안면도에서의 초미세먼지 유기성분 주요 영향원 평가

한상희,이지이,이종식,허종배,정창훈,김은실,김용표,Han, Sanghee,Lee, Ji Yi,Lee, Jongsik,Heo, Jongbae,Jung, Chang Hoon,Kim, Eun-Sill,Kim, Yong Pyo 한국입자에어로졸학회 2018 Particle and Aerosol Research Vol.14 No.4

PMF 수용모델을 사용하여 안면도 측정소에서 2년간 측정한 초미세먼지의 유기성분의 주요 영향원을 파악하였다. 5개 또는 6개의 요인이 최적으로 나타났으며, 6개의 요인이 결과를 더 잘 해석하는 것으로 판단되었다. 이들 요인의 계절별 특성과 영향도 변화를 고려하여 결정한 주요 오염원은 이차유기성분(10.3%), 연소(12.0%), 자연적 생물성 기원(24.8%) 장거리이동식생소각(7.3%), 국지적 생체소각(26.4%), 장거리이동 오염원(19.2%)이다. 안면도 측정소는 배경지역의 특성인 자연적 생물성 기원, 이차유기성분과 장거리이동 오염원의 영향도가 크게 나타나면서도, 비도심의 특성인 국지적 식생소각과 연소 영향도 나타나고 있다. 이는 안면도 측정소에서는 인위적인 영향에 의한 유기성분 특성은 제한적임을 보여준다. Based on a two-year measurement data, major sources for the ambient carbonaceous aerosols at the Anmyeon Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) station were identified by using the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model. The particulate matter less than or equal to $2.5{\mu}m$ in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) aerosols were sampled between June 2015 to May 2017 and carbonaceous species including ~80 organic compounds were analyzed. When the number of factors was 5 or 6, the performance evaluation parameters showed the best results, With 6 factor case, the characteristics of transported factors were clearer. The 6 factors were identified with various analyses including chemical characteristics and air parcel movement analysis. The 6 factors with their relative contributions were (1) anthropogenic Secondary Organic Aerosols (SOA) (10.3%), (2) biogenic sources (24.8%), (3) local biomass burning (26.4%), (4) transported biomass burning (7.3%), (5) combustion related sources (12.0%), and (6) transported sources (19.2%). The air parcel movement analysis result and seasonal variation of the contribution of these factors also supported the identification of these factors. Thus, the Anmyeon Island GAW station has been affected by both regional and local sources for the carbonaceous aerosols.

Estimation of the Source Contributions for Carbonaceous Aerosols at a Background Site in Korea

한상희,이지이,이종식,허종배,정창훈,김은실,김용표 한국대기환경학회 2018 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.12 No.4

To identify and quantify the contribution of the major sources for the ambient carbonaceous aerosols at a Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) station in Korea, a receptor model, the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model was applied for the oneyear long measurement data. Particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) aerosols were sampled at Anmyeon Island GAW station from June 2015 to May 2016 and carbonaceous species including ~80 organic compounds were analyzed. According to the performance parameter evaluation, 5 or 7 factors were considered as optimal number of factors. It was found out that the results of 7 factors gave less contribution from the factor designated as mixed sources which we could not separate clearly. The major sources with 7 factors were identified with various analyses including chemical characteristics and air parcel movement analysis. The 7 factors with their relative contributions are; anthropogenic Secondary Organic Aerosols (SOA) (14%), biogenic SOA (15%), primary biogenic source (8%), local biomass burning (13%), transported biomass burning (16%), combustion related source (15%), and mixed sources (19%). The air parcel movement analysis results also support the identification of these factors. Thus, the Anmyeon Island GAW station has been affected by both regional and local sources for the carbonaceous aerosols.

Long-term trend of aerosol composition and direct radiative forcing due to aerosols over Gosan: TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 data between 1992 and 2008

Kim, N.K.,Kim, Y.P.,Kang, C.H. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier [distribution] 2011 Atmospheric environment Vol.45 No.34

In this study, size segregated measurement data between 1992 and 2008 at Gosan, Jeju, Korea were analyzed. Long-term trend of aerosol composition changes related to the emission change was analyzed and direct radiative forcing due to aerosols over Gosan was calculated. The concentration variations of ion components and carbonaceous aerosols matched well to the emission changes in Northeast Asia, and the concentration variations of the elements with natural origin were highly correlated to the frequency of dust storms in the region. The net aerosol forcing varied from -4.48 W m<SUP>-2</SUP> to 0.53 W m<SUP>-2</SUP> at Gosan and it was increasing. This was mainly because of continuous decrease of sulfate concentration and steady increase of EC concentration in the region. It was found that for the determination of the direct aerosol radiative forcing, relative humidity (RH) was most critical during summer season when it was high (over 75%), and EC was most critical during spring and fall.

Source contributions to carbonaceous aerosol concentrations in Korea

Jeong, J.I.,Park, R.J.,Woo, J.H.,Han, Y.J.,Yi, S.M. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier [distribution] 2011 Atmospheric environment Vol.45 No.5

We estimated the source contributions to carbonaceous aerosol concentration in Korea on the basis of Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment Phase B (INTEX-B) anthropogenic emissions and satellite-derived biomass burning emissions by using a nested version of GEOS-Chem with a spatial resolution of 0.5<SUP>o</SUP>x0.667<SUP>o</SUP> for the period March 2006-February 2007. First, we evaluated the model by comparing the simulated and observed aerosol concentrations at East Asia Network (EANET) sites and at a site in Korea. The results indicate that the model reproduces the variability and magnitudes of the observed SO<SUB>4</SUB><SUP>2-</SUP>, NO<SUB>3</SUB><SUP>-</SUP>, and NH<SUB>4</SUB><SUP>+</SUP> concentrations in Korea and those of the observed PM<SUB>10</SUB> concentrations in East Asia. However, the organic carbon (OC) and black carbon (BC) aerosol concentrations estimated by the model are lower than those observed in Korea by a factor of 2, especially in winter. This underestimation is likely due to extremely low domestic anthropogenic emissions and lack in seasonal variation. Source adjustments using a simple fitting and the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) monthly allocation factors for seasonal variation yield significantly improved model results (R<SUP>2</SUP> increased from 0.58 to 0.84), which can then be used to estimate the source contributions to the OC and BC concentrations in Korea. We found that domestic anthropogenic emissions are the most important factors, contributing 74% (9% from fossil fuels and 65% from biofuels) and 78% (42% from fossil fuels and 36% from biofuels) to the OC and BC concentrations, respectively, on an annual mean basis in Korea. The trans-boundary transport of Chinese sources is another important factor, contributing 13% and 20% to the OC and BC concentrations, respectively. The contributions of wildfires and biogenic sources to the annual mean carbonaceous aerosol concentration in Korea are relatively small (4% and 6%, respectively).

대전지역 대기 중 PM2.5의 유기탄소와 원소탄소의 계절별 특성 연구

김효선,정진상,이진홍,이상일 한국대기환경학회 2015 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.31 No.1

To investigate the seasonal variations of carbonaceous aerosol in Daejeon, OC (organic carbon), EC (elementalcarbon) and WSOC (water soluble organic carbon) in PM2.5 samples collected from March 2012 to February 2013were analyzed. PM2.5 concentrations were estimated by the sum of organic matter (1.6×OC), EC, water-solubleions (Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, SO42-, NO3-). The estimated PM2.5 concentrations were relatively higher inwinter (29.50±12.04 μg/m3) than those in summer (13.72±6.92 μg/m3). Carbonaceous aerosol (1.6×OC+EC) wasa significant portion (34~47%) of PM2.5 in all season. The seasonally averaged OC and WSOC concentrations wererelatively higher in winter (6.57±3.48 μgC/m3 and 4.07±2.53 μgC/m3 respectively), than those in summer (3.07±0.8 μgC/m3, 1.77±0.68 μgC/m3, respectively). OC was correlated well with WSOC in all season, indicating thatthey have similar emission sources or formation processes. In summer, both OC and WSOC were weakly correlatedwith EC and also poorly correlated with a well-known biomass burning tracer, levoglucosan, while WSOC is highlycorrelated with SOC (secondary organic carbon) and O3. The results suggest that carbonaceous aerosol in summerwas highly influenced by secondary formation rather than primary emissions. In contrast, both OC and WSOC inwinter were strongly correlated with EC and levoglucosan, indicating that carbonaceous aerosol in winter wasclosely related to primary source such as biomass burning. The contribution of biomass burning to PM2.5 OC andEC, which was estimated using the levoglucosan to OC and EC ratios of potential biomass burning sources, wasabout 70±15% and 31±10%, respectively, in winter. Results from this study clearly show that PM2.5 OC hasseasonally different chemical characteristics and origins.

First Measurements of Carbonaceous Aerosol across Urban, Rural and Residential Areas in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia

Iqbal M. Ismail,Ahmad S. Summan,Jalal M. Basahi,Essam Hammam,Mohamed F. Yassin,Ibrahim A. Hassan 한국대기환경학회 2021 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.15 No.2

Concentrations of black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), and total suspended particulate matter (TSP) were simultaneously assessed in urban, rural and residential areas in Jeddah city for one year from January to December 2017. It was aimed in the present study to provide information about the spatial and seasonal variability of these aerosol species in Jeddah, and insight into sources, processes and effects of meteorological conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the variability of carbonaceous aerosols (OC and BC) in Saudi Arabia. The average concentrations of OC, BC, and TSP varied spatially and temporally. The annual average concentrations of OC, BC, and TSP were 134.05, 7.16, and 569.41 μg m-3 and 34.32, 5.14, and 240.64 μg m-3 and 10.67, 4.39 and 101.31 μg m-3 in the urban, residential and rural areas, respectively. Moreover, there was a clear seasonal variation in the concentration of carbonaceous aerosols; the highest concentrations were recorded in February and September, while the lowest concentrations of OC were recorded during April, May and August in the urban, residential and rural sites, respectively. Nevertheless, the lowest concentrations of BC were recorded during March in the urban and residential sites and during November in the rural site. The relative concentrations of OC and BC to the TSP were relatively high, and they have a significant correlation with prevalent wind speed (-0.636, and -0.581 in the urban area), (-0.539 and -0.511 in the residential area), and (-0.508 and -0.501 in the rural area), respectively. The marked differences in the concentrations of BC and OC were reflected on OC/BC ratio, which is a good representative of different source types. This preliminary study showed that the potential local sources were emissions from traffic (fossil fuel), biomass burning, anthropogenic activities (e.g. car drifting and outdoor cooking), and industrial activities. The present study suggest the presence of highly inefficient combustion sources and highlight the need for the regulation of such emissions.

Estimation of Gas-particle partitioning Coefficients (K_p) of Carcinogenic polycyclic Aromatic hydrocarbons in Carbonaceous Aerosols Collected at Chiang - Mai, Bangkok and hat-Yai, Thailand

Pongpiachan, Siwatt,Ho, Kin Fai,Cao, Junji Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.4

To assess environmental contamination with carcinogens, carbonaceous compounds, water-soluble ionic species and trace gaseous species were identified and quantified every three hours for three days st three different atmospheric layer at the heart of chiang-Mai, bangkok and hat-Yai from December 2006 to February 2007. A DRI model 2001 Themal/Optical Carbon Analyzer with the IMPROVE thermal/optical reflectance (TOR) protocol was used to quantify the organic carbon(OC) and elemental carbon content in $PM_{10}$. Diurnal and vertical variability was also carefully investigated. In general, OC and EC contenttration shoeed the highest values at the monitoring period o 21.00-00.00 as consequences of human activities at night bazaar coupled with reduction of mixing layer, decreased wind speed and termination of photolysis nighttime. Morning peaks of carboaceous compounds were observed during the sampling period of 06:00 -09:00, emphasizing the main contribution of traffic emission in the three cities. The estimation of incremental lifetime partculate matter exposure (ILPE) raises concern of high risk of carbonaceous accumulation over workers and residents living close to the observatory sites. The average values of incremental lifrtime particulate matter exposure (ILPE) of total carbon at Baiyoke Suit Hotel and Baiyoke Sky Hotel are approsimately ten time shigher then those air sample collected at prince of songkla University Hat-Yai campus corpse incinerator and fish-can maufacturing factory but only slightly higher than those of rice straw burnig in Songkla province. This indicates a high risk of developing lung cancer and other respiratory diseases across workers and residents living in high buildings located in Pratunam area. Using knowledge of carbonaceous fractions in $PM_{10}$, one can estimate the gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Dachs-Eisenreich model highlights the crucial role of adsorption in gas-particle partitioning of low molecular weight PAHs, whereas both absorption and adsorption tend to account for gas-particle partitioning of high molecular weight PAHs in urban residential zones of Thailand. Interestingly, the absorption mode alone plays a minor role in gas-partcle partitiining of PAHs in Chiang-Mai, Bangkok and hat-Yai.

Investigation of organic aerosol sources using fractionated water-soluble organic carbon measured at an urban site

Park, S.S.,Cho, S.Y.,Kim, K.W.,Lee, K.H.,Jung, K. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier [distribution] 2012 Atmospheric environment Vol.55 No.-

Concentrations of carbonaceous aerosols in PM<SUB>2.5</SUB>, including elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), bulk water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), fractionated WSOCs, and water-soluble inorganic species were measured between December 27, 2010 and January 20, 2011, at an urban site of Seoul, Korea. PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> samples were collected twice a day, e.g., for the daytime (10:00-16:00) and nighttime (16:00-10:00), respectively. A macro-porous XAD7HP resin was used to separately group the liquid extracts into hydrophilic and hydrophobic WSOC (WSOC<SUB>HPI</SUB> and WSOC<SUB>HPO</SUB>). To better understand the contributions of primary and secondary OC (SOC) to WSOC, estimates of SOC were derived using the EC-tracer method and compared with the WSOC fractions. Good correlations among the WSOC, SO<SUB>4</SUB><SUP>2-</SUP>, and oxalate suggest that some of the observed WSOC originated from similar formation processes as those of SO<SUB>4</SUB><SUP>2-</SUP> and oxalate, i.e., formed by an in-cloud or aerosol droplet process. Primary OC was more highly correlated with the WSOC<SUB>HPO</SUB> (R<SUP>2</SUP> = 0.56) than the WSOC<SUB>HPI</SUB> (R<SUP>2</SUP> = 0.33), while a better correlation between predicted SOC and WSOC<SUB>HPI</SUB> (R<SUP>2</SUP> = 0.63) was found than between the predicted SOC and WSOC<SUB>HPO</SUB> (R<SUP>2</SUP> = 0.47). These results suggest that WSOC<SUB>HPI</SUB> at the site during the winter could be formed by a similar production pathway such as the secondary organic carbon, while primary combustion emissions were a dominant source for the WSOC<SUB>HPO</SUB> during the study period. Sources of WSOC, WSOC<SUB>HPI</SUB> and WSOC<SUB>HPO</SUB> inferred based on the correlations were also clearly demonstrated by source categories identified by principle component analysis. Measurement results suggest that group separation of bulk WSOC extracts could provide important clues for better understanding the sources of OC (or WSOC).

에어로졸의 준실시간 관측에 의한 여름철 도시지역 시정 감쇄 현상의 광·화학적인 특성 분석

김경원,김영준 한국대기환경학회 2003 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.19 No.6

For continuous monitoring of atmospheric visibility in the city of Kwangju, Korea, a transmissometer system consisting of a transmitter and a receiver was installed at a distance of 1.91 km across the downtown Kwangju. At the transmitter site an integrating nephelometer and an aethalometer were also installed to measure the scattering and absorption coefficients of the atmosphere, respectively. At the receiver site, an URG PM_(2.5) cyclone sampler and an URG-VAPS (Versatile Air Pollutant Sampler) with three filter packs and two denuders were used to collect both PM_(2.5) and PM10 samples at a 2-hour or 12-hour sampling interval for aerosol chemical analysis. Sulfate, organic mass by carbon (OMC), nitrate, elemental carbon (EC) components of fine aerosol were the major contributors to visibility impairment. Diurnal variation of visibility during best-case days showed rapid improvement in the morning hours, while it was delayed until afternoon during the worst-case days. Aerosol mass concentration of each aerosol component for the worst-case was calculated to be 11.2 times larger than the best-case for (NH₄)₂SO₄(NHSO), 19.0 times for (NH₄)₂SO₄(NHSO), 2.2 times for OMC, respectively. Also result shows that elemental carbon and fine soil (FS) were 3.7 and 2.2 times more than those of best-case, respectively. Sum of total contributions of wet NHSO and NHNO to light extinction was calculated to be 301 Mm^(-1) for the worst-case. However, sum of contributions by dry NHSO and NHNO was calculated to be 123 Mm^(-1) for the best case. Mass extinction efficiencies of fine and coarse particles were calculated to be 5.8±0.3 ㎡/g and 1.8±0.1 ㎡/g, respectively.

Characteristics of aerosol observed during two severe haze events over Korea in June and October 2004

Lee, Kwon Ho,Kim, Young Joon,Kim, Min Jeong Elsevier 2006 Atmospheric environment Vol.40 No.27

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Satellite, ground-based sunphotometer, and real-time carbon particle analyzer data were analyzed to evaluate the causes for two severer haze events observed during 9–12 June and 5–8 October 2004 in Korea. The first event was clearly affected by long-range transported smoke from a multitude of fires in East China. Very high aerosol optical thickness (AOT) levels over 2.0 and elevated surface PM<SUB>10</SUB> concentrations up to 256μgm<SUP>−3</SUP> were observed during the first haze event. Still very high PM<SUB>10</SUB> mass loadings were observed during the second haze event compared to the first haze event ones with different source characteristics. Due to different origin and pathway of the haze plume, wide difference in the organic/elemental carbon ratio was measured between the two events. It is believed that the aerosol in the first event was dominated by the carbon particles from burning areas in East China while that in the second event was dominated by primary carbon particles from the pollution from large urban areas in China.</P>