Oxidation Behaviors of Porous Ferritic Stainless Steel Support for Metal-supported SOFC

( I. J. Moon ),( J. W. Lee ),( H. J. Cho ),( G. M. Choi ),( H. K. Sohn ) 한국부식방식학회(구 한국부식학회) 2010 Corrosion Science and Technology Vol.9 No.5

Recently porous metal has been used as supporting metal in planar type SOFC. In order to search optimum alloys for porous metal support and estimate the stability of metal-supported SOFC at high temperature, it is necessary to investigate the oxidation behaviors of porous material for metal support in comparison with dense material. Oxidation tests of porous and dense stainless steels were conducted at 600℃ and 800℃. Since the specific surface area of porous material is much larger than that of dense material, surface area should be considered in order to compare the oxidation rate of porous stainless steel with that of dense stainless steel. The specific surface area of porous body was measured using image analyzer. The weight gain of porous stainless steel was much greater than those of dense stainless steels due to its larger specific surface area. Considering the specific surface area, the oxidation rate of porous stainless steel is likely to be the same as that of dense stainless steel with the same surface area. The change in chromium content in stainless steel during oxidation was also investigated. The experimental result in chromium content in stainless steel during oxidation corresponded with the calculated value. While the change in chromium content in dense stainless steel during oxidation is negligible, chromium content in porous stainless steel rapidly decreases with oxidation time due to its large specific surface area. The significant decrease in chromium content in porous stainless steel during oxidation may affect the oxidation resistance of porous stainless steel support and long term stability of metal-supported SOFC.

여러 스테인레스 스틸 호선의 물성 및 표면의 비교

이성호,김태우,장영일 대한치과교정학회 2001 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.31 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 새로이 생산된 국산 스테인레스 스틸호선의 특성을 평가하기 위하여,현재까지 사용하고 있는 다른 스테인레스 스틸호선과 비교하여, 국산 스테인레스 스틸호선의 특성과 장단점을 분석하고 평가하여 임상적 사용시에 도움을 주고자 하는 것이다. 이를 위해 United의 Standard, Resilient, Hi-T 3종류의 스테인레스 스틸호선과 Ormco의 Stainless Steel, 진성기업의 Stainless Steel등 5종(0.016×0.022과 0.019×0.025)을 가지고 성분, 치수비교, 인장물성, 만곡피로도물성, 비틀림물성, 경도 및 표면등을 관찰하여 비교하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1.인장물성을 보면, 최대강도는 0.016×0.025의 경우 Unitek Hi-T, Unitek Resilient, Jinsung Stainless Steel, Ormco Stainless Steel, Unitek Standard 순이고, 0.019×0.025의 경우 United Hi-T, Jinsung, Ormco, United Resilient, Unitek Standard의 순이었다. 2.연신율은 0.016×0.022의 경우는 Unitek Standard, Ormco Stainless Steel, Unitek Hi-T, Unitek Resilient, Jinsung Stainless Steel의 순이었고, 0.019×0.025의 경우는 Unitek Hi-T, Unitek Standard, Ormco Stainless Steel, Jinsung Stainless Steel, United Resilient의 순이었다. 3.탄성계수는 0.016×0.022의 경우 Jinsung Stainless Steel, Unitek Hi-T, United Resilient, Ormco Stainless Steel, Unitek Standard의 순이었고, 0.019×0.025의 경우 Unitek Resilient, Jinsung Stainless Steel, Ormco Stainless Steel, Unitek Hi-T, Unitek Standard의 순이었다. 4.만곡피로도실험은 0.016×0.022의 경우 Jinsung Stainless Steel이 8.4회로 구부림에 대한 가장 파절저항도가 컸으며, United Hi-T, Unitek Standard, United Resilient, Ormco Stainless Steel의 순이고 0.019×0.025의 경우는 United Hi-T가 10.4회 견디고, finsung Stainless Steel, United Resilient, United Standard, Ormco Stainless Steel의 순이었다. 5.비틀림실험은 0.016×0.022의 경우 Unitek Resilient가 가장 비틀림에 대한 저항이 큰데, 64.8회의 회전후 파절한다. 그 다음으로 Jinsung Stainless Steel, United Hi-T, Ormco Stainless Steel, United Standard(50.6회) 순이었다. 0.019×0.025의 경우 Jinsung Stainless Steel이 가장 커서 83.2회의 회전에 저항하고, Unitek Resilient, United Standard의 순이고 Ormco와 Unitek Hi-T가 가장 저항력이 작았다. 6.주사전자현미경으로 본 표면은 모든 제품에서 생산과정 중에 보이는 압흔과 pitting이 관찰되는데, 진성기업의 Stainless Steel은 가늘고 긴 압흔이 있으며 비교적 매끄러운 표면을 보이고, Unitek사의 경우 압흔과 함께 pitting이 관찰되며, Ormco Stainless Steel의 경우 불규칙한 pitting이 다수 존재했다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the property of a new Korean stainless steel wire(Jinsung Ind.) comparing with other foreign products. Five types of stainless steel wires (Standard, Resilient, HI-T of Unitek, Stainless steel of Ormco and Jinsung Ind.) in 0.016×0.022 and 0.019×0.025 were tested to observe for composition analysis, size difference, tensile properties, flexure bending property, portion property, surface hardness and surface topography by means of SEM. The findings suggest that: 1.In maximum tensile strength of tensile properties, Unitek Hi-T showed the greatest value, followed by United Resilient, Jinsung Stainless Steel, Ormco Stainless Steel, Unitek Standard in 0.016×0.022, and United Hi-T showed highest value, followed by Jinsung Stainless Steel, Ormco Stainless Steel, United Resident, United Standard in 0.019×0.025. 2.In elongation rate, Unitek Standard showed the greatest value, followed by Ormco Stainless Steel, United Hi-T, United Resilient, Jinsung Stainless Steel in 0.016×0.022, and Unitek Hi-T showed the highest value, followed by Unitek Standard, Ormco Stainless Steel, Jinsung Stainless Steel, Unitek Resilient in 0.019×0.025. 3.In modulus of elasticity, Jinsung Stainless Steel showed the greatest value, followed by United Hi-T, Unitek Resilient, Ormco Stainless Steel, Unitek Standard in 0.016×0.022, and Unitek Resilient showed the highest value followed by Jinsung Stainless Steel, Ormco Stainless Steel, Unitek Hi-T, United Standard in 0.019×0.025. 4.In bending fatigue test, Jinsung Stainless Steel showed the greatest fracture resistance, followed by Unitek Hi-T, Unitek Standard, Unitek Resilient, Ormco Stainless Steel in 0.016×0.022, and United Hi-T showed the greatest fracture resistance followed by Jinsung Stainless Steel, United Resilient, Unitek Standard, Ormco Stainless Steel in 0.019×0.025. 5.In twist test, United Resilient showed the greatest fracture resistance, followed by Jinsung Stainless Steel, United Hi-T, Ormco Stainless Steel, Unitek Standard in 0.016×0.022, and Jinsung showed the greatest fracture resistance, followed by Unitek Resilient, Unitek Standard, Ormco Stainless Steel, Unitek Hi-T. 6.In surface topography, every products showed indentation and pitting. Jinsung stainless steel wire showed long thin indentation and relatively smooth surface. United wires showed indentation and pitting and Ormco wire showed a lot of irregular pittings.

Finite element Analysis on Buckling Strength of Stainless Steel Circular Hollow Section Columns Under Concentric Axial Compression

Sung Soo Kim,Jeong Yeon Kim,김태수 한국강구조학회 2020 International Journal of Steel Structures Vol.20 No.6

Stainless steel has superior corrosion resistance, fi re resistance, and maintenance compared to carbon steel as a structural material. Although austenitic stainless steel (STS304) has mainly been used as structural steel material, lean duplex stainless steel, STS329FLD with lower nickel component (reduced to 0.5–1.0% in KS) has recently been developed as a substitute for austenitic stainless steel. Since duplex stainless steel is less costly and has excellent corrosion resistance compared with austenitic stainless steel, its use is expected to increase in the fi eld of industry and infrastructure. However, there have been little data to apply this duplex stainless steel member to structural use. This paper presents an experimental and numerical investigation on the structural behaviors of austenitic stainless steel (STS304 TKC) and lean duplex stainless steel (STS329FLD TKC) circular columns subjected to concentrically axial compression. Test specimens were fabricated with four types of column lengths and slender ratios and were tested with both fi xed ends. Duplex stainless steel (STS329FLD TKC) material showed higher yield stress and tensile strength than those of austenitic stainless steel (STS304 TKC). The results such as buckling shapes (local and global buckling) and ultimate strengths through additional parametric analysis were investigated and were compared with those predicted by current design codes [American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and Eurocode (EC 3)] and by design equations of previous studies. Modifi ed buckling equations were recommended considering the initial imperfection factor and limiting slenderness of two types of stainless steel circular columns and the accuracy of buckling strength prediction was improved.

Stainless steel crown을 위한 수종 시멘트의 접착력 비교

김홍렬,정태성,김신 大韓小兒齒科學會 1999 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.26 No.3

Stainless steel crown은 소아치과 영역에서 가장 효과적이면서 신뢰할 수 있는 수복방법으로 그 사용이 확대되는 추세이다.선학들의 연구에 의하면 stainless steel crown장착에 있어서 시멘트를 사용한 경우가 사용하지 않은 경우보다 8배 이상의 유지력을 얻을 수 있으므로, stainless steel crown 시술에 있어서 시멘트는 중요한 부분이라고 할 수 있다. 본 연구는 stainless steel crown의 접착을 위하여 임상적으로 흔히 사용되는 인산아연 시멘트,폴리카복실레이트 시멘트, 접착용 글래스 아이오노머 시멘트의 접착력을 비교분석할 목적으로 시도되었다. 인산아연 시멘트로 FLECK'S, 폴리카복실레이트 시멘트로는 HY-Bond,접착용 글래스 아이오노머 시멘트로는 Viremer, stainless steel는 Sun-Platinum plate를 사용하였다.Bovine teeth,글래스 아이오노머 시멘트(Fuji II LC),아밀감(Valiant)상에 3종의 시멘트로 형성된 기둥을 세워 또한 양자간의 접착력을 측정하였고, 한편으로는 stainless steel plate 상에 3종의 시멘트 기둥을 세워 또한 양자간의 인장접착 강도를 만능시험기로 측정하였다. 측정치를 ANOVA와 Student t-test로 통계 처리하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1.Stainless steel crown에 대해 글래스 아이오노머 시멘트와 폴리카복실레이트 시멘트가 인산아연 시멘트보다 높은 인장결합강도를 보였고, 글래스 아이오노머 시멘트와 폴리카복실레이트 시멘트 사이에는 차이가 없었다. 2.Bovine teeth와 수복용 글래스 아이오노머 시멘트에 대해서는, 접착용 글래스 아이오노머 시멘트가 가장 높은 인장결합강도를 보였고,다음으로 폴리카복실레이트 시멘트와 인산아연 시멘트의 순이었다. 3.아말감 수복재에 대해서는, 폴리카복실레이트 시멘트와 글래스 아이오노머 시멘트가 인산아연 시멘트보다 높은 인장결합강도를 보였고,폴리카복실레이트 시멘트와 글래스 아이오노머 시멘트 사이에는 유의한 차이가 없었다. The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the bond strengths between stainless steel plate and zinc phosphate cement,polycarboxylate cement and glass ionomer cement,which are frequently used for cementation of stainless steel crowns.Three cementing materials were glued to the poles standing above stainless steel plate,bovine teeth,light cured glass ionomer restorative material and amalgam.And the tensile bond strengths between them were measured with universal testing machine and the results were statistically processed using ANOVA and student t-test.The obtained results were as follows: 1.On stainless steel plate,glass ionomer cement and polycarboxylate cement showed higher tensile bond strengths compared to zinc phosphate cement,with no significant difference between the former two. 2.On the surface of bovine teeth and glass ionomer restorative material,glass ionomer cement showed highest bond strength,followed by polycarboxylate cement and zinc phosphate cement in oder. 3.For amalgam restoration,polycarboxylate cement and glass ionomer cement showed higher tensile bond strengths than zinc phosphate cement,with no significant difference between the former two.

골내 고정 장치용 초내식성 오스테나이트 및 듀플렉스 스테인리스강 가공재의 특성

오근택,강국진,박용수,김경남 大韓齒科器材學會 2003 대한치과재료학회지 Vol.30 No.3

Nickel is one of the most common causes of allergic contact dermatitis and hypersensitivity. In case of stainless steel as biomaterials, the higher the corrosion resistance and the lower the nickel content, the better it is or the human body. However, because nickel plays an essential role in the stabilization of the austenitic phase and the corrosion resistance of stainless steel, it is difficult to remove the nickel from the constituents of stainless steels completely. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate corrosion resistance, cytotoxicity, and mechanical property of super stainless steels, which had high corrosion resistance by synergistic effect of Mo(or W) and N, with respect to nickel content and to evaluate their potential for orthodontic applications. Super austenitic stainless steel(SR-50A) had high nickel content of 22% and super duplex stainless steels nickel contents of 6~10%. Super austenitic and duplex stainless steels had nitrogen contents of above 0.2%. Also, these steels had high Mo or W contents which were able to increase the localized corrosion resistance. In terms of hardness, super stainless steels, which had Vickers hardness values of 374~400 Hv in cold-rolled state and 186~285 Hv in annealed state, exhibited higher values than 316L S. S.. Duplex stainless steels exhibited higher mechanical properties than austenitic stainless steels. In terms of corrosion resistance, super stainless steels exhibited lower passive current density(2.3~3.8 ㎂/cm^2) than pure Ti(6.6㎂/cm^2) in the body-simulated solution and similar potentiodynamic polarization behaviors. Pitting corrosion occurred in 316L S. S. but not in the others. Thus these steels were considered to have high corrosion resistance in the human body. In terms of cytotoxicity, SR-5OA and SAF2507 exhibited none cytotoxicity and the others slight. This results indicated that the cytotoxicity of alloys containing nickel had no relation with nickel content because SR-5OA with the highest nickel content exhibited none cytetoxicity In conclusion, it is considered that super stainless steels with high corrosion resistance and good biocompatibility can be used for orthodontic applications because of the enhanced passive film by high addition of Mo, W, N, etc.

Axial capacity of back-to-back built-up cold-formed stainless steel unlipped channels-Numerical investigation and parametric study

Krishanu Roy,Hieng Ho Lau,Zhiyuan Fang,Abdeliazim Mustafa Mohamed Ahmed,James B.P. Lim 국제구조공학회 2021 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.40 No.5

In cold-formed steel structures, such as trusses, wall frames and portal frames, the use of back-to-back built-up cold-formed stainless steel unlipped channels as compression members are becoming popular. The advantages of using stainless steel as structural members are corrosion resistance and durability, compared with carbon steel. Current guidance by the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) and the Australian and New Zealand (AS/NZS) standards for built-up carbon steel sections describes a modified slenderness approach, to consider the spacing of the intermediate fasteners. The AISI and AS/NZS do not include the design of stainless-steel built-up channels and very few experimental tests or finite element (FE) analyses have been reported in the literature for such back-to-back cold-formed stainless steel unlipped channel section columns. This paper presents a numerical investigation on the behavior of back-to-back built-up cold-formed stainless steel unlipped channel section columns. Three different grades of stainless steel i.e., duplex EN1.4462, ferritic EN1.4003 and austenitic EN1.4404, were considered. The effects of screw spacing on the axial strength of such built-up unlipped channels were investigated. As expected, most of the short and intermediate columns failed by either local-global or local-distortional buckling interactions, whereas the long columns failed by global buckling. All three grades of stainless-steel stub columns failed by local buckling. A comprehensive parametric study was then carried out covering a wide range of slenderness and different cross-sectional geometries to assess the performance of the current design guidelines of carbon steel built-up sections in accordance with the AISI and AS/NZS. In total, 647 FE models were analyzed. From the results of the parametric study, it was found that the AISI and AS/NZS are conservative by around 14 to 20% for all three grades of stainless steel built-up unlipped channel section columns failed through global buckling. However, the AISI and AS/NZS carbon steel design rules can be un-conservative by around 8 to 13%, when they are used to calculate the axial capacity of those stainless steel built-up unlipped channels which are failed in local buckling.

Finite element modelling of back-to-back built-up cold-formed stainless-steel lipped channels under axial compression

Krishanu Roy,Hieng Ho Lau,James B.P. Lim 국제구조공학회 2019 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.33 No.1

In cold-formed steel structures, such as trusses, wall frames and portal frames, the use of back-to-back built-up cold-formed stainless-steel lipped channels as compression members are becoming increasingly popular. The advantages of using stainless-steel as structural members are corrosion resistance and durability, compared with carbon steel. The AISI/ASCE Standard, SEI/ASCE-8-02 and AS/NZS do not include the design of stainless-steel built-up channels and very few experimental tests or finite element analyses have been reported in the literature for such back-to back cold-formed stainless-steel channels. Current guidance by the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) and the Australian and New Zealand (AS/NZS) standards for built-up carbon steel sections only describe a modified slenderness approach, to consider the spacing of the intermediate fasteners. Thus, this paper presents a numerical investigation on the behavior of back-to-back cold-formed stainless-steel built-up lipped channels. Three different grades of stainless steel i.e., duplex EN1.4462, ferritic EN1.4003 and austenitic EN1.4404 have been considered. Effect of screw spacing on the axial strength of such built-up channels was investigated. As expected, most of the short and intermediate columns failed by either local-global or local-distortional buckling interactions, whereas the long columns, failed by global buckling. All three grades of stainless-steel stub columns failed by local buckling. A comprehensive parametric study was then carried out covering a wide range of slenderness and different cross-sectional geometries to assess the performance of the current design guidelines by AISI and AS/NZS. In total, 647 finite element models were analyzed. From the results of the parametric study, it was found that the AISI & AS/NZS are conservative by around 10 to 20% for cold-formed stainless-steel built-up lipped channels failed through overall buckling, irrespective of the stainless-steel grades. However, the AISI and AS/NZS can be un-conservative by around 6% for all three grades of stainless-steel built-up channels, which failed by local buckling.

Behaviour and design of stainless steel shear connectors in composite beams

Yifan Zhou,Brian Uy,Jia Wang,Dongxu Li,Xinpei Liu 국제구조공학회 2023 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.46 No.2

Stainless steel-concrete composite beam has become an attractive structural form for offshore bridges and iconic high-rise buildings, owing to the superior corrosion resistance and excellent ductility of stainless steel material. In a composite beam, stainless steel shear connectors play an important role by establishing the interconnection between stainless steel beam and concrete slab. To enable the best use of high strength stainless steel shear connectors in composite beams, high strength concrete is recommended. To date, the application of stainless steel shear connectors in composite beams is still very limited due to the lack of research and proper design recommendations. In this paper, a total of seven pushout specimens were tested to investigate the load-slip behaviour of stainless steel shear connectors. A thorough discussion has been made on the differences between stainless steel bolted connectors and welded studs, in terms of the failure modes, load-slip behaviour and ultimate shear resistance. In parallel with the experimental programme, a finite element model was developed in ABAQUS to simulate the behaviour of stainless steel shear connectors, with which the effects of shear connector strength, concrete strength and embedded connector height to diameter ratio (h/d) were evaluated. The obtained experimental and numerical results were analysed and compared with existing codes of practice, including AS/NZS 2327, EN 1994-1-1 and ANSI/AISC 360-16. The comparison results indicated that the current codes need to be improved for the design of high strength stainless steel shear connectors. On this basis, modified design approaches were proposed to predict the shear capacity of stainless steel bolted connectors and welded studs in the composite beams.

Biofilm Formation Characteristics of Major Foodborne Pathogens on Polyethylene and Stainless Steel Surfaces

Hyeong-Eun Kim,Yong-Suk Kim 한국식품위생안전성학회 2020 한국식품위생안전성학회지 Vol.35 No.2

식중독 미생물이 polyethylene과 stainless steel의 표면에서 biofilm을 형성하는 특성에 대하여 온도와 시간이 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 식중독 미생물 6종(Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella Typhimurium) 32균주를 대상으로 예비실험을 하여 각 종별로 biofilm 형 성능이 강한 1균주씩을 선발하였다. 시험한 식중독 미생물 6종 모두 온도가 증가함에 따라 biofilm 형성능이 증가하였으며, 식중독 미생물의 종류와 polyethylene 및 stainless steel의 표면에 따른 차이는 일관된 경향을 나타내지 않았다. E. coli와 P. aeruginosa가 polyethylene 표면 에서 biofilm을 형성하는 능력은 stainless steel 표면에서 보다 유의적으로 높았다. 식중독 미생물은 표면에 균을 접종했을 때 바로 biofilm을 형성하였으며, E. coli, P. aeruginosa 및 S. Typhimurium은 접종 1시간 후에 모든 표면에서 biofilm을 형성하였다. Biofilm 형성 7일 후, S. aureus를 제외한 나머지 균주는 polyethylene과 stainless steel 표면에서 생존률에 차이가 없었다. 시험한 6종의 식중독 미생물의 경우 biofilm을 형성하는 능력은 균의 종류 및 polyethylene과 stainless steel 표면에 따라 다르게 나타났다. This research was investigated the effects of temperature and time against the formation of biofilms by foodborne pathogens on surfaces of polyethylene and stainless steel. After preliminary experiments with 32 strains from 6 species of foodborne pathogens (Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella Typhimurium), one strain from each species with the highest biofilm formation efficiency was selected. All foodborne pathogens showed a tendency toward an increased ability for biofilm formation with increasing temperature, but there was no consistency between the two materials and between foodborne pathogens. At all tested temperatures, the biofilm formation ability of E. coli and P. aeruginosa on the polyethylene surface was higher than that on the stainless steel surface with significant differences. The foodborne pathogens all formed biofilms immediately upon inoculation, and biofilm formation by E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. Typhimurium increased on both the polyethylene and stainless steel surfaces at 1 h after inoculation compared to at 0 h. At 7 days after biofilm formation, the other strains except S. aureus showed no difference in survival rates on polyethylene and stainless steel. The ability of these 6 foodborne pathogens to form biofilms showed different trends depending on the type of bacteria and the instrument material, i.e., polyethylene and stainless steel.

Experimental investigation of carbon steel and stainless steel bolted connections at different strain rates

Yancheng Cai,Ben Young 국제구조공학회 2019 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.30 No.6

A total of 36 carbon steel and stainless steel bolted connections subjected to shear loading at different strain rates was experimentally investigated. The connection specimens were fabricated from carbon steel grades 1.20 mm G500 and 1.90 mm G450, as well as cold-formed stainless steel types EN 1.4301 and EN 1.4162 with nominal thickness 1.50 mm. The connection tests were conducted by displacement control test method. The strain rates of 10 mm/min and 20 mm/min were used. Structural behaviour of the connection specimens tested at different strain rates was investigated in terms of ultimate load, elongation corresponding to ultimate load and failure mode. Generally, it is shown that the higher strain rate on the bolted connection specimens, the higher ultimate load was obtained. The ultimate loads were averagely 2-6% higher, while the corresponding elongations were averagely 8-9% higher for the test results obtained from the strain rate of 20 mm/min compared with those obtained from the lower strain rates (1.0 mm/min for carbon steel and 1.5 mm/min for stainless steel). The connection specimens were generally failed in plate bearing of the carbon steel and stainless steel. It is shown that increasing the strain rate up to 20 mm/min generally has no effect on the bearing failure mode of the carbon steel and stainless steel bolted connections. The test strengths and failure modes were compared with the results predicted by the bolted connection design rules in international design specifications, including the Australian/New Zealand Standard (AS/NZS4600 2018), Eurocode 3 - Part 1.3 (EC3-1.3 2006) and North American Specification (AISI S100 2016) for cold-formed carbon steel structures as well as the American Specification (ASCE 2002), AS/NZS4673 (2001) and Eurocode 3 - Part 1.4 (EC3-1.4 2015) for stainless steel structures. It is shown that the AS/NZS4600 (2018), EC3-1.3 (2006) and AISI S100 (2016) generally provide conservative predictions for the carbon steel bolted connections. Both the ASCE (2002) and the EC3-1.4 (2015) provide conservative predictions for the stainless steel bolted connections. The EC3-1.3 (2006) generally provided more accurate predictions of failure mode for carbon steel bolted connections than the AS/NZS4600 (2018) and the AISI S100 (2016). The failure modes of stainless steel bolted connections predicted by the EC3-1.4 (2015) are more consistent with the test results compared with those predicted by the ASCE (2002).