Avian influenza Surveillance in wild bird in Korea between 2015 and 2016

( Gyeong-beom Heo ),( Eun-kyoung Lee ),( Yu-na Lee ),( Youn-jeong Lee ),( Mingeun Sagong ),( Myoung-heon Lee ),( Yong-joo Kim ) 대한인수공통전염병학회 2018 창립총회 및 학술대회 초록집 Vol.2018 No.1

Introduction: National surveillance of avian influenza virus (AIV) in Korea has been annually conducted for early detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). In Korea, there have been four times of outbreaks of H5N1 HPAI between 2003 and 2011. During 2014-2015, large epizootics in poultry have been caused by H5N8 HPAI viruses. In this study, we report on the result of a nationwide surveillance for AIV in wild birds in Korea between 2015 and 2016. Methods: Samples were collected by the Livestock Health Control Association and regional veterinary offices. The feces of wild birds were collected in major migratory habitats. Healthy migratory birds were captured and oropharyngeal/cloacal swabs were collected from these birds. Each sample was screened by real-time PCR. AIVs were isolated by inoculation on embryonated SPF chicken egg with samples and the presence of AIV was determined using a hemagglutination assay. For sutyping of AIV, HA and NA genes of the AIV isolates were amplified with gene-specific primers using RT-PCR and confirmed by directly sequencing. Results: Between 2015 and 2016, 28,849 samples were collected from wild birds. Of these, 24,091 of wild bird feces, 4,686 from captured birds, and 72 dead birds. A total of 228 viruses were isolated and the various subtypes were found including H1-H12. The major subtypes were H5 (n=59), H6 (n=39), H4 (n=33) and H3 (n=30). H5 AIV was further classified into four NA subtypes: H5N3 (n=23), H5N6 (n=18), H5N8 (n=16) and H5N9 (n=2). H5N6 and H5N8 subtypes were isolated in wild bird feces (n=18), captured bird (n=10), and dead bird (n=6), respectively. These viruses belonged to clade 2.3.4.4 and confirmed as HPAI virus. The H5N6 HPAI viruses isolated in late 2016 were phylogenetically distinguishable from the clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 HPAI viruses previously isolated in Korea during 2014-2015. Conclusion: Between 2015 and 2016, viruses of various subtypes, including H5 HPAIVs and LPAIV, were isolated from wild bird through AI surveillance. AI Surveillance in wild birds should be enhanced for earlier detection of AIV introduced by wild birds to implement the effective control measure to prevent HPAI outbreaks in poultry farms.

닭병원성 대장균과 야생조류유래 대장균 분리주에서 항생제 감수성 검사와 병원성 관련 유전자의 분포

송은아,오재영,안병기,서이경,윤재영,강민수,임춘태,권준헌,권용국 한국가금학회 2010 한국가금학회 정기총회 및 학술발표회 Vol.27 No.-

We compared the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance and virulenceassociated genes between 98 avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) and 790 E. coli strains isolated from normal wild birds. Of 15 antibiotics tested, 7 antibiotics such as nalidixic acid, tetracycline, ampicillin, sulfisoxazole, streptomycin, cephalothin, and enrofloxacin showed more than 30% resistance rate in APEC strains, whereas the resistance to E. coli (wild birds) strains was very low (Figure2). The 98 APEC strains and 120 of 790 E. coli strains (from wild birds) were detected the frequency of virulence-associated genes by multiplex PCR. The detection rates of virulence-associated genes tested in APEC strains were significantly higher than those of wild birds. The APEC strains comprised more than 40% against all 8 virulenceassociated genes. Although detection rates of virulence genes was low in E. coli strains of wild birds, they harbored almost every virulence-associated genes except for the cva A/B gene (Figure3). The distribution of virulence genes detected possesses twentyfive combination patterns in APEC strains, whereas E. coli strains of wild birds were divided into 14 gene combination patterns. According to antimicrobial disc tests and detection of virulence-associated genes, the APEC strains possesses multiple antibiotic resistance and virulence-associated genes which integrated into ColV plasmid with E. coli virulence. Even E. coli strains of wild birds also harbored various antimicrobial resistance and virulence markers.

야생조류에 대한 조류인플루엔자 예찰의 중요성과 연구 동향

이동훈,송창선,Lee, Dong-Hun,Song, Chang-Seon 대한수의학회 2013 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.53 No.4

Avian influenza viruses (AIV) have been isolated from a wide range of domestic and wild birds. Wild birds, predominantly ducks, geese and gulls form the reservoir of AIV in nature. The viruses in wild bird populations are a potential source of widespread infections in poultry. Active surveillance for AIV infection provides information regarding AIV distribution, and global AIV surveillance can play a key role in the early recognition of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). Since 2003 in Korea, there have been four H5N1 HPAI outbreaks caused by clade 2.5, 2.2 and 2.3.2. Therefore, improvement of AIV surveillance strategy is required to detect HPAI viruses effectively. This article deals with the major events establishing the role of wild birds in the natural history of influenza in Korea. We highlighted the need for continuous surveillance in wild birds and characterization of these viruses to understand AIV epidemiology and host ecology in Korea.

Serosurveillance for Japanese encephalitis virus in wild birds captured in Korea

Dong-Kun Yang,Yoon-I Oh,Hye-Ryoung Kim,Youn-Jeong Lee,Oun-Kyong Moon,Hachung Yoon,김병한,이경우,송재영 대한수의학회 2011 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.12 No.4

Climate change induced by recent global warming may have a significant impact on vector-borne and zoonotic diseases. For example, the distribution of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) has expanded into new regions. We surveyed the levels of hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibodies against JEV (Family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus) in wild birds captured in Korea. Blood samples were collected from 1,316 wild birds including the following migratory birds: Oceanodroma castro (n = 4), Anas formosa (n = 7), Anas penelope (n = 20), Fulica atra (n = 30), Anas acuta (n = 89), Anas crecca (n = 154), Anas platyrhynchos (n = 214), Aix galericulata (n = 310), and Anas poecilorhyncha (n = 488). All were captured in 16 locations in several Korea provinces between April 2007 and December 2009. Out of the 1,316 serum samples tested, 1,141 (86.7%) were positive for JEV. Wild birds captured in 2009 had a higher seroprevalence of ant-JEV antibodies than those captured in 2007. Wild birds with an HI antibody titer of 1 : 1,280 or higher accounted for 21.2% (280/1,316) of the animals tested. These findings indicated that wild birds from the region examined in our study have been exposed to JEV and may pose a high risk for introducing a new JEV genotype into Korea.

Acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain of wild birds in Korea—2014 to 2016

방지현,구현옥,강환구,김효비,김수희,박성원,김용상,장일,배유찬,우계형,이희 대한수의학회 2019 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.20 No.2

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity level can be used as a diagnostic marker for anticholinesterase pesticide poisoning. In this study, we aimed to establish a baseline level of normal brain AChE activity in wild birds. AChE activity was measured in the brains of 87dead wild birds (26 species). The level of AChE activity ranged from 6.40 to 15.9 µmol/min/g of brain tissue in normal wild birds. However, the brain tissue AChE activity level in wild birds exposed to organophosphate (OP) pesticide was 48.0%–96.3% of that in the normal birds. These results may serve as reference values to facilitate routine diagnosis and monitoring of OP-poisoned wild birds.

Molecular Characterization of an Avian-origin Reassortant H7N1 Influenza Virus

윤선우 한국생명과학회 2023 생명과학회지 Vol.33 No.8

Recently, sporadic cases of human infection by genetic reassortants of H7Nx influenza A viruses have been reported; such viruses have also been continuously isolated from avian species. In this study, A/wild bird/South Korea/sw-anu/2023, a novel reassortant of the H7N1 avian influenza virus, was analyzed using full-genome sequencing and molecular characterization. Phylogenetic analysis showed that A/wild bird/South Korea/sw-anu/2023 belonged to the Eurasian lineage of H7Nx viruses. The polymerase basic (PB)2, PB1, polymerase acidic (PA), and nucleoprotein (NP) genes of these viruses were found to be closely related to those of avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds, while the hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), matrix (M), and nonstructural (NS) genes were similar to those of avian influenza viruses isolated from domestic ducks. In addition, A/wild bird/South Korea/sw-anu/2023 also had a high binding preference for avian-specific glycans in the solid-phase direct binding assay. These results suggest the presence of a new generation of H7N1 avian influenza viruses in wild birds and highlight the reassortment of avian influenza viruses found along the East Asian–Australasian flyway. Overall, H7Nx viruses circulate worldwide, and mutated H7N1 avian viruses may infect humans, which emphasizes the requirement for continued surveillance of the H7N1 avian influenza virus in wild birds and poultry.

해상·해안 국립공원에서 수집한 야생조류 폐사체의 체내 중금속농도 분석

김재훈(Jae-Hoon Kim),김우현(Woo-Hyun Kim),전현아(Hyun-A Jeon),홍길표(Gil-Pyo Hong),김양모(Yang-Mo Kim),진경순(Kyoung-Soon Jin),조소연(So-Yeon Cho),황보연(Bo-Yeon Hwang) 국립공원연구원 2023 국립공원연구지 Vol.14 No.1

본 연구는 야생조류 폐사체의 장기에 축적된 중금속 농도의 종간 및 지역 간 분석을 통해 국내에 서식, 도래하는 야생조류의 중금속 수준을 비교 분석하였다. 2021년 2월부터 9월까지 국내 서해 남부의 도서지역인 신안군 흑산도, 칠발도, 홍도, 대둔도, 서해 북부의 몽산포 연안과 외연도 그리고 남해 동부의 경남 통영시 홍도에서 야생조류 폐사체를 수집하였다. 수집한 야생조류 폐사체는 모두 20과 40종 85개체이다. 수집된 야생조류를 과별, 종별로 분류하여 중금속 원소의 종류에 따라 농도의 평균±표준편차 값을 비교하였다. 중금속 원소별 최소값, 최대값을 비교하였고 구리와 카드뮴, 비소, 납, 망간은 각 종별로 유의한 차이가 있었다. 종마다 원소 간 유의한 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 유사한 서식환경은 갖지만, 생태적, 행동적 습성에서 차이가 있는 종간, 과간 비교 및 분산분석을 실시하고, 선행연구와 비교한 결과 대부분 원소의 농도값은 근소한 차이를 나타내거나 비교적 낮게 나타났다. 이 연구는 조류의 중금속 영향조사와 환경변화로 인한 조류 종의 향후 영향을 이해하기 위한 기초데이터를 분석하였다. This study aimed to investigate the accumulation of heavy metals in wild birds inhabiting marine and coastal national parks in Korea. From February to September 2021, wild bird carcasses were collected from islands in the southern West Sea of Korea: Heuksando, Chilbaldo, Hongdo, Daedundo, Northern West Sea: Mongsanpo Coast and Oeyeondo, and Eastern South Sea: Hongdo, Tongyeong, Gyeongsangnam-do. A total 85 wild bird carcasses from 40 species in 20 families were analyzed for heavy metal concentration including lead, arsenic, chromium, cadmium, manganese, nickel, copper, and zinc. The levels of copper, cadmium, arsenic, lead, and manganese showed significant differences among each species, and each avian species that has over five carcasses collected exhibited the correlation between the species. The analysis between species with similar habitats but ecologically different showed that the concentration of heavy metals measured in this study was comparable or relatively low compared to the previous studies. This study would provide fundamental data to understand the extent of heavy metal exposure in wild birds and its impact on wild birds.

Evaluation of Agri-Environmental Performance of Convention on Biological Diversity Using Winter Paddy Field in Korea

이덕배,박상현,강기경,고병구,박광래,서명철,김종길 한국환경농학회 2008 한국환경농학회지 Vol.27 No.4

Winter migratory birds gather in paddy rice fields to feed shed rice grains. The Korean Ministry of Environment has practiced a policy program Contract on Paddy Field Management (CPFM) during winter fallow since 2002. This program starts with a contract between local governments and farmers, and the government pays a differential subsidy to farmers who finish spreading rice straw, cultivating barley, letting the whole rice plant without harvest, and submerging paddy fields for winter migratory birds. As more local governments have operated CPFM program, the total area on the contract and subsidy budget has increased yearly since 2002. This program could have its stable position as a successful policy by giving profits to farmers. With the program extended, the population of winter migratory birds has been greatly. For the evaluation of environmental performance of a policy, we analyzed this CPFM program by introducing some indicators in the form of Driving Force-State-Response Framework. The indicators were composed of 3 categorized indicators; the area of paddy land contracted under this program as ‘driving force’ indicator, population of birds, the number of bird species and the amount of feces as ‘state’ indicators, and the size of monetary support, the number of farmers or local governments participating, and public perception as ‘response’ indicators. The contract area of paddy field under CPFM could be a good biodiversity indicator reflecting potential performance of this policy measure in the light of its linkage to the population of winter migratory birds. And the share of CPFM land of the whole agricultural land might also be used as a useful indicator of policy evaluation for improvement of wildlife diversity. The ‘state’ indicators such as population of birds and the number of bird species could be matched to ‘driving force’ indicator, but the total CPFM area of each site could not reflect the effect of areas under different management practices. However, the amount of bird feces could reflect differences in environmental performance with management practices as ‘state’ indicators. The development of indicators indicating ‘response’ such as farmers’ behavior, public perception, and policy makers’ willingness is also needed to support a successful implementation and improvement of this policy measure with the development of ‘performance’ indicators integrating all these indicators.

한국도자에 나타난 조류문(鳥類紋)의 상징성과 조형성 연구

전광수 한국도자학회 2014 한국도자학연구 Vol.11 No.1

Since Pottery has many forms and patterns, and is considered to be the majority of Korean artworks, it has been the primary source for determining the culture and sociology of its generation. It is thanks to the patterns and advanced modeling which allow the elucidation of emotion, ideas, customs, and faith that were present in its days of development. This research aimed to uproot and elaborate the symbolism and the method of formativeness behind the bird-patterns which are extensively engraved and painted in celadon, buncheong, and white porcelain. The most commonly perceived types of birds that appear in the pottery are the phoenix, crane, mandarin duck, parrot, wild goose, magpie, and bat. There are also the miscellaneous classed birds such as goose, hawk, sparrow, pheasant, crow, and peacock. This research was carried out by subjects mentioned above as they were positively distinguishable. Each bird has its own separate meanings such as religion, faith, and lucky omens. The phoenix represents ‘peaceful reign,’ the crane ‘long life,’ the mandarin duck ‘married life,’ the parrot a merry marriage, the duck the highest passing mark in the state, the wild goose faithfulness, wellbeing, and peace, the magpie happiness, gratitude, and justice, and finally the bat symbolizes ‘five blessings’ and prosperity. The significance about these patterns and forms is first, it doesn’t possess the sense of crowdedness in terms of how the patterns are organized when compared with other culture’s pottery. Korean pottery displays a skill of perspicacity by using the empty spaces as a part of the art itself and by spot lighting the birds to highlight the beauty of the overall simplicity. Secondly, it focuses on the briefness of color use and the positioning of the birds. Celadon engravings or inlaid-works show the creative and temperately formulized patterns, while the White Porcelain attempt to reflect the birds’ sense of motion and physicality through fine brushings. The third significance is its great collaboration of salience and simplicity. And the last is its absence of awkwardness, which frustrates the viewers, in use of all these aspects—salience, simplicity, collusion—that make this certain type of pottery unique. 도자기는 우리미술품 중에 가장 종류가 많고 기형(器形)과 문양(紋樣)이 다양하므로 그 시대의 문화와 사회상을 가장 잘 파악할 수 있는 자료로 알려져 있다. 특히 문양은 그 시대의 사상과 감정, 풍속과 신앙을 읽어 낼 수 있는 자료이며 조형성이 뛰어난 것이 많다. 이 연구는 청자, 분청사기, 백자에 시문된 조류문의 상징적 의미와 조형성을 고찰해 보는데 목적이 있다. 도자기 문양에서 나타나는 식별할 수 있는 조류문의 종류는 봉황문, 학문, 원앙문, 앵무문, 오리문, 기러기문, 까치문, 박쥐문 등을 들 수 있다. 기타 식별하기가 힘든 조류는 거위, 매, 참새, 꿩, 까마귀, 공작 등이 있다. 이 연구에서는 종류를 식별할 수 있는 조류와 자태로 모양을 추정할 수 있는 조류를 연구대상으로 삼아 그 상징성과 조형성을 기술하였다. 조류문의 상징성은 종교, 신앙, 길상의 대상으로서 각기 조류 마다 의미성이 있다. 그것은 부귀영화, 장수, 건강, 장원급제, 안녕과 화합 등의 다양한 길상적(吉祥的) 의미를 포함하고 있다. 조류문의 조형적 특징을 요약하여 보면, 첫째, 우리나라의 도자문양은 주목성을 가지고 있다. 다른 나라의 도자기에서 흔히 볼 수 있는 여백 없이 가득 채워진 문양 배치에서 오는 복잡 산만함은 찾아볼 수 없다. 도자 표면을 하나의 조형적 공간으로 인식하고 필요한 공간에 적절히 감각적으로 배치하여 여백과 어우러져 시각적으로 드러나는 주목성의 특징이 있다. 둘째, 색채 사용과 문양 배치 등에서의 간결성이다. 청자의 흑백을 사용한 문양의 형태는 어느 정도 도식화되어 절제 있게 표현된 간결함이고, 백자는직관적인 붓질에서 오는 농담으로 조류의 생동감과 운동감을 잘 표현하였다. 셋째, 도자의 형태, 빈 공간, 문양의 조화에서 주목성과 간결성이 어우러진 고도의 회화성이다. 넷째, 주목성과 간결성, 그리고 회화성을 구성하는 문양들은 자연스럽게 융합되어 답답함을 찾아볼 수 없는 자연적인 것이 특징이다.

Molecular prevalence and genotyping of <i>Chlamydia</i> spp. in wild birds from South Korea

JEONG, Jipseol,AN, Injung,OEM, Jae-Ku,WANG, Seung-Jun,KIM, Yongkwan,SHIN, Jeong-Hwa,WOO, Chanjin,KIM, Youngsik,JO, Seong-Deok,SON, Kidong,LEE, Saemi,JHEONG, Weonhwa JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE 2017 The Journal of veterinary medical science Vol.79 No.7

<P>Wild birds are reservoirs for <I>Chlamydia</I> spp. Of the total 225 samples from wild birds during January to September 2016 in Korea, 4 (1.8%) and 2 (0.9%) showed positive for <I>Chlamydia psittaci</I> and <I>Chlamydia gallinacea</I>, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses and comparisons of sequence identities for outer-membrane protein A (<I>omp</I>A) revealed that Korean <I>C. psittaci</I> fall into three previously known genotypes; genotype E, 1V and 6N, whereas the Korean <I>C. gallinacea</I> were classified as new variants of <I>C. gallinacea.</I> Our study demonstrates that wild birds in South Korea carry at least two <I>Chlamydia</I> species: <I>C. psittaci</I> and <I>C. gallinacea</I>, and provides new information on the epidemiology of avian chlamydiosis in wild birds.</P>