광역 스펙트럼 혁명(Broad-Spectrum Revolution)과 홀로세 초기의 작물 재배 - 동아시아의 신석기시대를 중심으로 -

곽승기 호서고고학회 2024 호서고고학 Vol.- No.57

켄트 플래너리(Kent Flannery)는 1969년, “광역 스펙트럼 혁명(Broad-Spectrum Revolution, 이하 BSR)”이라는 개념을 통해 농경과 가축의 등장 이전부터 확인되는 수렵채집민의 식용자원 활용의다변화에 대해 논하였다. 이는 선사시대의 수렵채집민들이 이전에는자원으로 활용하지 않았던 소형의 동물이나 어류, 가금류, 식물들을그들의 식재료에 추가하여 식단의 스펙트럼이 넓어지는 현상을 가리킨다. 이러한 식단의 다변화와 확장의 지속으로 말미암아 더욱 집중적으로 자원을 활용하려는 노력이 증대되어 그 결과 작물 재배의 단계에까지 이르렀다는 주장 역시 제기되었다. 본 연구에서는 동아시아(중국, 일본 열도, 한반도)의 홀로세 초기에서 확인할 수 있는 BSR 의 양상을 검토해보고, 이 지역들에서 시작된 작물 재배의 과정에서BSR이 어떠한 역할을 하였는지를 제한적으로나마 고찰해보고자 하였다. 특히, 근자에 확보된 식물고고학적 연구나, 토기와 토양에 대한 잔존유기물 분석 등의 연구성과를 통해 깊이 있는 이해를 도모하였다. 검토 결과, 한·중·일을 포함하는 동아시아의 여러 신석기시대유적에서 BSR의 증거라고 할 수 있는 동·식물 자원의 다변화가 확인되었으며, 작물 재배가 생계의 수단으로 일정 수준 이상 역할을 담당하였을 것으로 생각되는 지역들에서도 BSR이 목격되었다. BSR이반드시 작물 재배로 이어지는 것은 아니므로, 모든 작물 재배를BSR과 결부 지을 수는 없다. 그렇지만 본 연구를 통해 적어도 동아시아의 일부 지역에서는 BSR이 작물 재배의 시작과 관계가 있었을가능성을 엿볼 수 있었다. This study attempts to understand the role of Broad-Spectrum Revolution (hereafter, BSR) in the Neolithic East Asia, especially focusing on the China, Japanese archipelago, and Korean peninsula. This paper also tried to reveal how BSR and the initial beginning of plant domestication are related in those contexts. Initially introduced in 1969 by Kent Flannery, the concept quickly became a powerful explanatory tool for understanding prehistoric human subsistence strategy and emergence of both plant and animal domestication. BSR has been often conjoined with theoretical frameworks such as diet-breath model based on optimal foraging theory and environmental niche construction to explain prehistoric subsistence pattern. In this study, I tried to synthesize recent evidence regarding Neolithic subsistence generated from advanced techniques including organic residue analysis and paleoethnobotany. The results indicated that BSR was clearly found at least in some part of East Asia, and some of them showed evidence of initial plant domestication. With this study, we were able assume affinity between BSR and the beginning of plant domestication in certain area of East Asia.

<i>CaLecRK-S.5</i> , a pepper L-type lectin receptor kinase gene, confers broad-spectrum resistance by activating priming

Woo, Joo Yong,Jeong, Kwang Ju,Kim, Young Jin,Paek, Kyung-Hee Oxford University Press 2016 Journal of experimental botany Vol.67 No.19

<▼1><P><B>Highlight</B></P><P><I>CaLecRK-S.5</I>, a positive regulator of priming, plays a critical role in plant immunity to broad-spectrum pathogens.</P></▼1><▼2><P>In Arabidopsis, several L-type lectin receptor kinases (LecRKs) have been identified as putative immune receptors. However, to date, there have been few analyses of LecRKs in crop plants. Virus-induced gene silencing of <I>CaLecRK-S.5</I> verified the role of <I>CaLecRK-S.5</I> in broad-spectrum resistance. Compared with control plants, <I>CaLecRK-S.5</I>-silenced plants showed reduced hypersensitive response, reactive oxygen species burst, secondary metabolite production, mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, and defense-related gene expression in response to <I>Tobacco mosaic virus</I> pathotype P<SUB>0</SUB> (TMV-P<SUB>0</SUB>) infection. Suppression of <I>CaLecRK-S.5</I> expression significantly enhanced the susceptibility to <I>Pepper mild mottle virus</I> pathotype P<SUB>1,2,3</SUB>, <I>Xanthomonas campestris</I> pv. <I>vesicatoria</I>, <I>Phytophthora capsici</I>, as well as TMV-P<SUB>0</SUB>. Additionally, β-aminobutyric acid treatment and a systemic acquired resistance assay revealed that <I>CaLecRK-S.5</I> is involved in priming of plant immunity. Pre-treatment with β-aminobutyric acid before viral infection restored the reduced disease resistance phenotypes shown in <I>CaLecRK-S.5</I>-silenced plants. Systemic acquired resistance was also abolished in <I>CaLecRK-S.5</I>-silenced plants. Finally, RNA sequencing analysis indicated that <I>CaLecRK-S.5</I> positively regulates plant immunity at the transcriptional level. Altogether, these results suggest that <I>CaLecRK-S.5</I>-mediated broad-spectrum resistance is associated with the regulation of priming.</P></▼2>

Extended Broad -Spectrum β-lactamase 생성 Escherichia coli와 Klebsiella pneumoniae

이창숙,조성란,정윤섭,이경원,권오헌 대한감염학회 1994 감염 Vol.26 No.4

목적:최근 그람음성 간균에 강력한 항균제인 제 3세대 cephalosporin, moxalactam, monobactam등에 대한 내성균주의 증가가 보고되고 있어서, E. coli와 K.pneumoniae의 cefotaxime에 대한 감수성 추이를 분석하고, 그 내성 원인이 extended broad-spectrum β-lactamase(EBS-Bla)에 의한 것인지를 조사하고자 하였다. 방법: 1986년-1993년에 세브란스병원 외래 및 입원환자에서 분리된 세균 중 E. coli와 K.pneumoniae의 cefotaxime에 대한 NCCLS 디스크확산법의 감수성 시험 결과를 분석하였고, 그 내성 원인이 EBS-Bla에 의한 것인지를 조사하고자 cefotaxime에 내성인 균주를 대상으로 cefotaxime과 amoxicillin/clavulanic acid를 이용한 double disk synergy 시험을 하였다. 결과: 지난 8년간 세브란스병원에서 분리된 E.coli와 K. pneumoniae 중에는 cefotaxime에 내성인 균주의 비율이 각각 1%에서 11%로, 6%에서 30%로 점차 증가하였고, cefotaxime에 내성인 균주는 다른 항균제에서도 내성인 균주가 많았으며, 이런 균주들은 외래환자의 검체에서 보다는 병실, 특히 중환자실 환자의 검체에서 많이 분리되었다. EBS-Bla생성균주가 cefotaxime에 감수성인 E. coli와 K. pneumoniae 중에는 없었으나, 중간이나 내성인 균주 중에는 각각 69%와 76%였다. 결론: 이 성적으로 미루어, 우리나라에서 분리되는 E. coli와 K. pneumoniae 중에는 cefotaxime에 내성인 균주의 비율이 점차 증가하고 있고, 그 중 EBS-Bla 생성균주가 많아서, 이들 EBS-Bla 생성균주에 대한 정확한 성상을 규명하여, 이런 내성균주의 전파방지 및 치료대책이 마련되어야 한다는 결론을 얻었다. Background: Third generation cephalosporins were very active against gram-negative bacilli, however increased resistance to these drugs was noted recently, and this study was to determine the prevalence of cefotaxime resistance and extended broad-spectrum β-lactamase(EBS-Bla) in E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Methods: Cefotaxime resistance was analyzed from the data obtained by NCCLS disk diffusion method during 1986 and 1993 at Severance hospital. One hundred eighty-seven strains (79 of E. coli and 108 of K.pneumoniae) isolated in 1994, were examined for EBS-Bla by double disk synergy test using cefotaxime and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid disks. Results: Cefotaxime-resistance rates increased from 1% to 11% in E. coli and from 6% to 30% in K. pneumoniae respectively for the recent 8 years. The isolates from ICU patients showed higher resistance rates than those from general wards or outpatient clinics. Among those which showed intermediate or resistant to cefotaxime, 69% of E. coli and 76% of K.pneumoniae isolate were EBS-Bla producers. Conclusions: The cefotaxime-resistant strians of E. coli and K.pneumoniae are increasing in proportion, EBS-Bla-producing strains are common among them and it is needed to investigate the detailed properties of EBS-Bla to make the guidelines for the therapeutic regimens and the prevention of transmission of EBS-Bla-producing strains.

Toward efficient broad-spectrum UV absorption of carbon dots: Facile preparation, performance characterization and its application as UV absorbers

Jiemin Qiu,Weihao Ye,Congcong Chen,Zhiqiang Xu,Chaofan Hu,Jianle Zhuang,Hanwu Dong,Bingfu Lei,Guangqi Hu,Yingliang Liu 한국공업화학회 2023 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.117 No.-

UV absorbers are sustainable substances that inhibit the ultraviolet (UV) radiative degradation of polymers. In previous reports, the as-prepared carbon dots (CDs) possess only an absorption band at UVA(320–400 nm). To achieve broad-spectrum UV absorption (200–400 nm), increasing the concentrationof the CDs solution becomes common. However, a high concentration solution seriously affects the lighttransmittance due to its heavy yellow color. Furthermore, the promising organic UV absorbers cannotachieve broad-spectrum UV absorption. In this work, we initially synthesized three-component watersolublecarbon dots (OP–CDs), which delivers an excellent UV absorption (98 % UVA and 100 % UVB atthe concentration of 1.7 102 mg/mL; 99 % transmittance in visible light). Moreover, OP–CDs exhibitoutstanding stability at high temperatures and different pH. With the corporation of OP–CDs and polyvinylalcohol (PVA), a high-performance UV-shielding film was formed, leading to enhanced broadspectrumUV shielding performance and improved mechanical properties, resistance of photocatalyticactivity and anti-UV aging ability compared with pure PVA film. Notably, the PVA film remains hightransparency with the addition of OP–CDs. The study suggests that the corporation of OP–CDs and polymersis effective in anti-UV degradation.

광범위 병저항성 유전자발굴 연구동향

안일평,박상렬,황덕주,장안철,배신철 한국육종학회 2012 한국육종학회지 Vol.44 No.4

Disease is one of the devastating obstacles in the stable crop production. Numerous agronomical and chemical controls have been developed to overcome this problem, but the former is not sufficient for the maintaining the disease under the economic threshold level and the latter is not free from the environmental regulation. One of the most ideal solutions is resistance breeding. Resistance breeding has been majorly dependent on the resistance (R) genes conferring race-specific vertical resistance effective for limited populations within the pathogen species harboring avirulence (Avr) genes encoding effectors exactly matching with R gene products. In spite of its outstanding efficiency, improper management of above cultivars frequently resulted in the resistance break down due to the appearance and domination of the new races in the field. During the last two decades, mechanisms of disease resistance have been characterized and analyzed in the respect of genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology, cell biology, and evolution. Especially, a growing body of investigations has been focused on the resistance effective for multiple races or even more species of pathogen’s infections and also durable and long-lasting. In this manuscript, we will introduce the investigations searching for durable and broad-spectrum resistance and the considerations for their applications in the crop production will be presented.

Peribacillus butanolivorans KJ40, Bacillus zanthoxyli HS1, B. siamensis H30-3와 Pseudomonas sp. BC42에 의한 오이 탄저병, 박과 류 과실썩음병과 오이 덩굴쪼김병의 생물방제 효과검정

김지원,상미경 한국식물병리학회 2023 식물병연구 Vol.29 No.2

Abiotic and biotic stresses have been a serious threat to crop growth and productivity in the agricultural system. In this study, four strains (HS1, H30-3, KJ40, and BC42), which have biological activities related to disease suppression or alleviation of salinity and drought stresses, were tested for broad-spectrum biocontrol activity against anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum orbiculare, a bacterial fruit blotch caused by Acidovorax citrulli, and Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum in cucumber plants. As a result of test, when the four strains were drenched into the soil, anthracnose in cucumber leaves significantly decrease; strain KJ40 suppressed disease incidence by A. citrulli; strain BC42 significantly reduced bacterial fruit blotch and Fusarium wilt compared to control. Therefore, strain KJ40 could be a biocontrol candidate for controlling anthracnose through induced systemic resistance and the disease caused by A. citrulli as well as alleviating drought stress; strain BC42 has broad-spectrum biocontrol activity against anthracnose, Fusarium wilt, and bacterial fruit blotch.

서기전 6-5천년기 한반도 남해안과 양쯔강 하류역의 생업 비교-융기문토기 문화와 콰후차오・허무두 문화를 중심으로-

안승모 한국신석기학회 2014 한국신석기연구 Vol.- No.27

This paper tries to compare the subsistence of Initial Chulmun (Yunggimun pottery) culture in southern Korea with that of Kuahuqiao-Hemudu culture in Lower Yangtze region during 6th~5th milleminum BC. Both adopted a broad-spectrum subsistence associated with a variety of foraging activity such as gathering, fishing, and hunting. Although aquatic resources became important and dug-out canoes were made in both regions, Initial Chulmun culture mainly depended on marine resources including shellfish, sea fish, and marine mammals while Kuahuqiao-Hemudu culture was highly dependent upon wetland resources such as rice, water chestnut, fox nut as well as aquatic animals including freshwater fish and turtle. Acorns were intensively used as a starch or energy source for a lean winter season in both regions which supported by the presence of acorn storage pits. Deer and wild boar were main game in both regions though buffalo, rhinoceros and monkey were also hunted in Lower Yangtze region,The one large difference is that rice had been cultivated or harvested and pig had been raised in Lower Yangtze region, but not in southern Korea. No cultivated or domesticated plants and animals except dog had been exit in southern Korea. Although one impression of broomcorn millet from pot sherd in Dongsam-dong site has been reported recently, there still lacks reliable evidence for millet cultivation there during Initial Chulmun period.

Inheritance of Anthracnose Resistance in a New Genetic Resource, Capsicum baccatum PI594137

김상훈,Hyo Guen Park,윤재복 한국작물학회 2008 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.11 No.1

Pepper fruit anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum species is an economically important disease that causes serious yield loss and quality deterioration in many Asian countries including South Korea and Taiwan. Recently, Capsicum baccatum PI594137 was found to exhibit broad-spectrum resistance to Colletotrichum acutatum. The inheritance of anthracnose resistance to C. acutatum was analyzed in an intraspecific population derived from a cross between C. baccatum Golden-aji and PI594137. Detached mature green fruits were inoculated using the microinjection method. The disease response was evaluated as the disease incidence and the overall lesion diameter at 7 days after inoculation (DAI). The segregation ratios of resistance and susceptibility to C. acutatum in the F2 and BCS populations significantly fit a 3:1 Mendelian model. This result indicates that the resistance of PI594137 to C. acutatum is controlled by a single dominant gene Pepper fruit anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum species is an economically important disease that causes serious yield loss and quality deterioration in many Asian countries including South Korea and Taiwan. Recently, Capsicum baccatum PI594137 was found to exhibit broad-spectrum resistance to Colletotrichum acutatum. The inheritance of anthracnose resistance to C. acutatum was analyzed in an intraspecific population derived from a cross between C. baccatum Golden-aji and PI594137. Detached mature green fruits were inoculated using the microinjection method. The disease response was evaluated as the disease incidence and the overall lesion diameter at 7 days after inoculation (DAI). The segregation ratios of resistance and susceptibility to C. acutatum in the F2 and BCS populations significantly fit a 3:1 Mendelian model. This result indicates that the resistance of PI594137 to C. acutatum is controlled by a single dominant gene

Inheritance of Anthracnose Resistance in a New Genetic Resource, Capsicum baccatum PI594137

Kim, Sang-Hoon,Yoon, Jae-Bok,Park, Hyo-Guen The Korean Society of Crop Science 2008 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.11 No.1

Pepper fruit anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum species is an economically important disease that causes serious yield loss and quality deterioration in many Asian countries including South Korea and Taiwan. Recently, Capsicum baccatum PI594137 was found to exhibit broad-spectrum resistance to Colletotrichum acutatum. The inheritance of anthracnose resistance to C. acutatum was analyzed in an intraspecific population derived from a cross between C. baccatum Golden-aji and PI594137. Detached mature green fruits were inoculated using the microinjection method. The disease response was evaluated as the disease incidence and the overall lesion diameter at 7 days after inoculation(DAI). The segregation ratios of resistance and susceptibility to C. acutatum in the $F_2$ and $BC_s$ populations significantly fit a 3:1 Mendelian model. This result indicates that the resistance of PI594137 to C. acutatum is controlled by a single dominant gene.

방선균 BY-019에 의한 광범위 항생물질의 생산에 관한 연구 : 최적 생산 조건

방병호 凡石學術奬學財團 1997 凡石學術論文集 Vol.1 No.1

광범위 항생제를 개발하기 위하여 토양으로부터 600주의 방선균을 분리하였으며 이들 배양액으로부터 E. coli. Bacillus subtilis 및 Candida albicans를 사멸시킬 수 있는 항생물질를 생산하는 방선균 BY-019 균주를 선별하였다. 이 균으로부터 항생물질 생산 최적 조건을 검토하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 탄소원으로서 soluble starch가 가장 양호하였으며 다음으로 glucose, maltose, fructose, 및 sucrose 순으로 나타났다. 질소원으로서는 유기 질소원인 soybean meal이 가장 좋았다. 그러나 본 방선균 BY-019 는 무기질소원에서는 전혀 생육이 불가능하였다. Stearic acid, oxalic acid 와 같은 유기산의 첨가가 본 항생물질의 생산증가에 영향을 미쳤으며 금속염으로는 Mg^(2+) 이온이 항생물질 생산을 촉진시켰으며 Hg^(2+), Cu^(2+) 및 Zn^(2+) 등은 항생물질 생산에 대한 강한 저해제로 작용하였다. 또한 본 균의 항생물질 생산에 최적 pH와 온도는 각각 pH 7.0과 35℃에서 3일간의 진탕배양에서 항생 물질 생산이 최고에 달하였다. In effect to develop effective broad spectrum antimicrobes, I screened over 600 isolates of Actinomycetes from soil, and selected BY -019 as strain producing broad spectrum substances against E. coli. Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans. I investigated the optimal culture conditions for production of the broad spectrum antibiotics from BY-019 strain. The results are as follow: It was found that 2% soluble starch was good as carbon source, and glucose, maltose, fructose and sucrose can also be utilized as the carbon sources although their availabilities are less than that of soluble starch in this order. As nitrogen source, it was shown that soybean meal. organic nitrogen source was the most suitable, but BY-strain was not grown on inorganic nitrogen source at all. Stearic acid and oxalic acid had slight effect in production of antibiotic. The production of antibiotic was also activated by Mg^(2+) ion but inhibited by Hg^(2+), Cu^(2+) and Zn^(2+). The optimum initial pH and temperature on production of antibiotic were pH 7.0. 35℃, respectively.