연구논문 : 황사현상이 천식질환에 미치는 영향도 분석: 2005년부터 2008년 서울지역을 중심으로

이중우 ( Joong Woo Lee ),이기광 ( Ki Kwang Lee ) 한국환경과학회 2011 한국환경과학회지 Vol.20 No.4

This study investigates the relationship between Asian dust and asthma disease in Seoul, using data of Asian dust occurrences and the number of treatments for asthma between 2005 and 2008. The data include the number of treatments for asthma on the basic day paired with the average number of treatments for asthma on the compared days. The compared day is defined by the day of no Asian dust in same month and day of the week as the basic day, when Asian dust occurs. Also, the basic day is expanded to the day after three days from the day of Asian dust. The paired two sample t-test for the number of treatments for asthma on the basic day and the compared days revealed that the Asian dust occurrences are correlated with the asthma disease. The number of treatments for asthma is significantly increased on the one and two days after Asian dust occurs. On the other hand, there`s no significant difference in the number of treatments for asthma between the days of Asian dust occurrence and the days of no Asian dust, which implies that people usually try not to go out when Asian dust occurs.

초등학교에서 황사에 관한 환경교육 교재의 개발과 적용

천종숙(Jong-Suk Chun),문윤섭(Yun-Seob Moon),허양원(Yong-Won Hur) 한국환경교육학회 2008 環境 敎育 Vol.21 No.2

The purpose of this study is to develop and applicate the elementary environmental textbook in order to solve its problem and to improve attitude related to the Asian dust. The results in this research are as follows. First, it was showed that three groups who composed of teachers, parents and students in the elementary school had recognized the serosities and problems caused by the Asian dust form TV, and that such problems was associated with increase of the desertification and the global warming. Especially the student group insist that the cause in Asian dust is due to the natural phenomena or industrialization. Second, as a result in analysis on the Asian dust through both textbooks on the 7th elementary curriculum and subsidiary textbooks, contents concerning Asian dusts was little or noting. In addition, in the subjects of Science, Society and Health for the 5th and 6th grade students in the elementary school, they were explained partially as one of the air pollutants. Third, the elementary environmental textbook on the Asian dust was developed for the 5th and 6th grade students. The textbook is composed of four contents on the material which is harmful of the human health and life in Asian dust, the special news of Asian dust, and the best answer to solve Asian dust as well as the cause and the source of Asian dust. Forth, as a result in classes using the environmental textbook developed by four themes about the Asian dust, its application is meaningful in the level of p value in the view of knowledge, awareness and attitude of the experiment group. They was more improved in 37%, 14%, and 15%, respectively, than the comparative group. In conclusion, the environmental textbook related to Asian dust will play an important role in useful tool to understand the right knowledge, awareness, and attitude which makes an effort on its effective management in the elementary school.

2021년 3월 YES-AQ 기간 중 선박과 항공기로 관측한 서해상 황사 특성

김정은,정원석,서원익,이선란,오상민,신대근,고희정,유희정,정주용,김연희 한국대기환경학회 2022 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.38 No.4

The meteorological and aerosol characteristics of heavy dust during the 2021 YES-AQ campaign were analyzed. The source region of Asian Dust were sufficiently warm and dry, which is a proper condition for dust particles to be well intruded from the surface into the air above. Asian dust transported to the Shandong peninsula in China by the northwesterly, and then flowed into the Korean peninsula by the westerly. When the fine-mode aerosol is dominated in the period before arrival of Asian dust, scattering mass efficiency of PM10 was 5.3 m2/g and secondary pollutants such as sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium accountd for 50% of the total PM10 mass concentration. During the heavy dust period, PM10 mass concentration was maintained at 676~1,384 μg/m3 for about 24 hours from 21 KST on March 29, 2021 which is 25 times higher than the PM10 mass concentration before the Asian dust arrived. The light absorption coefficient in the heavy dust period was 38.5±9.4 Mm-1, which was higher than in the period before the arrival of Asian dust (22.5±10.2 Mm-1) confirming the Asian dust was highly absorbing. The scattering Ångström exponent and absorption Ångström exponent were 0.29 and 2.64, respectively, which are similar to the values reported around the Asian Dust source region. Although the concentration of fine particles did not increase during HD, it is presumed that the Asian Dust and fine particles were combined as the concentration of ions of anthropogenic pollutants increased to 15 μg/m3. Aerosol physical and optical properties were observed at 0.5~5.0 km over the Yellow Sea using an aircraft during HD. The coarse particle concentration and light scattering coefficient (545.7 Mm-1) and the light absorption coefficient (23.1 Mm-1) were the highest at the altitude of 0.9 km (36.5°N, 124.4°E). The scattering Ångström exponent (-0.067±0.13) and the absorption Ångström exponent (1.3~1.9) showed distinct characteristics of dust. The vertical lapse rate of the temperature from the aircraft and the backward trajectory analysis declared that the air origins were different below and over the altitude of 1.8 km.

황사에 대한 인식 조사 -황사 관련 신문 기사 내용 분석-

임형준,하미나,조수헌,권호장,Im, Hyoung-June,Ha, Mi-Na,Cho, Soo-Hun,Kwon, Ho-Jang 대한예방의학회 2003 Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Vol.36 No.3

Objectives : There is an increasing concern for the social, economic, environmental and health effects of the Asian dust (Hwang-sa in Korean language) in Korea. In this study, we intended to indirectly determine ordinary people's perception about the Asian dust by analyzing the contents of newspaper articles dealing with it. Methods: By using article searching services in the internet websites of three newspaper companies, we collected newspaper articles dealing with the Asian dust during the period from January $1^{st}$ of 1998 to December $31^{st}$ of 2002. We classified the articles into four categories: those forecasting the occurrence of the Asian dust, those about measures to cope with it, those about its occurrence in the neighboring foreign countries, and those about its effects. In particular, we analyzed articles about the health effects of the Asian dust more distinctly. Results : A total of 1,225 articles dealing with the Asian dust were found during the 5 year period. The number of articles increased from 102 in 1998 to 518 in 2002, approximately a five-fold increase, The numbers of articles about health effects, environmental effects and economical effects were 191 (44%), 171 (41%) and 147 (34%), respectively. It was reported that various diseases such as respiratory diseases (87%), eye problems (69%), and skin diseases (12%) were associated with the Asian dust. Conclusion : The increasing concern for the negative effects of the Asian dust necessitates more studios about this field. As the effects of the Asian dust are various, the information on the major concern of ordinary people could help establish the research agendas and measures for the Asian dust.

황사와 환경성질환

권호장 대한의사협회 2012 대한의사협회지 Vol.55 No.3

Asian dust, called Hwangsa in Korean, is windblown dust originating from the desert areas of China and Mongolia. Public concern on the possible adverse health effects of Asian dust has increased recently. Some experimental studies have reported that Asian dust aggravates the allergic response and induces cytotoxicity by promoting the release of reactive oxygen spe-cies. Asian dust may potentiate common cold symptoms associated with rhinovirus infection by enhancing inflammatory cytokines and increasing viral replication. In many epidemiologic stu-dies conducted not only in Korea but also in Taiwan and Japan, Asian dust exposure has been reported to be associated with an increase in mortality and hospital visits and admission due to cardiovascular and respiratory disease as well as increased respiratory symptoms and decrea-sed pulmonary function. The frequency and scale of Asian dust events are expected to increase due to environmental change such as desertification in northern China and climate change. We need an Asian dust preparedness strategy including monitoring of dust-related health outcomes as well as an enhanced Asian dust forecasting system to protect people from the effects of Asian dust events.

Environmental Analysis in Asian Dust Source Region Using Satellite Remotely Sensed Data

Hye Mee Kyung,Young Seup Kim,Sang Woo Kim 大韓遠隔探査學會 2003 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.19 No.3

With the negative influences and damage from Asian dust increasing, it`s getting important to investigate the climate and soil condition of the source region of Asian dust. There is a high possibility that the desertification and the drastic decrease of plants in China and Mongolia make worse the situation (bad effects of Asian Dust). To detect the movement of Asian dust caused by air circulation, we need to watch the state of the source region to get useful information for the prevention of the dust pollution, and to predict what part of China will become the source region. Therefore, using TOMS aerosol index data, NCEP reanalysis data that is Remote Sensing data from 1981 to 2000 (except 1993~1996, 4 years), for 16 years, examined the relation between the dust occurrence and weather elements. Dust occurrence appeared much in spring season from March to May in study areas. It had a dry climate during that season as follows: relative humidity about 20~40%, temperature about -5~5℃, precipitation about 33~180 mm, wind speed about 4~10 ms-1. Dust occurrence and weather element annual change in study areas decreased gradually till 1990, but in Gobi desert the incidence of dust occurrence increased since 1997. As a result, found out that the more the precipitation, the less dust occurrence, because the precipitation and surface wind speed had a direct influence on the soil of the source region of dust.

A Simulation of Asian Dust Events Observed from 20 to 29 December 2009 in Korea by Using ADAM2

박순웅,최안나,박문수 한국기상학회 2013 Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Vol.49 No.1

The Asian dust Aerosol Model 2 (ADAM2) with the MM5meteorological model has been employed to study long-range transport process of Asian dust and to estimate dust emission, deposition (wet and dry) and concentration over the Asian dust source region and the downwind regions for dust events observed in Korea during the period of 20-29 December 2009, which is one of the dust events chosen by the 3rd Meeting of Working Group for Joint Research on Dust Sand Storm among Mongolia, China, Japan and Korea to study intensively for the development of an early warning system in Asia. It is found that the model simulates quite well the starting and ending times of dust events and the peak dust concentrations with their occurrence times both in the source region and downwind regions. The dust emission in the dust source region is found to be associated with a developing synoptic weather system accompanied with strong surface winds over the source region that usually travels east to southeastward across the source region and then turns to move northeastward toward the north western Pacific Ocean. The dust emitted in the source region is found to be split into two parts: one is transported southeastward to the East China Sea in front of the surface high pressure system and experiencing enhanced deposition due to the sinking motion induced by the southeastward traveling the surface high pressure system whereas, the other moves northeastward toward the surface low pressure system and then lifted upward to form a upper-level high dust concentration layer that results in a favorable condition for the long-range transport of dust. It is also found that the maximum ten-day total dust emission of about 23 t km−2 occurs in the domain Northwestern China (NWC). However, the maximum ten-day total dust deposition of 21 t km−2 with the maximum mean surface concentration of 555 μg m−3 and the column integrated mean concentration of 2.9 g m−2 occurs in the domain Central-northern China (CNC). The column-integrated PM10 concentration is found to increase toward northeastward especially in the domain North northeastern China (NNEC) due to the upper-level transported high PM10 concentration. The ten-day total dust deposition, mean surface PM10 and column integrated PM10 concentrations in the downwind domains are found to decrease away from the source region from 2.44 t km−2,112 μg m−3 and 1.68 g m−2, respectively in the domain YES to 0.06 t km−2, 2.1 μg m−3 and 0.4 g m−2, respectively in the domain Northwestern Pacific 1 (NWP1). Much of the total dust deposition is largely contributed by wet deposition in the far downwind region of the seas while that is contributed by dry deposition in the source region.

Environmental Analysis in Asian Dust Source Region Using Satellite Remotely Sensed Data

Kyung, Hye-Mee,Kim, Young-Seup,Kim, Sang-Woo The Korean Society of Remote Sensing 2003 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.19 No.3

With the negative influences and damage from Asian dust increasing, it's getting important to investigate the climate and soil condition of the source region of Asian dust. There is a high possibility that the desertification and the drastic decrease of plants in China and Mongolia make worse the situation (bad effects of Asian Dust). To detect the movement of Asian dust caused by air circulation, we need to watch the state of the source region to get useful information for the prevention of the dust pollution, and to predict what part of China will become the source region. Therefore, using TOMS aerosol index data, NCEP reanalysis data that is Remote Sensing data from 1981 to 2000 (except 1993~1996, 4 years), for 16 years, examined the relation between the dust occurrence and weather elements. Dust occurrence appeared much in spring season from March to May in study areas. It had a dry climate during that season as follows : relative humidity about 20~40%, temperature about -5~5$^{\circ}C$, precipitation about 33-180 mm, wind speed about 4-10 ms-1. Dust occurrence and weather element annual change in study areas decreased gradually till 1990, but in Gobi desert the incidence of dust occurrence increased since 1997. As a result, found out that the more the precipitation, the less dust occurrence, because the precipitation and surface wind speed had a direct influence on the soil of the source region of dust.

Improved Dust Detection over East Asia Using Geostationary Satellite Data

신유림,손은하,박기홍,류근혁,이수봉,이선용,박나연 한국기상학회 2021 Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Vol.57 No.4

This paper presents an improved algorithm, based on the D*-parameter, for dust detection over the East Asian region using brightness temperature differences (BTDs) between the infrared channels of the Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) onboard Himawari-8. The developed algorithm defines a dust index in the form of the ratio of BTDs: BTD between the 10.4 μm and 12.4 μmchannels (BTD10.4–12.4) to that between the 8.6 μmand 10.4 μmchannels (BTD8.6–10.4). To identify dustwith this index, threshold values were determined empirically. A masking technique using the BTD8.6–10.4 was utilized in the dust index to mitigate the problem of detecting clear-sky deserts and fog over the ocean as dust. BTD8.6–10.4 was analyzed for dust, clear-sky desert, and fog over the ocean cases during 2017 and 2018 with this method. Fog over the ocean and clear-sky desert were distinguished by the criteria of BTD8.6–10.4 > −1.1 K and BTD8.6–10.4 > −1 K, respectively. Based on these thresholds, the influence of fog over the ocean and clear-sky desert was filtered out. The results showed that the dust area was qualitatively consistent with RGB images and ground observation data. Comparison with the AERONET aerosol optical depth (AOD) demonstrated that the D*-parameter was exponentially proportional to AOD, and the correlation coefficient between them was approximately 0.6. The improved Asian Dust detection algorithm can be applied to the monitoring of dust dispersion and movement and also serve as a quantitative indicator of Asian Dust. This paper presents an improved algorithm, based on the D*-parameter, for dust detection over the East Asian region using brightness temperature differences (BTDs) between the infrared channels of the Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) onboard Himawari-8. The developed algorithm defines a dust index in the form of the ratio of BTDs: BTD between the 10.4 μm and 12.4 μm channels (BTD 10.4–12.4 ) to that between the 8.6 μm and 10.4 μm channels (BTD 8.6–10.4 ). To identify dust with this index, threshold values were determined empirically. A masking technique using the BTD 8.6–10.4 was utilized in the dust index to mitigate the problem of detecting clear-sky deserts and fog over the ocean as dust. BTD 8.6–10.4 was analyzed for dust, clear-sky desert, and fog over the ocean cases during 2017 and 2018 with this method. Fog over the ocean and clear-sky desert were distinguished by the criteria of BTD 8.6–10.4  > −1.1 K and BTD 8.6–10.4  > −1 K, respectively. Based on these thresholds, the influence of fog over the ocean and clear-sky desert was filtered out. The results showed that the dust area was qualitatively consistent with RGB images and ground observation data. Comparison with the AERONET aerosol optical depth (AOD) demonstrated that the D*-parameter was exponentially proportional to AOD, and the correlation coefficient between them was approximately 0.6. The improved Asian Dust detection algorithm can be applied to the monitoring of dust dispersion and movement and also serve as a quantitative indicator of Asian Dust.

황사 발생과 일부 초등학교 학생들의 자각증상 및 행동변화

이보은,황승식,박혜숙,하은희,권호장,이종태,조용성,박영순,임종한,홍윤철,조수헌,방명걸 韓國學校保健學會 2003 韓國學校保健學會誌 Vol.16 No.1

Purpose : While there have been growing concerns about the effects of Asian dusts on health, there are few studies for relationship between Asian dusts and health outcome. This study was designed to examine the perceived symptoms and behavior change of children during the Asian Dust events. Methods : We surveyed 459 students at an elementary school in Seoul, Korea from November 20th to 27th 2002. Children with parents were asked to return the completed questionnaires within a week. The questionnaires included the sociodemographic factor, previous respiratory disease, and perceived symptom, hospital visits and behavior change during the Asian dusts. Results : The majority of children reported that they restrained going out and outdoor recreational activity during the Asian dusts. The rate of children who worn the mask was 49% and 47% in second grade and fifth grade, respectively. Regarding the perceived symptom during the Asian dusts, the children in 2nd were more likely to have symptom than 5th and there were significant difference between two groups in cough. asthma symptom, dry cough, phlegm and medication for allergy or asthma symptom. In addition, children who had previous disease were more likely to change behavior in order to prevent the effects of Asian dusts. Conclusions : This study suggested that the younger children and children who had past respiratory disease were susceptible to the effect of Asian dusts. There is a need for providing public information and health education to prevent the impact of Asian dusts on health.