현암 김종희 회장의 생애와 경영이념 연구

김성수(Sung Soo Kim) 한국경영사학회 2009 經營史學 Vol.52 No.-

이 논문은 한국 화약산업의 개척자 한화그룹의 창업주 현암 김종희 회장의 생애와 경영활동 연구를 통한 경영이념 및 신 기업가정신(New Entrepreneurship)을 발굴하는 데 목적을 두었다. 현암 김종희 회장은 1922년 11월에 출생하여 1981년 7월(59세)에 영면 하였다. 비교적 짧은 생을 살았지만, 현암 김종희 회장은 1952년 30세 때에 화약산업의 불모지인 한국에서 한국화약㈜을 창업하였다. 그는 ‘다이너마이트’ 생산의 성공으로 혁신적인 화약류 국산화의 꿈을 실현한 훌륭한 기업가이다. 그는 한화그룹의 창업주로서 화약, 석유화학, 기계, 호텔, 건설, 무역 등 생전에 17개의 대기업집단을 이룬 창업 CEO이다. 그는 신의와 혁신, 도전과 개척 정신 그리고 변혁적 리더십 소유의 기업가로, 한국의 화약산업 개척자로서 화약산업사의 역사적 인물로 부각되며, 우리나라 화약산업의 기업 가사 연구의 중요한 경영사학적 사례를 제공한 기업인으로 평가된다. 그는 생애 경영활동을 통하여 사업보국 이념을 중심으로 ‘신용과 의리 그리고 봉사’로서 인류사회에 공헌하고자 하는 경영이념을 실현한 기업가이다. 특히 사업보국을 이념으로 발굴된 그의 신 기업가정신은 이 연구에 큰 의미를 준다. 즉, (1) 신의정신, (2) 도전과 개척정신, (3) 책임정신, (4) 근검절약정신, (5) 합리주의 정신, (6) 창의와 혁신정신, (7) 인재육성정신 등 7개의 기업가정신으로 나타나고 있다. 그리고 그의 혁신적 기업인 상은 (1) 인간성 중시의 변혁적 리더십을 소유한 기업인으로 대표되며, (2) 정도경 영을 실천한 기업인 (3) 경영이념(사업보국주의)을 통한 생산성 향상 정신을 실천한 기업인, (4) 혁신경영과 기술개발 노력을 실천한 기업인, (5) 위기극복과 문제점 해결능력을 갖춘 기업인 등으로 평가된다. 특히 (6) 국익증대의 선봉에 선 민간 외교관, (7) 스포츠 강국을 꽃피운 체육계의 거목이라는 경영인 상을 가진 기업가로도 높이 평가된다. The purpose of this study is to explore the chairman Chong-Hee Kim’s life and Managerial ideology, founder of Hanwha group. This research was to Highlight the entrepreneurship of chairman Chong-Hee Kim of Korea explosive founded (currently Hanwha Corp. Explosive Division), who carries the management principle which focuses on the devotion to business patriotism of social responsibility by providing best products and services with talent and technology. Also it aimed to revisit the life and the management principle of chairman Chong-Hee Kim who, with the business patriotism of righteousness and sense of mission, tried to found korea’s first gunpowder corporation. This research was mainly divided into two parts:literature-history research method and managerial history research method, and it analyzed the managerial accomplishment chronically according to the literature history documents, and managerial history method. This study took 12 months in which the document collecting process, writing process, and 6 party joint research processes were completed. The content of the research divided and categorized chairman Chong-Hee Kim’s life and managerial principle in the following order:(1) Social back ground at time of his birth (2) Elementary, middle and high school education in his teenage period (3) Business career begins (age 20-30) in his adolescent (4) 30s (age 31-40):president inauguration of the korea explosive founded, (currently Hanwha corp.explosive division), and his management his managerial growth process in his early adult life, in case, oct, 1952 korea explosive founded (gunpowder corp), oct, 1955 Incheon explosive plant acquired, jan,1959 all domestics industrial explosive suppled by korea explosives (5) 40s (age 41-50):his managerial revolution process in his middle the prime of the life, in case, Jan, 1964 Shinhan bearing industrial acquired, Nov, 1969 Kyungin energy established (6) 50s (age 51-59):genius management and establishment of the leading corporation in the Korean defense industrial and diversified management in his latter the prime of the life. In case, dec,1972, Hankook plastics industrial established, sept, 1974, union polymer established (currently Hanwha polydreamer), may 1975, Cheon-an Bukil foundation established, may 1976, sundo securities acquired (currently Hanwha securities). Next, the entrepreneurship through chairman Chong-Hee Kim’s managerial creed and ideology was examined. The 7 elements of Chong-Hee Kim’s new entrepreneurship of business patriotism that were examined are as follows : (1) Spirit of faithfulness (2) Spirit of challenge and pioneer (3) Responsibility for the fulfillment of obligation (4) Spirit of diligence and frugality (5) Spirit of rationalism for management (6) Spirit of creative and Innovation (7) Spirit of corporative social responsibility and service to society His entrepreneurship is based on the transformational leadership of rich humanity and management of righteousness, he is pioneer of schumpeter’s (J.A), and the creative entrepreneur who seeks for Innovation. The management philosophy of Hanwha (chong-hee, kim) is embedded in the Hanwha TRI circle ; the three circles Represent Trust, Respect and Innovation, respectively. They are the three pillars of how it’s conduct our business. Vision of Hanwha (chong-hee, kim) is just as committed being trustworthy, respected and Innovative as a responsible member of society as the Hanwha be to becoming dynamic global enterprise. As symbolized in the Hanwha TRI Circle, Trust, Respect and Innovation are core value as its interact with customer, serve our community and improve the everyday lives of people in general.

서울의 Penicillinase Producing Neisseria Gonorrhoeae 발생빈도(1996)

김재홍,황동규,전재홍,김윤석,김중환,김용준,이창균,임동진,김현수,조창근,김경문,박상훈,전우형,김희성,이호정,차명수,김갑형,김형석,김석우,황지환,박병순,권오상,이민수,송기훈,성소영,이인섭,부태성 대한화학요법학회 1999 대한화학요법학회지 Vol.17 No.2

Background : In recent years, gonorrhea has been panedemic and remains one of the most commom STDs in the world, especially in developing countries. Objective & Methods: For the detection of a more effective therapeutic regimen and assessing the prevalence of PPNG, we have been trying to study the patients who have visited the VD Clinic of Choong-Ku Public Health Center in Seoul since 1980 by means of the chromogenic cephalosporin method. Results: In 1996, 139 strains of N. gonorrhoeae were isolated, among which 53(39.0%) were PPNG. Conclusion: Our results suggests that after a peak of 74.3% in 1993, the prevalence of PPNG in Seoul is gradually declining.

서울의 Penicillinase Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae 발생빈도(1997)

김재홍,문득곤,김정수,김용준,임동진,박상훈,김희성,이민수,송기훈,김갑형,김형석,성소영,이인섭,김석우,황지환,조창근,김경문,부태성 대한화학요법학회 2000 대한화학요법학회지 Vol.18 No.3

Background : In recent years, gonorrhea has been pandemic and remains one of the most common STDs in the world, especially in developing countries. Objective & Methods : For the detection of a more effective therapeutic regimen and assessing the prevalence of PPNG, we have been trying to study the patients who have visited the Venereal Disease Clinic of Choong-Ku Public Health Center in Seoul since 1980 by means of the chromogenic cephalosporin method. Results : In 1997. 99 strains of N. gonorrhoeae were isolated, among which 45(45.5%) were PPNG. Conclusion : The prevalence of PPNG in Seoul, which had been decreased to 39% in 1996 after a peak of 74.3% in 1993, is increased to 45.5% in 1997.

김재철 회장의 생애와 기업가정신 연구

김성수(Sung soo Kim) 한국경영사학회 2009 經營史學 Vol.50 No.-

이 논문의 목적은 “성실한 기업활동으로 사회정의 실현”과 “도전과 정도경영”에 바탕을 둔 동원그룹의 창업자 김재철 회장의 생애와 경영활동을 통한 기업가 정신(Entrepreneurship)을 발굴하는 데 있다. 김재철 회장은 1969년 34세때 동원산업(주)를 창업한 현재(2009년 4월)까지 40여년간 한국수산업계를 선도해온 창업자이면서 전문경영자(CEO)이며, 식품산업으로 시작하여 1차산업에서 2차산업으로 그리고 3차산업의 금융 및 서비스산업까지 사업다각화로 동원그룹을 세계적(Global)기업으로 발전시킨 창조적, 혁신주의 기업가이다. 이러한 동원그룹의 김재철 회장의 연구는 다음과 같은 네 가지의 중요성을 가지고 있다. 첫째, 동원그룹 창업자 김재철 회장의 생애와 경영이념을 고찰하여, 동원창업자의 Entrepreneurship을 발굴하여, 한국기업가사 연구의 체계적 정립을 마련하는 데 있다. 둘째, 동원 김재철 회장은 슘페터(J. A, Schumpeter)가 지적한 혁신적(Innovation) 경영활동을 적용해서 “동원경영학”의 정립을 체계화시키는 데 노력하고 있다는 점이다. 셋째, 대표적 수산업의 CEO 김재철 회장 경영활동을 통하여 “동원수산경영”의 발전과정을 경영사학계에 보급시키고자 하는 기초자료 제공에 있다. 넷째는 앞으로 해양수산업의 관리자 및 CEO가 되고자하는 청소년 및 대학생들에게 기업가 정신(Entrepreneurship)의 중요성을 인식케 하는 기초자료를 제공하는 데 있다. 본 논문은 경영사연구방법론을 채택하였다. 경영사의 개척자인 미국하버드 경영대학원(Harvard University, Graduate School of Business Administration=HBS) 경영사 교수인 그라스(Norman Scott Brien gras)와 챈들러(Alfred, D. Chandler)박사 등이 개발하고 활용하여 전 세계 학계에 보급한 ‘경영사연구방법론’을 도입하여 활용하였다. 이에 따라 동원의 김재철 회장이 추구하는 가치와 정신은 고객/주주 제일주의, 1등주의, 현금흐름주의 등이며, 21세기 그의 정신은 (1) 창조정신, (2) 열성정신, (3) 도전정신 등 ‘Candoism’으로 요약된다. 또한 그의 기본사상은 (1) from the basic(기본의 철저한 준수) (2) fact finding(현장주의 업무수행 자세) (3) global standard(국제수준의 업무품질) 등으로 나타났다. 그리고 성실한 기업 활동으로 사회정의 실현을 선도하는 가치는 (1)생활문화의 New Leader로서 위상을 향상시키는 사업가치 (2) 고객을 존중하고 만족시키며, 동원그룹을 창조기업으로 승화시키는 고객가치 (3) 1등주의 인재육성과 성과조직을 인적자원관리의 최우선으로 하는 인재가치 등을 확인할 수 있었다. This study was to highlight the entrepreneurship of chairman Jae-Chul Kim the founder of Dongwon Industries Co., Ltd, who carries the management principle which focuses on the devotion to under the realization of social justice, the function of the enterprise will be done in honesty and loyalty. Dongwon creates fresh and new experiences into the customers’ lives. it will be the prime company that leads the lifestyle culture in the 21st century. Also it aimed to revisit the life and the management principle of chairman Jae-Chul Kim who, with the new management, tried to found world’s first human corporation social responsibility. This study was mainly divided into two parts:literature-history research method and managerial history research method, and it analyzed the managerial accomplishment chronically according to the literature history documents, and managerial history method. this research took 8 months in which the document collecting process, writing process, and 7 party joint research processes were complete. The content of the research divided and categorized chairman Jae-Chul Kim’s life stages and managerial principles in the following order:(1) social back ground at the time of his birth (2) elementary, middle and high school education in his teenage period (3) university and establishment of oneself in life, one’s youth period is the time of adventure and daring (4) president inauguration and the foundation of the Dongwon Industries Co., Ltd and his management and his managerial growth process in his early adult life, (5) genius management and new experience creator-Dongwon group of the leading enterprise in the world in his latter adult life Next, the entrepreneurship through chairman Jae-Chul Kim’s managerial principle was examined. The 10 element of Jae-Chul Kim’s new the Entrepreneurship that were examined are as follows : (1) Spirit of a Sincerity and Credit (2) spirit of creativity and Innovation (3) spirit of earnestness (4) spirit of challenge and cultivation(development). (5) spirit of customer satisfaction (6) spirit of human respect (7) spirit of Justice (right) management (8) spirit of responsibility and autonomous(self-control) (9) spirit of stage management or artistic management (10) spirit of corporate social responsibilities. Dongwon corporation’s chairman Jae-Chul Kim carries the entrepreneurship principles such as (1) management that gives happiness to the customers (2) management that respects people (3) management that creates new value (4) living up to the fundamental principle (5) applying significance to even a small matter (6) challenging any new tasks, etc. His entrepreneurship is based on the righteous managerial spirit, known as “I need to be the challenge and innovation”, which aims to reflect the past and analyze today’s critical situation. especially his righteous managerial spirit is leading the Dongwon Group as the global corporation through Business ethics, humanity, innovation, etc. therefore, he is pioneer of Schumpeter’s(J.A), and the creative entrepreneur who seeks for innovation. He is reviewed as one of the greatest 21st century manager who carries these 6 characteristics:(1) artistic mind of stage management (2) positive mind (3) emphasis on self-changing (4) faith and trust (5) keeping endurance and rule (6) having courage not to be afraid of failure (7) emphasis on social contribution.

한국인 직무 스트레스 측정도구의 개발 및 표준화

장세진,고상백,강동묵,김성아,강명근,이철갑,정진주,조정진,손미아,채창호,김정원,김정일,김형수,노상철,박재범,우종민,김수영,김정연,하미나,박정선,이경용,김형렬,공정옥,김인아,김정수,박준호,현숙정,손동국 大韓産業醫學會 2005 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.17 No.4

Background and Purposes: Over the past three decades, numerous studies performed in Korea have reported that job stress is a determinant risk factor for chronic diseases and work disability. Every society has its own culture and occupational climate particular to their organizations, and hence experiences different occupational stress. An occupational stress measurement tool therefore needs to be developed to estimate it objectively. The purpose of this study is to develop and standardize the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) which is considered to be unique and specific occupational stressors in Korean employees. Subjects and Methods: Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project: 2002-2004). A total of 12,631 employees from a nationwide sample proportional to the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification were administered. The KOSS was developed for 2 years (2002-2004). In the first year, we collected 255 items from the most popular job stress measurement tools such as JCQ, ERI, NIOSH and OSI, and 44 items derived from the a qualitative study (depth interview). Forty-three items of KOSS, in the second year, were retained for use in the final version of the KOSS by using Delphi and factor analysis. Items were scored using conventional 1-2-3-4 Likert scores for the response categories. Results: We developed eight subscales by using factor analysis and validation process: physical environment (3 items), job demand (8 items), insufficient job control (5 items), interpersonal conflict (4 items), job insecurity (6 items), organizational system (7 items), lack of reward (6 items), and occupational climate (4 items). Together they explained 50.0% of total variance. Internal consistency alpha scores were ranged from 0.51 to 0.82. Twenty-four items of the short form of the KOSS (KOSS-SF) were also developed to estimate job stress in the work setting. Because the levels of the subscales of occupational stress were gender dependent, gender-specific standard norms for both the 43-item full version and the 24-item short form using a quartile for the subscales of KOSS were presented. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that KOSS might be an appropriate measurement scale to estimate occupational stress of Korean employees. Further and more detailed study needs to be conducted to improve the validity of this scale.

Effect of Inhomogeneous Nucleation of Hydride at α/β Phase Boundary on Microstructure Evolution of Zr–2.5 wt%Nb Pressure Tube

Sung‑Soo Kim,Sangyeob Lim,Dong‑Hyun Ahn,Gyeong‑Geun Lee,Kunok Chang 대한금속·재료학회 2019 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.25 No.4

We analyzed the microstructural characteristics such as number density and length and width of hydrides in Zr–2.5 wt%Nbpressure tube. The hydrogen was charged cathodically and the hydride-contained sample was evaluated using the advancedanalysis methodologies. We performed a diff erential scanning calorimetry analysis to more quantitatively understand thethermodynamics of the hydride formation/growth process. We characterized the micrograph of hydride-contained Zr samplesto estimate the microstructural characteristics of the matrix and hydrides. We investigated eff ects of hydrogen concentrationand microstructure of matrix on determining microstructural measures of the hydrides. Particularly, we found that β phasein the matrix becomes isolated during the heat treatment same or above 475 °C and this change increases the inhomogeneousnucleation sites signifi cantly. We claim that the microstructure change of this matrix phase greatly increases the numberdensity of hydride.

노치 형상 및 냉각속도에 따른 Zr-2.5Nb 압력관의 DHC거동

김상재,김영석,임경수,김성수,정용무 대한금속재료학회 2003 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.41 No.1

The objective of this study is to investigate the delayed hydride cracking (DHC) velocity and the incubation time for the water-quenched and furnace-cooled Zr-2.5Nb tube with the different radius of a notch tip. DHC tests were carried out at constant K_1 of 20 MPa√m and 250℃ on the cantilever beam (CB) specimens subjected to furnace cooling or water quenching after electrolytic charging with 57 or 72 ppm hydrogen, respectively. An acoustic emission sensor was attached to the CB specimens to detect the incubation time before the start of DHC. The shape of the notch tip changed from the fatigue crack to the dull crack with its radius ranging from 0.1 to 0.15 mm. The DHC incubation time increased remarkably with the increasing radius of the notch tip, which appeared more strikingly on the furnace-cooled CB specimens than on the water-quenched ones. However, both furnace-cooled and water-quenched CB specimens indicated little change in the DHC velocity with the radius of the notch tip unless their notch tip exceeded 0.125mm. These results demonstrate that the uncleation rate of hydrides at the notch tip determines the incubation time and the DHC velocity becomes constant after the concentration of hydrogen at the notch tip reaches the terminal solid solubility for dissolution (TSSD). This observation agrees well with Kim's DHC model. A difference in the incubation time and the DHC velocity between the furnace-cooled and water-quenched specimens is discussed in terms of the uncleation rate of hydrides at the notch tip and the hysteresis of hydrogen solubility.

조갑진균증의 치료에서 터비나핀과 이트라코나졸의 이중맹검 비교연구 : 공동연구

김기홍,최종수,송준영,김상원,김수찬,안성구,성열오,서순봉 대한화학요법학회 1995 대한화학요법학회지 Vol.13 No.2

저자들은 새로 개발된 alyllamine계 항진균제인 터비나핀의 발톱의 조갑백서에서 치료 효과, 내약성 및 부작용 등을 평가하기 위해 triazole계의 이트라코나졸과 이중 맹검으로 비교 조사하였다. 치료방법은 터비나핀은 250㎎/days로 12주간, 이트라코나졸은 100㎎/day로 124주간 복용하고 양군 모두 치료 시작 후 36주까지 추적 관찰하였다. 조사방법은 조갑진균증 환자에 대해 치료에 대해 설명후 동의서를 받고 장기간 치료가 부적합한 경우를 제외한 149명(터비나핀군 74명, 이트라코나졸군 75명)이 치료를 받았으며 이중 25명이 탈락하고 13명이 부작용등으로 치료를 중지하여 111명(터비나핀군 51명, 이트라코나볼군 60명)이 치료를 완료하였다. 1. 임상적인 소견은 점진적으로 호전되었으며, 치료 시작후 36주에는 병변조갑의 감소 비율로 볼때 터비나핀군은 51명중 완전치료가 24(47.0%), 76%이상 호전이 18명(35.3%), 51%~75% 호전이 6명(11.8%), 26~50% 호전이 2명 (3.9%), 25% 이하의 호전을 보인 예는 1명(2.0%)였다. 이트라코나졸군은 60명중 완전치료가 27(45.0%), 76% 이상 호전이 14명(23.3%), 51%~75%호전이 9명(15.0%), 26~50% 호전이 2명(3.9%), 25% 이하의 호전을 보인 예는 1명(2.0%)였다. 이트라코나졸군은 60명중 완전치료가 27(45.0%), 76% 이상 호전이 14명(23.3%), 51%~75%호전이 9명(15.0%), 26~50% 호전이 7명 (11.7%), 25% 이하의 호전을 보인예는 3(5%)였다. 2. KOH도말 검사에서 음성 소견을 보인 비율은 터비나핀은 24주 후 50예(98.0%)였으며, 36주후에는 모두 음성을 나타내었고, 이트라코나졸은 치료 24주 후 51예(85.0%)였고, 36주후에는 59예(98.3%)에서 음성을 나타내었다. 진균배양 검사에서는 치료 12주 후에 터비나핀군은 51예중 44예에서 (86.3%), 이트라코나졸군은 60예중 52예에서 각각 음성이었으며(86.7%), 치료 36주 후에는 양군 모두에서 음성이었다. 3. 내약성은 양군 모두 시간이 지나면서 증가하였으며, 터비나핀은 moderate이상이 98~·00%였고, 이트라코나졸은 moderate이상이 96.7~100%였다. 4. 부작용은 위장관 증상이 가장 많았고 터비나핀은 23명, 이트라코나졸은 37명이었고, 2명, 3명에서 각각 일시적인 간효소치의 상승이 있었다. 이상의 결과로 보아 조갑진균증의 치료에 터비나핀 1일 250㎎씩 12주간의 경구투여는 치료율, 안정성 및 부작용에서, 추천할 만한 치료법이라 생각된다. In this randomized double-blind trial on multicenter study, the efficacy of the new antifungal agent, terbinafine(Lamlsil) was compared with the triazole antifungal agent, itraconazole, in the treatment of patients with onychomychosis. One hundred and forty nine patients(74 terbinafine, 75 itraconazole) with onychomlychosis were enrolled. Twenty five patients were lost to follow up and 13 reported adverse reaction with premature discontinuation of therapy. And 111 patients were eligible for follow-up until 36 weeks after starting the treatment. Fifty one patients received Lamisil(terbinafine) 250mg daily for twelve weeks (terbinafine group) and 50 received itraconazole 100mg daily for 24 weeks (itraconazole group). They were checked clinical symptoms(onycholysis, subungual hyperkeratosis, paronychyal inflammation, color change, brittleness, ridging, normal length of nails) and mycological improvement with KOH wet mount and culture during the study. Clinical improvements were slow but progressive. In terbinafine group of 5t patients, 24 patients(47.0%) were completely cleared and 18 patients(35.3%) were improved more than 76%, and 6 patients(11.8%) were improved in 53-75%. In itraconazole group of 60 patients, 27 patients(45.0% ) were completely cleared and 14 patients(23-3%) were improved more than 76%, and 9 patients(150%) were improved in 51-75% . In mycologic study, cure rate of the terbinafine group showed all negative at 36 week after the treatment while ittraconazole group showed all negative in culture but negative KOH in 98.3%. Adverse reactions and tolerability of both the drugs were good and net different significantly. All these findings suggest that the efficacy of Lamisil(terbinafine) 250mg daily for 12 weeks in the treatment of onychomycosis was similar to that of itraconazole 100mg daily for 24 weeks.

Caffeine이 지구성 운동 수행능력에 미치는 영향과 억제성 아미노산에 의하여 활성화되는 이온통로의 조절작용

김은경,김영표,천병옥,이계영,김연정,임백빈,조영욱,김창주,김성수 대한스포츠의학회 1999 대한스포츠의학회지 Vol.17 No.1

To investigate the effect and mechanism of caffeine on endurance exercise, two experiments were performed. First, to test caffeine effect on aerobic exercise, 200-300g Sprague-Dawley rats were used and three groups, control group, low caffeine injection group and high caffeine injection group, were divided. Blood smpling by heart puncture were done at rest, after 30 min treadmill exercise, and after maximal exercise. Blood glucose, free fatty acid concentration were detected and following results were obtained. Glucose concentration showed significant difference between groups(p=0.0305) and also significant changes were exhibited between time(p=0.0004). Free fatty acid concentration had no difference between groups. but had significance between times(p=0.00065). Exercise endurance performance time showed significant difference(p=0.02350 in high caffeine injection group compared to control group. In this experiments, endurance exercise capacity was increased by caffeine injection. Therefore, second experiment was performed to investigate the effect of caffeine on ion current induced inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter. GABA and glycine. Single periaqueductal gray neuron was acutely dissociated and nystatin perforated patch clamp was performed under voltage clamping condition. Caffeine evoked outward current in PAG neuron dose dependent manner. 1mM of caffeine application had no response. but 3mM caffeine evoked about 32.5±8.539pA outward ion current and 10mM caffeine evoked about 215.46±19.4pA outward current. 10^-2mM GABA activated Cl￣current and recorded by inward current. Caffeine inhibited GABA activated Cl￣ current concentration dependent manner. 10^-2mM of caffeine had no effect on 1-^-2mM of GABA response. but 10^-1mM caffeine inhibited GABA activated Cl￣ current about 5.74±2.13%, 1mM caffeine inhibited about 17.25±2.70%, 10mM caffeine inhibited GABA response about 45.31±7.71%. 10^-1mM of glycine activated Cl￣ current and also recorded by inward current. Caffeine inhibited glycine activated Cl￣ current concentration dependent manner. 10^-2mM caffeine decreased glycine activated Cl￣ current about 4.61±1.650%, 10^-1mM caffeine decreased about 6.49±2.24%, 1mM caffeine decreased about 26.82±4.27%, and 10mM caffeine decreased glycine response about 94.47±1.39%. These results suggest that caffeine inhibite inhibitory amino acid, GABA and glycine, this response causes excitation of CNS and this seems to be the basic mechanism of increasing effect to aerobic exercise performance by caffeine.

구강악안면 영역의 치성 감염 환자에 대한 세균학적 연구

김일규,윤승환,오성섭,최진호,오남식,김의성,이성호,배수환,강문수 대한악안면성형재건외과학회 2000 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.22 No.4

Oral & maxillofacial infections are most commonly odontogenic in origin. Although such infections are usually self-limiting, they may occasionally spread deeply into fascial spaces or planes far from the initial site of involvement. If early diagnosis and appropriate therapy is delayed, complications such as mediastinal extension, retropharyngeal spread and airway obstruction could happen to the patients. For the study of the microbiology, we have retrospectively analysed the oral & maxillofacial infected patients in the Dept. of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, In-Ha University Hospital from 1997 September to 2000 April. The results were as follows 1.The male patients were more common than female, with male 61.9% and female 38.1%. 2.Dental originated infections were most common cause with the incidence of 62%. 3.Most common fascial space involved was buccal space 42cases(37.2%) followed by submandibular space 13cases(11.5%), infraorbital space 13cases(11.5%), masseteric space 11cases(9.7%) , periapical abscess 11cases(9.7%) . 4.The causative organisms isolated from the pus culture were Gram Positive Bacterial species, which were 46cases(31.9%) of Streptococcus viridans, 16cases(8.6%) of α and β-hemolytic streptococcus, 4cases(3.1%) of Strep.-group D non enterococci, 7cases(5.1%) of Staphylococcus Coa. Neg., 5cases(3.9%) of Staphylococcus aureus, 3cases(2.3%) of Enterococcus faecalis, 1case(0.8%) of Bacillus species, 1case(0.8%) of Peptostreptococcus, 1case(0.8%) of Clostridium and Gram negative bacterial species, which were 4cases(3.1%) of Acinetobacter baumannii, 2cases(1.6%) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 2cases(1.6%) of Burkholderia cepacia, 1case(0.8%) of Neisseria species, 1case(0.8%) of Klebsiella pneumoniae, 1case(0.8%) of Klebsiella oxytoca, 1case(0.8%) of Escherichia coli. 5.In drug sensitivity test, high resistant tendency was found in Penicillin system(Penicillin G 83.3%, Ampicillin 60%) and Aminoglycosides (Gentamycin 50%, Tobramycin 45.5%), but tertiary Cephalosporin system(Cefoperazone 9.1%, Ceftazidime 18.2%), and glycopeptides system (Teicoplanin 0% , Vancomycin 0%) showed lower resistancy.