in product evaluation. But the hypothesis on moderating role of product knowledge and product category (product involvement) are not supported

The Mythological Aspects of Country-of-Origin: The Case of the Swedishness of Swedish Fashion

( Jacob Ostberg ) 한국마케팅과학회 2011 Journal of Global Fashion Marketing Vol.2 No.4

In both practical marketing management and marketing scholarship the concept of County-of-Origin has been widely employed the last couple of decades. Despite the ubiquity of country-of-origin references in contemporary marketing there are conceptual blind spots in our understanding of the concept. In this article the theoretical perspective of country-of-origin is discussed using the empirical example of Swedish fashion to illustrate how marketing related to the notion of place is always contingent on the various mythologies always already present. Departure is hence taken in the notion that an understanding of contemporary Swedish fashion cannot be decoupled from an overall understanding of Sweden`s role in popular culture. This base in popular culture, together with the particular historicity of Swedish fashion, forms a basis of different versions of Swedishness on which contemporary fashion brands·both Swedish and foreign·can build. A number of different ways in which Swedish fashion brands relate to these available mythologies of Swedishness, as well as other place mythologies is outlined. On a theoretical level the paper addresses calls for more research on the symbolic aspects of country- of-origin. To argue that the place where something "comes from" is important for the success of a market offering is by no means a novel thought. In mainstream marketing country-of-origin is typically seen as a cognitive cue, i.e. "an informational stimulus about or relating to a product that is used by consumers to infer beliefs regarding product attributes such as quality". Culturally influence marketing researchers have critiqued this notion and added that country-of-origin is not merely a piece of information that goes into making decisions, rather country- of-origin might link a product to a rich product-country imagery, with sensory, affective and ritual connotations. Furthermore, since contemporary production and branding processes are rather complex, oftentimes encompassing multiple locations, the designation product-country image is sometimes used rather than country-of-origin to signal that it is rather the place that something is associated with that matters, rather than where something is produced. Brands are important for consumers for several reasons. In the view of McCracken, consumption objects as well as brands represent bridges to displaced meanings, i.e. properties of our personality that we cannot attain in the here and now. The lack of these properties, we are led to believe, is what prevents us from being realized as a better version of ourselves. By the magical whims of advertising it is as if these properties come to reside in the consumption objects. It is in this light that the notion of Swedish fashion, or any other place connected to a product group, needs to be thought about. Brand owners who try to connect their brand to a particular place trust that consumers will value this positively, and consumers value the place branding activities since they help them both in making decisions and in constructing a coherent life narrative. Country-of-origin might influence consumer product evaluations in three principle ways: cognitive, affective and normative. Cognitive means that country-of-origin is used as a cue for product quality, e.g. consumers might hold beliefs that garments sown in Italy are of high quality and garments sown in Turkey are of low quality. Affective means that country- of-origin has symbolic and emotional value to consumers, e.g. consumers emanating from a particular country might be emotionally attached to certain brands and products from that country. Normative means that consumers might hold social and personal norms related to products from certain countries, e.g. some might not want to purchase products produced in sweatshops in which worker safety cannot be assured and others might want to purchase only locally produced products in order not to affect the environment with unnecessary shipping costs. In order to discuss the use of Swedishness in the marketing of Swedish fashion the potential marketing positions related to place can be structured according to the two dimensions Intended Market and Place Marketing Approach. Intended Market refers to whether a brand caters to the Intranational (Swedish) Market alone or whether they are also aspiring to a broader International audience. Place Marketing Approach refers to whether a company is leveraging the mythologies rooted in the Intranational (Swedishness) in building their brand or whether a company are using the mythologies the International, which might encompass both other places and no place at all. These two dimensions create four possible positions: provincial, national, pseudo-international, and cosmopolitan. One important insight from this article is that the possible meaning positions that a company can take is not limited to the factual location of the company; either a national or an international marketing approach can be taken by Swedish or international companies. A Swedish company leveraging a Swedish marketing approach could be said to have an indexical connection to the place. They can, in some way, claim lineage to the country of Sweden either because production takes place there or because the company in some other way is based in Sweden. Other companies might also leverage the mythologies of Swedishness but they then merely have an iconic connection to the place. There is a resemblance between the expression of the company and that of the available mythologies of the place, but no genuine physical connections. The same reasoning goes for the companies adapting a pseudo-international approach; they have an iconic connection to the places from which they draw their mythologies. By thinking about marketing based on country- of-origin in this way we decouple the available strategies from the physical location of the companies and instead view various country-of-origin mythologies as cultural resources that can be leveraged by companies in their brand building activities. Depending on the intended market companies will need to adapt the way in which they perpetuate the available mythologies. This is especially the case for companies with a strong position on the local market but with aspirations to go global. These companies might then oscillate between a provincial position on the Swedish market and Swedish position on the international market.

복합 원산지(複合 原産地)가 소비자(消費者)의 상품 평가(商品 評價)에 미치는 영향(影向)에 관한 연구(硏究) - 일본과 중국의 제조원산지 효과 평가를 중심으로-

김상욱,신소현,최원근 한일경상학회 2008 韓日經商論集 Vol.41 No.-

The objective of the study is, firstly to confirm the effect of the combinations of country-of-origin(hereafter COO) dimensions on product evaluations, including product attitude, quality perception, and purchase intention. Although country image and the COO effect have been studied in various angles by numerous academicians in the field of marketing and international business, there is still room to study on multi-dimensional aspects of COO and their efficient combinations. Especially strategic decisions on combinations of dimensions of various COOs, such as country of brand and COO of manufacture, have become crucial to obtain sustainable competitive advantages in the global open competing market. Another objective of the study is to understand the moderating role of involvement in consumer's assessments on different made-in products. By thoroughly illustrating the effect of this individual variable, involvement, the authors have tried to deepen the understanding of how differently consumers take and evaluate hybrid products made in multi-nations. As consequences, the effect of the COO combinations, congruent, positive and negative combinations of country of brand and COO of manufacture, have been proved as studied previously and the effect of respondents' level of involvement on product evaluations have been declared partially. As results, implications and suggestions on how to plan more effective combinations of COOs, based on accurate considerations of consumer's individual variables, are presented. Japan was recognized to be a manufacturing origin which can enhance product quality perception and purchase intention. China was analyzed to be a manufacturing origin with cost advantage which does not harm purchase intention and product attitude, although it can hurt quality perception. Key words : Country of Origin(COO), Country of Brand, Country of Origin of manufacture, Involvement.

중국 원산지이미지에 따른 한국 소비자의 지각된 가치와 구매의도: 제조 및 브랜드 원산지 효과를 비교

최명 ( Ming Cui ),이승신 ( Seung Sin Lee ) 대한가정학회 2017 Human Ecology Research(HER) Vol. No.

To infer the true state of a regional product’s attributes, consumers use the image they have of the product’s region of origin; however, products may have multiple countries of origin in their design, branding, sourcing and manufacturing becuase more products are increasingly a result of multi-firm and multi-country efforts. We examined how the country-of-origin image (country image and product image) affect international consumers’ perceived value (function value and symbolic value) and purchase intentions of made-in China goods by extending and deepening the flexible model. Second, to investigate the differences of COO effects according to different types of country-of-origin we divided the traditional country-of-origin into two components: country-of-manufacture (COM) and country-of-brand (COB). We then explore how the impact of China’s country image on consumers’ perceived value and purchase intentions varies when China is the COM or COB of the same product. Six hypotheses were proposed to test our anticipations. We recruited 800 Korean adult consumers who previously purchased made-in China products to participate in the online investigation. Data analyses were conducted with confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling using SPSS and AMOS. The main results are discussed as follows. First, the effects of China’s COO image on Korean consumers’ perceived value and purchase intentions vary when China is the COM or COB of a product. Second, a positive effect of the function value and symbolic value on the purchase intentions was found. Literature and practical implications of findings are discussed and suggested in the conclusion.

중국 원산지이미지에 따른 한국 소비자의 지각된 가치와 구매의도: 제조 및 브랜드 원산지 효과를 비교

최명,이승신,Cui, Ming,Lee, Seung Sin 대한가정학회 2017 Family and Environment Research Vol.55 No.5

To infer the true state of a regional product's attributes, consumers use the image they have of the product's region of origin; however, products may have multiple countries of origin in their design, branding, sourcing and manufacturing becuase more products are increasingly a result of multi-firm and multi-country efforts. We examined how the country-of-origin image (country image and product image) affect international consumers' perceived value (function value and symbolic value) and purchase intentions of made-in China goods by extending and deepening the flexible model. Second, to investigate the differences of COO effects according to different types of country-of-origin we divided the traditional country-of-origin into two components: country-of-manufacture (COM) and country-of-brand (COB). We then explore how the impact of China's country image on consumers' perceived value and purchase intentions varies when China is the COM or COB of the same product. Six hypotheses were proposed to test our anticipations. We recruited 800 Korean adult consumers who previously purchased made-in China products to participate in the online investigation. Data analyses were conducted with confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling using SPSS and AMOS. The main results are discussed as follows. First, the effects of China's COO image on Korean consumers' perceived value and purchase intentions vary when China is the COM or COB of a product. Second, a positive effect of the function value and symbolic value on the purchase intentions was found. Literature and practical implications of findings are discussed and suggested in the conclusion.

Country of Origin, Global Identity, and Social Influence for Success as Global Brand

이민환,김영길,김수욱 서비스사이언스학회 2018 서비스연구 Vol.8 No.1

Most product consists of various national components, and brand strategy using nationality images is prevalent in marketing field. Country of origin is meaningful consideration for decision making. The purpose is that how consumer evaluate the global brand depending on two-sided dimension of country of origin. This research aims to examine the interaction effect of two-sided country of origin and moderating effect of global identity. In study 1, two-way interaction effect of origin of brand and origin of production was significant with social prestige. In study 2, there-way ANOVA provided marginally significant main effect of origin of brand and global identity. Two-way interaction effect of origin of brand and production was significant with social prestige. Also two-way interaction effect origin of brand and global identity was significant with innovation and social responsibility. Three-way interaction of origin of brand, origin of production, and global identity was significant with social responsibility, this approved moderating effect of global identity. Results contribute to understanding global brands strategy using country of origin effect, and to adding new knowledge to the country of origin literature. Academic and practical implications, limitations, and future research directions were discussed.

A FORMALIZED FRAMEWORK OF CONSUMER’S MENTAL PICTURES OF COUNTRY-OF-ORIGIN

Alexander Josiassen,Florian Kock,Stefanie Meß 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2016 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2016 No.7

The country-of-origin (COO) concept has obtained considerable attention by marketing researchers and managers since its introduction by Schooler in 1965. The relevance of this construct has been underlined by various studies indicating that a product’s COO serves as a signal for product quality, thus driving consumers’ product evaluations (Han & Terpstra, 1988), and consequently coloring their decision-making processes (Herz & Diamantopoulos, 2013). However, “despite a large body of research, country-of-origin effects are still poorly understood” (Verlegh & Steenkamp 1999, p. 521). This view is reiterated by Jaffe and Nebenzahl (2006) and Knight and Calantone (2001) who argue that academicians have so far not been able to provide an integrative theoretical framework capable of explaining the country-of-origin concept and the effects it has on behavioral intentions. The lacking consensus on a formalized and theory-based framework has resulted in various and often inconsistent views on the conceptualization of the COO concept (Laroche, Papadopoulos, Heslop & Mourali, 2005; Roth & Diamantopoulos, 2009). More specifically, several researchers view COO as a cognitive mental construct, consisting of associations, attributes and beliefs which consumers link to a particular manufacturing country (e.g. Gürhan-Canli & Maheswaran, 2000). However, other researchers propose to include not only cognitive but also affective components in the COO concept (e.g. Häubl, 1996). Further, studies also differ on the question whether COO should be viewed as a host of various beliefs (e.g. Martin & Eroglu, 1993) or rather as an overall evaluative attitudinal construct (e.g. Kotler, Haider & Rein, 1993). To complicate things further, existing studies also only loosely define whether COO should be conceptualized as a mental construct or rather as an effect that stems from a mental construct (Verlegh & Steenkamp, 1999). As a consequence, this conceptual ambiguity within the COO literature has yielded different operationalization for the measurement of the COO construct. As a consequence, and perhaps not surprisingly, the empirical work on COO has often resulted in conflicting findings (e.g. Pappu, Queste & Cooksey, 2006), limiting the advancement of the whole research area and making it harder for managers to apply it. Existing research (Josiassen, Lukas, Whitwell & Assaf, 2013) has addressed the conceptual ambiguity of COO by providing a framework for the macro-structure, explaining how different units of analysis relate to each other. However, researchers’ 1) fk.marktg@cbs.dkIntroduction The country-of-origin (COO) concept has obtained considerable attention by marketing researchers and managers since its introduction by Schooler in 1965. The relevance of this construct has been underlined by various studies indicating that a product’s COO serves as a signal for product quality, thus driving consumers’ product evaluations (Han & Terpstra, 1988), and consequently coloring their decision-making processes (Herz & Diamantopoulos, 2013). However, “despite a large body of research, country-of-origin effects are still poorly understood” (Verlegh & Steenkamp 1999, p. 521). This view is reiterated by Jaffe and Nebenzahl (2006) and Knight and Calantone (2001) who argue that academicians have so far not been able to provide an integrative theoretical framework capable of explaining the country-of-origin concept and the effects it has on behavioral intentions. The lacking consensus on a formalized and theory-based framework has resulted in various and often inconsistent views on the conceptualization of the COO concept (Laroche, Papadopoulos, Heslop & Mourali, 2005; Roth & Diamantopoulos, 2009). More specifically, several researchers view COO as a cognitive mental construct, consisting of associations, attributes and beliefs which consumers link to a particular manufacturing country (e.g. Gürhan-Canli & Maheswaran, 2000). However, other researchers propose to include not only cognitive but also affective components in the COO concept (e.g. Häubl, 1996). Further, studies also differ on the question whether COO should be viewed as a host of various beliefs (e.g. Martin & Eroglu, 1993) or rather as an overall evaluative attitudinal construct (e.g. Kotler, Haider & Rein, 1993). To complicate things further, existing studies also only loosely define whether COO should be conceptualized as a mental construct or rather as an effect that stems from a mental construct (Verlegh & Steenkamp, 1999). As a consequence, this conceptual ambiguity within the COO literature has yielded different operationalization for the measurement of the COO construct. As a consequence, and perhaps not surprisingly, the empirical work on COO has often resulted in conflicting findings (e.g. Pappu, Queste & Cooksey, 2006), limiting the advancement of the whole research area and making it harder for managers to apply it. Existing research (Josiassen, Lukas, Whitwell & Assaf, 2013) has addressed the conceptual ambiguity of COO by providing a framework for the macro-structure, explaining how different units of analysis relate to each other. However, researchers’Information about a COO is not only hold at the aggregated level, as reflected by CI, but may also be manifested through various, potentially unrelated beliefs, that individuals link with a particular country-of-origin. Attitude researchers widely agree on the notionInformation about a COO is not only hold at the aggregated level, as reflected by CI, but may also be manifested through various, potentially unrelated beliefs, that individuals link with a particular country-of-origin. Attitude researchers widely agree on the notionIn conclusion, we propose that the myriad of conceptual views on the COO concept can be theoretically integrated in a formalized model (Figure 1). Thus, instead of viewing the different conceptualizations on COO as conflicting, we show that they are indeed complementary, and can be understood by applying seminal psychology literature. The model also provides conceptual structure to the interactions between the three35 components, as well as enhancing our understanding how mental representations form behavioural intentions (Ajzen, 2001; Eagly et al., 1994).

제조국, 브랜드이미지, 애국심이 이중국적제품의 평가에 미치는 영향

박진표 ( Jinpyo Park ),김강식 ( Kang-sik Kim ) 한국질서경제학회 2015 질서경제저널 Vol.18 No.4

무역자유화의 영향으로 다양한 이중국적제품이 등장하면서 소비자들의 선택에 영향을 미치는 다양한 정보단서에 대한 중요성이 증가하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 소비자가 제품을 선택할 때 이용하는 정보단서 중에서 외재적 단서인 제품 제조국이미지와 브랜드이미지, 그리고 소비자의 정서적인 변수인 소비자 애국심이 외국산 및 국내산 제품의 평가와 구매의도에 미치는 영향에 대하여 실증연구를 실행하였다. 연구결과, 제조국이미지와 브랜드이미지가 호의적일수록 제품평가와 구매의도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며 애국심은 국내산 브랜드가 국내에서 생산되는 경우에만 제품평가와 구매의도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 동일한 브랜드의 제품이라도 제조국에 따라 서로 다르게 평가되고 구매의도에도 차이를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 브랜드 친숙도는 제조국이 제품평가와 구매의도에 미치는 영향을 조절하는 변수로 작용할 수 있음이 밝혀졌다. 본 연구를 통하여 제조국이미지와 브랜드이미지는 이중국적 제품의 평가와 구매에 매우 중요한 역할을 하는 변수이며, 애국심과 같은 소비자의 정서적인 변수는 국내 브랜드가 국내에서 생산되었을 경우에만 유의한 것으로 밝혀져 마케팅 전략에 대한 시사점을 제공하고 있다. 1990년대 후반 경제위기를 극복하는 과정에서 우리나라 기업들이 전략적으로 활용하여 큰 성과를 거두었던 소비자의 정서적인 변수인 애국심을 활용하는 전략은 국내 브랜드에 한하여 보다 효과적으로 적용 될 수 있으며, 생산국가의 이전을 통한 제품의 생산단가 절감 및 가격경쟁력 확보전략은 기존에 구축되었던 브랜드의 명성에 부정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있으므로 신중하게 결정하여야 한다는 것이다. 아울러 연구의 한계점과 향후 다양한 연구의 방향을 제시하고 있다. This study is interested in the impact of product related variables (country-of-origin image and brand image) and of consumer psychographic variable (patriotism) on the evaluation and the purchase intention of foreign products. The empirical study was conducted with 221 young Korean consumers. The results of this research show that variables related to the product (countryof- origin image and brand image) modify the evaluation and the purchase intention of the foreign product. First, the country of origin image was found to have a positive effect on the evaluation of the product. Second, the brand image also had a positive and significant influence on the evaluation of the product. Third, consumer patriotism had a positive effect on domestic company products produced locally. It also had partial effects on products produced in specific countries. Fourth, products from the same brand showed differences in product evaluations and purchase intentions according to their country of origin. Products produced in developed countries received higher levels of positive evaluations and stronger purchase intentions. When Japanese products were produced in China and Korea, these products showed lower evaluation rating than when they were produced in Japan. On the other hand, when Korean brand products were produced in Japan, there were no significant differences in the evaluation ratings. This result means that patriotism plays a role in the evaluation of domestic brand products by the consumers. Furthermore, we could see that Korean consumers have a positive image of Korean brand products. However, all products produced in China had lower ratings than all Korean brand products produced locally. Fifth, even products produced in the same country showed different evalua- tion ratings and purchase intentions according to the brand. Regardless of the country of origin, familiar brands received more positive evaluations and higher purchase intention ratings than non-familiar ones. In the case when the brand nationality and the country of origin were different, consumers showed negative evaluations when the country of origin was economically less developed than the brand nationality. Finally, the brand familiarity was discovered to be a variable that could moderate the influence that the country of origin has on product evaluations and purchase intentions. The results of this study suggest that the delocalization decisions to manufacture a product in a low cost of production country should be associated with specific marketing actions when the perception of the image of this country is weak or unfavourable in the eyes of the consumer.

원산지효과, 상표자산 및 상표충성 간의 관계에 관한 연구: 미국, 중국, 한국의 비교분석

고은주,김경훈,김숙현,이구봉,추붕,장호,Ko, Eun-Ju,Kim, Kyung-Hoon,Kim, Sook-Hyun,Li, Guo-Feng,Zou, Peng,Zhang, Hao 한국마케팅과학회 2009 마케팅과학연구 Vol.19 No.1

The marketing environment has become competitive to an extent that requires firms to target their products at markets that span national boundaries. However, competitive clout cannot be achieved in global consumer markets unless firms thoroughly understand and adequately respond to the core values and needs of those consumers. Brand equity is one of the most important assets to a company. Especially in sportswear markets, brand equity is the crucial value added to a product by its brand name. Factors such as country of origin also influence customer's attitude towards brand equity. Therefore, this paper discusses the relationship between country of origin effect and brand equity, and how they influence consumers' loyalty for respective brands. This paper focused on the sports shoes market, because it is an increasing area of opportunity for world manufacturers. The objectives of this study were the following. (1) Test the effect of country of origin on brand equity. (2) Test how brand equity influences consumers' brand loyalty. (3) Find whether there are differences in the effects of country of origin and brand equity among the three countries. (4) Find whether there are differences in the effects of country of origin and brand equity among the different lifestyles. Based on the review of literature results, the hypotheses are concluded as the following: H1-a: Country image has positive influence on country of origin. H1-b: Product perception has positive influence on country of origin. H2-a: Perceived quality has positive effect on brand equity. H2-b: Perceived price has positive effect on brand equity. H3: Country of origin has positive effect on brand equity. H4: Brand equity has a positive impact on brand loyalty. Research model was constructed (see Fig. 1). After data analysis, the following results were concluded: sports shoes purchase behavior showed significant differences among Korean, Chinese, and American consumers for favorite brand, purchased brand, purchased place, information usage, and favorite sports games. The results of this study also extend the research of the relationship among country of origin, brand equity and brand loyalty to the sports shoes market. Brand equity was proven to have a significant relationship with brand loyalty for all countries. The factors which can influence brand equity are different for different countries. The third finding of this paper is that we identified different three lifestyles, adventurer, follower, and laggard, for Korean, Chinese and American consumers. Without the nationality boundary, seeing the emergence of a new group of consumers who have similar preferences and buy similar brands is more important. All of the consumers consider brand equity to keep their brand loyalty. Perceived price is the only factor which can influence brand equity for adventurers; brand is more important for them. The laggards were not influenced by any factor. All of the factors expect perceived price are important for the followers. Marketing managers should consider brand equity when introducing their brand into a new market. Also localization is the basic strategy that all the sports shoes companies should understand. But as a global brand, understanding the same characteristics for each country is more important to build global strategy.