과정 지향적 번역학과 사고 발화법

김련희 한국국제회의통역학회 2002 통역과 번역 Vol.4 No.1

Until recently, product-oriented translation studies have been dominant among scholars. In this approach, translation products are examined in terms of their linguistic aspects. As interest in the cognitive processes of translation has increased, however, process-oriented translation studies have been gaining increasing attention over the last twenty years or so. Translation studies look into what is going on in the brain of a translator while translation. So, unlike the product-oriented translation studies, it looks for psycholinguistic validity. The think-aloud protocols (TAP) method, as an introspective method, is one of the methods adopted by process-oriented translation studies. This paper describes the TAP method - its methodology and the methodological limitations, the findings of previous TAP studies and the implications of the findings for translation education. The TAP method, despite its limitations, has proved to be efficient in tapping into the translation process, thereby making it possible to capture those aspects of translation which could be ignored or lost by the product-oriented approach. The findings of translation studies could help establish a psycholinguistic model of translation. Eventually, it could contribute to changing the course of translation education, in which the product-oriented approach has been dominant, to a more process-oriented approach. It is hoped that more process-oriented studies are conducted using a TAP method.

Translation Strategy of Sports Movie Titles

( Wei Liu ),( Wendong Li ) 한국체육학회 2015 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.2015 No.1

Purpose: Sports movies are the films featuring stories about sports persons and activities. This type of movies have won great attention and popularity among all movies because of the uplifting spirits of passion and perseverance exemplified by the sports in the movies, as well as their satisfaction of human`s desires of self-transcendence and dream-fulfillment. Therefore, sports movies have been a hot topic since its first advent 100 years ago. As a special field of translation, movie titles translation into Chinese can convey a movie`s major messages to the audience which is a great help to facilitate audience`s understanding of the film. Methods: Literature review Expert interview Case study Logic analysis Results: 1. Sports movie titles translation is subject to the influence of the factors of box office and anesthetics. It can directly impact the movie makers in whether the filming investment can be rewarded to finance further more sports movies or not. The sports spirits demonstrated through the movies are usually positively inspiring and unyielding, and the protagonists` success is achieved through step-by-step hard work to become sports stars or champions. Audience can be both informed of the stories and inspired by the sports spirits through the translation of the movie titles. 2. There are three approaches in sports movie titles translation, i.e., literal translation, liberal translation and amplification translation. 3. There are some problems in the translation of sports movie titles, such as the practice of word-for-word translation of the original English titles failing to make a good combination with the movie`s plots and subject. Conclusion: Sports movie is an art of combining audio and visual faculties, their titles translation has direct influence to the audience`s understanding of the movies` subject. It is not only an art form but also a bridge between China and other countries in cultural exchanges and an important medium of cultural input and output. Translators should make intensive study and insightful analysis of the sports movies` story and subject and strive to realize both sports movies business value and educational functions by adept use of various translation methods and techniques. Meanwhile, translators should also learn western cultures and understand the cultural differences to work out a perfect translation by achieving a balance of "faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance".

번역 연구와 언어 이론

박정준 국제언어인문학회 2012 인문언어 Vol.14 No.1

Translation Studies and Linguistic Theories Jung-Joon Park (University of Incheon) There are definitions and theories concerning translation. But they all seem to have one goal in common: good translation. This paper examines modern linguistic theories and their relations to translation methodologies. Futhermore, the paper examines the role of translator under these considerations. The various opinions of linguists and translation theorists presented here shows that meaningful translation is born through the harmonious integration of different definitions. In short, meaningful translation studies form a domain of reconciliation. Translation studies has to be managed and performed under strict guidelines, and to this effect linguistics may offer various possibilities to open new fields of methodologies where translation is concerned. Language has become an indispensable element in our existence, but like the air we breathe we do not recognize its virtues. Linguistic studies analyzes the structure of everyday language, while, literary works - personal artistic works - are the object of analyses for the literary studies. However, literary studies do not directly concern itself with literary creations. In the same manner, translation studies are not directly associated with the actual practice of translation. Because we consider translation as an integral part of the human linguistic activity, methodologies in translation should reflect linguistic methodologies. The paper's intention is to show the variety of possibilities, on how basic linguistic notions and translation theories can be utilized for translation works and its ensuing results. Accordingly, translation studies can be considered as an integral domain, where translation methodologies and linguistic theories are closely connected to each other.

Translation Technology Teaching at MA Level : Problems and Suggestions in the Age of AI

WANG Huashu 한국외국어대학교 통번역연구소 2019 한국외국어대학교 통번역연구소 학술대회 Vol.2019 No.07

Driven by evolvement of AI technology, a series of innovative technologies and tools, such as crowdsourcing translation, remote-video interpreting, human-computer interactive translation, VR/AR interpreting, smart translation pen, portable translation device, and AI simultaneous interpreting technology have made their presence and practical application in various fields and scenes. Technology is reconstructing the traditional translation in an unprecedented way, leading to heated discussion on reform of translation profession and translation education. As translation technology is an undeniable trend, it is necessary to redefine translation competence saying that technical competence is a must for future translators. Questionnaires and interviews were conducted via telephones and emails on the current situation of translation technology curriculum in MA/MTI Translation/Interpreting programs in China, Japan, South Korea, the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Spain, Switzerland, Australia, etc. This study will present the common problems found in those programs and provide constructive suggestions to them, as maybe referred by future translation technology education in a global view.

Translating Scripture for Sound and Performance: New Directions in Biblical Studies

Ji-Woon Yoo(서평자) 대한성서공회 2018 성경원문연구 Vol.- No.42

This collection of essays is edited by James A. Maxey and Ernst R. Wendland, both of whom are translation specialists with a particular experience of African oral performance culture. This book is also one of the Biblical Performance Criticism series, edited by David M. Rhoads, emeritus professor of the New Testament at Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago. In this book, Vol. 6 of the series, co-editors provide their own articles alongside the other six contributors, many of whom have had a life experience of oral (performance) culture. First two articles written by Maxey and Rhoads play an important role in expanding the readers’ understanding of “biblical performance criticism” in relation to “Bible translation.” The other six essays seem to function as case-studies that apply biblical performance criticism to a specific Bible text or emphasize a fresh aspect of “Bible translation” based on biblical performance criticism. This book review mainly points out fresh insights of “Bible translation” that this collection of essays provide. First, “Bible translation” does not seek only one “right” and “objective” meaning. Rather it seeks multivalent and legitimate meanings, considering various “responses” from the audience, not just so-called “the intended meaning” by the author. Second, this book intensifies our understanding that translation itself is an interpretation. “Bible translation” does not mean mechanical transliteration from one language to another language. The article contributors in this book recognize that the oral performances of the Bible as “Bible translation” can have artistic value. Third, there are two types of “Bible translation” as oral performance. One is a translation of the ancient performances of the Bible and the other is a translation for the contemporary oral performances of the Bible. Although both translations are important as they are, it seems more significant how they can be related to each other and how the contemporary performances can make rhetorical impact effectively on the audience. Fourth, the notion that oral performance of the Bible can be called a “Bible translation” belongs to Rhoads’ “engagement model” of Bible translation. Although almost all existing “translations” tend to center on a written translation document whatever the versions are, Rhoads’ “engagement model” of Bible translation regards oral performances as central, not a written document. Fifth, oral performances as “Bible translation” contribute to forming a particular identity of the hearing community. In this way, a fresh goal of Bible translation, i. e. “Christian identity formation” can be established.

<서평>Translating Scripture for Sound and Performance: New Directions in Biblical Studies (James A. Maxey and Ernst R. Wendland, eds., Biblical Performance Criticism 6, Eugene: Cascade Books, 2012)

유지운 (재)대한성서공회 성경원문연구소 2018 성경원문연구 Vol.- No.42

This collection of essays is edited by James A. Maxey and Ernst R. Wendland, both of whom are translation specialists with a particular experience of African oral performance culture. This book is also one of the Biblical Performance Criticism series, edited by David M. Rhoads, emeritus professor of the New Testament at Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago. In this book, Vol. 6 of the series, co-editors provide their own articles alongside the other six contributors, many of whom have had a life experience of oral (performance) culture. First two articles written by Maxey and Rhoads play an important role in expanding the readers’ understanding of “biblical performance criticism” in relation to “Bible translation.” The other six essays seem to function as case-studies that apply biblical performance criticism to a specific Bible text or emphasize a fresh aspect of “Bible translation” based on biblical performance criticism. This book review mainly points out fresh insights of “Bible translation” that this collection of essays provide. First, “Bible translation” does not seek only one “right” and “objective” meaning. Rather it seeks multivalent and legitimate meanings, considering various “responses” from the audience, not just so-called “the intended meaning” by the author. Second, this book intensifies our understanding that translation itself is an interpretation. “Bible translation” does not mean mechanical transliteration from one language to another language. The article contributors in this book recognize that the oral performances of the Bible as “Bible translation” can have artistic value. Third, there are two types of “Bible translation” as oral performance. One is a translation of the ancient performances of the Bible and the other is a translation for the contemporary oral performances of the Bible. Although both translations are important as they are, it seems more significant how they can be related to each other and how the contemporary performances can make rhetorical impact effectively on the audience. Fourth, the notion that oral performance of the Bible can be called a “Bible translation” belongs to Rhoads’ “engagement model” of Bible translation. Although almost all existing “translations” tend to center on a written translation document whatever the versions are, Rhoads’ “engagement model” of Bible translation regards oral performances as central, not a written document. Fifth, oral performances as “Bible translation” contribute to forming a particular identity of the hearing community. In this way, a fresh goal of Bible translation, i. e. “Christian identity formation” can be established.

대학생들의 번역기 사용과 기계 번역의 문제점

마선미 한국통번역교육학회 2022 통번역교육연구 Vol.20 No.4

Translation is a popular activity which is widely used in English classes. The invention of machine translation changed how people look at the use of translation. Students started to use them in the class as well as in their daily lives and machine translation has become one of necessary item. This research examined how students viewed translation in English learning as well as the use of machine translation. It also investigated how students view the role of a translator. For this study, 35 students participated for the survey and translation activities. The data revealed that students do not think translation is a necessary medium for learning English. Also, they think machine translation will be a reliable source for translation in the future. However, after using machine translation, students responded that it would take a long time to have better machine translation and it would not be easy to properly translate them.

북한의 한문고전번역 현황과 한문고전번역 원칙

권경순 한국고전번역학회 2018 고전번역연구 Vol.9 No.-

North Korea's translation of the Chinese classics started in 1950. The first translation was Dongguk Sesam in the 1950s and 1960s. In addition to the literature collection of the three kingdoms, the literature collection was carried out by the three countries, and the literature collection was supported by many people. In 1970, it translated the "Riju-Silok" program, and in the 1990s, it created the National Classical Society to select the subjects of the translation and carry out the translation business. After a short period of absence, the translation was active again in the 2010s. North Korea's research on translating Chinese classics was conducted in the 2000s. Many studies are focused on the principles of translation. The basic principles of North Korea's translation of the Hanmun High School are 'historical principles' and 'the principles of modernity.' Under the two basic principles, the detailed principles of each book are set up and translated. It is using various methods such as maintaining consistency in translation through communication and alternative translation, and using medical services to communicate contents accurately and efficiently. 북한의 한문고전번역은 1950년부터 시작되었다. 최초의 번역서는 『동국병감』으로 1950~60년대에는 『삼국유사』, 『삼국사기』, 『고려사』 등의 국가고전은 물론이고 『박지원작품선집』, 『정약용작품선집』 등 다수의 문집도 선역하여 출판하였다. 1970년에는 『리조실록』을 번역하였고 1990년대에는 민족고전학회를 창설하여 번역 대상을 선별하고 번역사업을 진행해나갔다. 이후 잠시 소강상태였던 한문고전번역은 2010년대에 다시 활발히 진행되어 『비변사등록』과 『증보문헌비고』를 완역하였고, 현재 『팔만대장경』과 『일성록』을 번역하고 있다. 북한의 한문고전번역연구는 2000년대에 들어와 본격적으로 진행되었다. 다수의 연구가 번역원칙에 집중되어있다. 북한의 한문고전번역의 기본 원칙은 ‘역사주의적 원칙’과 ‘현대성의 원칙’이다. 두 기본 원칙 하에 서목별로 세부 원칙을 세워 번역을 진행하고 있다. 교감을 진행하고 번역 대안 등을 통해 번역의 일관성을 유지하고, 내용을 정확하고 효율적으로 전달하기 위해 의역을 활용하는 등 다양한 방법을 활용하고 있다.

기계번역 사용, 기계번역 교육, 번역가 진로에 관한 인식 조사: 학부번역전공자를 대상으로 한 소규모 설문조사를 기반으로

이선우,이상빈 한국통역번역학회 2023 통역과 번역 Vol.25 No.1

In this study, we conducted a survey asking undergraduate students majoring in translation about their perceptions of machine translation (MT). The respondents were 153 students in a translation department at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies in South Korea. The questionnaire contained thirty-six closed-ended questions and three open-ended questions. The main focus of the survey was (1) how the students had used MT output to further their learning of translation and English as a foreign language, (2) what they thought about their curriculum in general and MT-related courses in particular, and (3) what effects they expected technology advancement to have on their future career and the status of translators. The responses show that many students actively use free online MT services and take a fairly positive view of the quality of MT. The students feel that MT-related education should be expanded to meet the changing needs, with careful attention given to the current curricular framework. They also mention that MT training will likely improve their career prospects and it is thus necessary to acquire first-hand knowledge of technological aspects of translation. Findings of this study could be used as reference material to improve curricular programs for undergraduate students who major in translation or lesser-known foreign languages.

기계번역, 저작권법에서 자유로운가?

김윤명 한국법제연구원 2023 법제연구 Vol.- No.64

Translation is also for social contributions or public interests in that it allows people to enjoy information or culture in various fields. Translators increase the utilization of language and play a role as cultural propagators. Machine translation is much lower wavelength. The right to the translation, which is the result of translation, should be considered to belong to the user who used the machine translation service as a tool, not to the business operator that provides the machine translation service. However, machine translation is only a simple reproduction, not the creation of a secondary work called the right to translate. This is because the machine translation process has no room for the user's creative contribution to the translation, independent of the original work's creative performance. Therefore, since machine translation is only a conversion of language, not a secondary work creation act, machine translation in which permission is granted is a reproduction under the Copyright Act and violates the copyright holder's right to reproduce. However, users may be directly liable for infringement, but there is a high possibility that they will be exempted in accordance with the private replication regulations. Therefore, it is questionable whether it is reasonable to hold the online service provider (OSP) legally responsible even though the user is exempted as a regular offender. Therefore, I think it is reasonable to indemnify the translation service provider in consideration of the public interest of the translation service as to whether the copyright holder violates the right to reproduce. The problem is that the current OSP exemption regulations are difficult to apply to online service providers that provide machine translation. This is because it is questionable whether the translation service meets the type of OSP exemption regulations. Therefore, online service providers that provide machine translation are bound to be responsible for infringement, so it is necessary to review whether the translation service can be exempted in accordance with the fair use regulations. In conclusion, the conclusion made after reviewing the utility that users can obtain through translation compared to the transaction cost of obtaining permission from the right holder for the public interest provided by the translation service is highly likely to be exempted. However, for the social contribution of translation service providers and the legal stability of online service providers accordingly, I would like to propose a legislative proposal that includes a new type of OSP exemption in the form of general provisions. Separately, it is necessary to clarify the rights relationship of important machine translation such as universal services in the intelligent information society through in-depth research or policy review on machine translation such as translation quality. In the future, when a generative AI model, such as ChatGPT, directly translates as a policy task that may appear in the machine translation process, it is necessary to specifically discuss matters such as attribution of the rights of translation data(or translation memory). 번역은 다양한 분야의 정보나 문화를 향유할 수 있도록 한다는 점에서 사회적 기여나 공공의 이익을 위한 것이기도 하다. 번역가는 언어의 활용도를 높이고, 문화적 전파자로서 역할을 한다. 기계번역(machine translation)은 훨씬 더 전파력이 크다. 번역에 따른 결과물인 번역물에 대한 권리는 기계번역 서비스를 제공하는 사업자가 아니라 기계번역 서비스를 도구로써 활용한 이용자에게 귀속된다고 보아야 한다. 다만, 기계번역은 번역권이라는 2차적저작물의 작성이 아닌 단순한 복제에 불과하다. 기계번역 과정은 원저작물의 창작성과는 별개로 번역물에 대한 이용자의 창작적 기여가 발생할 여지가 없기 때문이다. 따라서, 기계번역은 2차적저작물 작성행위가 아닌 언어의 변환에 불과하므로 허락이 이루어지는 기계번역은 저작권법상 복제로서 저작권자의 복제권을 침해하는 구조이다. 다만, 이용자는 직접적인 침해책임을 질 수 있으나 사적복제 규정에 따라 면책될 가능성이 높다. 따라서, 정범으로서 이용자가 면책됨에도 온라인서비스제공자(OSP)에게 법적 책임을 지우는 것이 합리적인지 의문이다. 그렇기 때문에 저작권자의 복제권 침해 여부에 대해서는 번역서비스가 갖는 공익성 등을 고려하여 번역서비스 제공자를 면책하는 방안이 합리적이라고 생각한다. 문제는 현행 OSP 면책규정은 기계번역을 제공하는 온라인서비스제공자에게 적용하기 어렵다는 점이다. 번역서비스가 OSP 면책규정의 유형에 부합한 것인지 의문이기 때문이다. 따라서, 기계번역을 제공하는 온라인서비스제공자는 침해책임을 질 수밖에 없어, 차선으로써 번역서비스가 공정이용 규정에 따른 면책될 수 있는지 검토가 필요하다. 번역서비스가 제공하는 공익이 권리자로부터 이용허락 등을 얻는 거래비용에 비해 번역으로 이용자가 얻을 수 있는 효용 등을 검토한 후에 내린 결론은 면책가능성이 높다고 본다. 다만, 번역서비스 제공자의 사회적 기여 및 이에 따른 온라인서비스제공자의 법적안정성을 위해서라도 OSP 면책규정이 일반조항 형태로 새로운 유형을 포함하는 입법안을 제안하고자 한다. 이와 별개로, 번역품질 등 기계번역에 대해서는 심도 있는 연구 내지 정책적 검토를 통해 지능정보사회에서 보편적 서비스와 같이 중요한 기계번역에 따른 권리관계를 명확히 하거나 정보격차 등의 해소방안으로써 접근하여 예상되는 법적인 문제를 해결하는 방안을 고려하는 것도 필요하다. 향후, 기계번역 과정에서 나타날 수 있는 정책적 과제로서 ChatGPT와 같이 생성형 AI모델이 직접 번역하는 경우, 번역데이터(또는 번역메모리)의 권리 귀속, 번역결과물에 대한 편향·오류 등에 대한 사항을 구체적으로 논의할 필요가 있다.