수삼의 계절별 연근별 성분 변화

강성호,안범균,황유진,양병육,고성권 한국생약학회 2019 생약학회지 Vol.50 No.4

The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in seasonal bioactive components of 4 and 6 years old fresh ginseng (Panax ginseng) and to provide basic information on the development of functional food using fresh ginseng. Seasonal changes were investigated by ginseng saponin analysis using HPLC method and acidic polysaccharides by carbazole sulfuric acid method. Total saponins showed the highest content of fresh ginseng collected in May, followed by March, July, and September. Fresh ginseng collected in May showed 2.5 times (4 years old) - 3.0 times (6 years old) higher than fresh ginseng collected in September. Acidic polysaccharides showed high content of fresh ginseng collected in March and September, and low content of fresh ginseng collected in May and July. From these results, the fresh ginseng collected in May can develop high concentrations of saponin. On the other hand, fresh ginseng collected in March and September is thought to be able to develop high concentration products of acidic polysaccharides.

고사리 열수 추출물로부터 보체계 활성화 산성 다당의 분리 및 특성

오병미,권미향,나경수 한국식품영양학회 1994 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.7 No.3

고사리 열수 추출물로부터 보체계 활성화 산성 다당을 분리하였다. 열수 추출물의 메탄올 환류, 에탄올 침전, 투석 및 동결건조를 통하여 조다당획분인 HPA-1을 분리하였다. HPA-1은 총당 81.80%, 산성당 30.40%, 단백질 15.60%를 함유하였으며, 주요 구성당으로서 rhamnose, galactose, galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid등이 포함되어 있었다. HPA-1을 cetavlon(cethyltrimethyl ammonium bromide)처리에 의해 HPA-2, 3, 4, 5의 획분들로 분리하였으며, 활성과 수율이 가장 높았던 HPA-2로부터 DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B 이온교환 및 Sephadex G-100 and Sepharose CL-6B, Sepharose CL-4B 겔여과 크로마토그라피를 통하여 두 개의 주요 활성 다당체인 HPA-2-Ⅳa와 HPA-2-Ⅴa-2를 정제하였다. 이 다당들은 HPLC에서 단일 획분으로 확인되었으며 분자량은 각각 500,000과 560,000으로 측정되었다. HPA-2-Ⅳa는 총당 81.63%, 산성당 31.61%로 구성되었으며 fucose, galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid를 1.40:0.97:1.88의 몰비율로 함유하였다. HPA-2-Ⅴa-2는 주요 구성당으로서 rhamnose, galactose, galacturonic acid를 1.00: 1.38: 139의 몰비율로 함유하였다. 이 다당들의 Ca^2+존재 유무시의 황보체 활성 측정과 교차면역 전기영동 결과, 고전경로(classical pathway)와 부경로(alternative pathway)를 통한 보체계 활성화함에 관여함을 알 수 있었다. From the hot water extract of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum), a Korean wild edible plant, anti-complementary acidic polysaccharldes were isolated. Crude polysaccharide fraction(HPA-1) was obtained by methanol reflux, ethanol precipitation, dialysis, and lyophilization. HPA-1 contained 81.80% of total sugar, 30.40% of uronic acid, and 15.60% of protein. HPA-1 was purified consecutively by cetavlon fractionation and chromatography including ion exchange with DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B and gel permeation with Sephadex G-100 and Sepharose CL-6B. HPA-2-Ⅳa and HPA-2-Ⅴa-2 were nearly homogeneous on HPLC and had 500,000 and 560,000 daltons of molecular weights, respectively. HPA-2-Ⅳa consisted of fucose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid at the molar ratio of 1.40:0.97:1.88. HPA-2-Ⅴa-2 was composed of rhamnose, galactose, and galacturonic acid at the molar ratio of 1.00 : 1.38 : 1.39. The polysaccharides were found to activate the C3 component both in the presence and in the absence of Ca^2+ through the crossed-immunoelectrophoresis suggesting that those involved in both classical and alternative complement pathway.

홍삼에 함유된 갈변물질 및 산성다당체에 대한 연구현황

이종원(Jong-Won Lee),도재호(Jae-Ho Do) 고려인삼학회 2006 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.30 No.1

우리나라의 건강기능식품법에서는 인삼 또는 홍삼의 기능성이 자양강장, 면역증진 및 원기회복으로 한정되어 있다. 지금까지 홍삼에 함유된 갈변물질과 산성다당체에 대해서 많은 연구가 수행되었는데, 갈변물질은 항산화 활성과 면역증진기능, 그리고 산성다당체는 소화기관암의 증상개선, 면역기능 증진, 혈압개선, 혈액응고방지, 조혈기능, 알콜해독(간기능 회복, 고지혈 개선 등) 등의 효능이 우수하다고 보고되었다. 이러한 관점에서 현재 인삼과 홍삼의 3가지 기능성외에 항산화활성이라든지 그 외 더 많은 기능성을 추가할 필요성이 있으며, 또 홍삼에 함유되어 있는 활성성분을 적극적으로 이용하여 기준 규격형제품은 물론이고 질병위험감소에 대해서 기능성을 표시할 수 있는 개별인정형 제품이나 나아가서는 일반 또는 전문의약품으로 개발하여 홍삼의 이용 가능성을 극대화시키고 국제적으로 경쟁력이 있는 한국인삼으로 그 위상을 제고시켜야 한다고 생각한다. In the browning reaction of Korean ginseng, it appears that enzymatic and non-enzymatic browning reaction occurred in initial stage of steaming fresh ginseng at low temperature, and then non-enzymatic browning reaction followed in the drying period after steaming. Browning reaction of red ginseng occurred between 60~90 min of steaming at 100oC, and browning pigments of red ginseng were mostly water soluble substances. The structural characteristics of water soluble browning reaction products(WS-BRPs) isolated from Korean red ginseng were showed the presence of hydroxyl, amide carbonyl and aliphatic methane groups. From sugar analysis it was identified that L and S-1, melanoidins isolated from red ginseng, contained two kinds of sugars, glucose and xylose, and the other melanoidin S-2 contained the previous and fructose. In order to find out pertinent methods for the acceleration of browning during ginseng processing, various treatment were made on fresh ginseng with sugars, amino acids and inorganic nitrogenous compounds and the extent of browning was measured. Among sugar tested, maltose resulted in the greatest acceleration of browning followed in decreasing order by glucose and lactose, whereas pentoses, fructose, sucrose and raffinose had negligible effect. A marked browning occurred in ginseng treated with basic amino acids, while the extent of browning was not greatly increased when ginseng was treated with aliphatic amino acids, hydroxyl amino acids, or acidic amino acids. The brown color intensity gradually increased with an increase of glucose concentration for up to 0.5M. L, S-1, and S-2 were found to have an ability to donate hydrogen to DPPH, and also they had anti-oxidative activity in the experiments of hydrogen peroxide scavenging, inhibitory activity in the formation of MDA from linoleic acid, auto oxidation of ox-brain homogenates, lipid peroxidation by the enzymatic and non-enzymatic system in liver microsome fraction, and mitochondrial fraction etc. The amounts of acidic polysaccharide(AP) in red ginseng were higher than those of wild and cultured Panax quinquefolius, Panax notoginseng as well as white ginseng (Panax ginseng). In white ginseng, the AP amount is no difference in root ages or sizes, also, the AP amount of ginseng body was similar to that of rhizome, but was higher than that of leaf and epidermis. Addition of red ginseng acidic polysaccharide(RGAP) increased production of nitric oxide(NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the rodent macrophage cultures, and treatment of RGAP in vivo stimulated tumoricidal activities of natural killer (NK) cells.

Purification and Characterization of Complement-activating Acidic Polysaccharides from the Fruits of Capsicum annuum

( Soon Young Paik ),( Kyung Soo Ra ),( In Seop Chang ),( Yoon Chang Park ),( Hee Sung Park ),( Hyung Suk Baik ),( Jong Won Yun ),( Jang Won Choi ) 생화학분자생물학회 2003 BMB Reports Vol.36 No.2

Hot water-soluble crude polysaccharide (HCAP-0) that was obtained from the fruits of Capsicum annuum showed potent anti-complementary activity. The activity was unchanged by pronase digestion, but decreased by periodate oxidation. The HCAP-0 was fractionated by DEAE ion-exchange chromatography to give two major fractions, HCAP-II and III. These two fractions were finally purified by gel filtration to give HCAP-IIa, HCAP-IIIa1, and IIIa2 fractions that had high anti- complementary activities. The HCAP-IIIa1 and IIIa2 consisted of homogeneous polysaccharides. The anti- complementary activities were unaffected by treatment with polymyxin B, indicating that the modes of complement activation were not due to preexisting lipopolysaccharide. The molecular weight and sugar content of HCAP-IIIa2 had potent anti-complementary activity. The highest yields were 55 kDa and 75.9%, and the molar ratio of galactose (Ara:Gal, 1.0:4.6) was higher than other sugars. The crossed immuno-electrophoresis showed that both classical and alternative pathways were activated by HCAP-IIIa2

Purification and Characterization of Complement-activating Acidic Polysaccharides from the Fruits of Capsicum annuum

Paik, Soon-Young,Ra, Kyung-Soo,Chang, In-Seop,Park, Yoon-Chang,Park, Hee-Sung,Baik, Hyung-Suk,Yun, Jong-Won,Choi, Jang-Won Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biol 2003 Journal of biochemistry and molecular biology Vol.36 No.2

Hot water-soluble crude polysaccharide (HCAP-0) that was obtained from the fruits of Capsicum annuum showed potent anti-complementary activity. The activity was unchanged by pronase digestion, but decreased by periodate oxidation. The HCAP-0 was fractionated by DEAE ion-exchange chromatography to give two major fractions, HCAP-II and III. These two fractions were finally purified by gel filtration to give HCAP-IIa, HCAP-IIIa1, and IIIa2 fractions that had high anti-complementary activities. The HCAP-IIIa1 and IIIa2 consisted of homogeneous polysaccharides. The anti-complementary activities were unaffected by treatment with polymyxin B, indicating that the modes of complement activation were not due to preexisting lipopolysaccharide. The molecular weight and sugar content of HCAP-IIIa2 had potent anti-complementary activity. The highest yields were 55 kDa and 75.9%, and the molar ratio of galactose (Ara:Gal, 1.0:4.6) was higher than other sugars. The crossed immuno-electrophoresis showed that both classical and alternative pathways were activated by HCAP-IIIa2.

Vegetative Anatomy and Tetrasporogenesis in Stoechospermum marginatum(C. Agardh) Kutzing (Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae)

Gunwant Bhamrah,Inderdeep Kaur 한국조류학회I 2005 ALGAE Vol.20 No.4

Anatomical organization of Stoechospermum marginatum reveals small cortical cells with moderately dense cytoplasm, overlying a multilayered medulla comparatively poor in cytoplasmic contents. The anticlinal walls of cortical cells show local thickenings rich in alginic acids. Sori form on both thallus surfaces and show tetrasporangia, paraphyses and sterile-cells. The unicellular paraphyses are rich in sulphated polysaccharides whereas multicellular ones have abundance of not only polysaccharides, but also of vacuoles and phenols. The sterile-cells are modified cortical cells present on either side of the tetrasporangium and bear cytoplasmic strands towards soral cavity. Various stages of tetrasporogenesis are seen in a single sorus. The developing tetrasporangium shows a two layered wall, where the outer one is rich in alginic acid and inner has sulphated polysaccharides. An apical pad aids tetraspore release. Also involved in the release process are sterile-cells, paraphyses and polysaccharides.

Vegetative Anatomy and Tetrasporogenesis in Stoechospermum marginatum (C. Agardh) Kűtzing (Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae)

Bhamrah, Gunwant,Kaur, Inderdeep The Korean Society of Phycology 2005 ALGAE Vol.20 No.4

Anatomical organization of Stoechospermum marginatum reveals small cortical cells with moderately dense cytoplasm, overlying a multilayered medulla comparatively poor in cytoplasmic contents. The anticlinal walls of cortical cells show local thickenings rich in alginic acids. Sori form on both thallus surfaces and show tetrasporangia, paraphyses and sterile-cells. The unicellular paraphyses are rich in sulphated polysaccharides whereas multicellular ones have abundance of not only polysaccharides, but also of vacuoles and phenols. The sterile-cells are modified cortical cells present on either side of the tetrasporangium and bear cytoplasmic strands towards soral cavity. Various stages of tetrasporogenesis are seen in a single sorus. The developing tetrasporangium shows a two layered wall, where the outer one is rich in alginic acid and inner has sulphated polysaccharides. An apical pad aids tetraspore release. Also involved in the release process are sterile-cells, paraphyses and polysaccharides.

Hydrogel Lenses Functionalized with Polysaccharide for Reduction of Protein Adsorption

김호중,전진,유근창,정근승 한국고분자학회 2015 Macromolecular Research Vol.23 No.1

The synthesis and characterization of a series of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA)-basedhydrogel lenses functionalized with polysaccharides are described. The functionalization of hydrogels with hyaluronicacid and alginic acid was performed by construction of an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) structureconsisting of HEMA-backbones and polysaccharide networks. The surface protein adsorption, water content, opticaltransparency, and surface properties of the hydrogels were investigated. The hydrogels exhibited transmittance ofover 90% and water content of over 50%. Notably, the amount of protein adsorbed on the polysaccharide-modifiedhydrogels decreased by more than 50% as compared to that in the case of the control hydrogel. These results suggestthat hydrogels modified with polysaccharide may offer intriguing potential for ophthalmic biomaterials as well asprotein resistant coating materials.

Enhancement of Anti-tumorigenic Polysaccharide Production, Adhesion, and Branch Formation of Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4 by Phytic Acid

Seockmo Ku,Hyun Ju You,Geun Eog Ji 한국식품과학회 2009 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.18 No.3

The polysaccharide (BB-pol) extracted from Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4 showed growth inhibitory effects on several colon cancer cell lines such as HT-29 and HCT-116. To increase the yield of polysaccharide, B. bifidum BGN4 was cultured in various culture media with different compositions. When B. bifidum BGN4 was cultured in modified MRS broth containing phytic acid, the cells showed increased branch formation and enlarged morphology. The content of total carbohydrate and the ability of adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells were also increased by phytic acid. The polysaccharide obtained from the cells grown in the presence of phytic acid inhibited the proliferation of cancer cell lines such as HT-29 and MCF-7 cells but not normal colon cell line, FHC. Taken together, Bifidobacterium grown in the presence of phytic acid may confer enhanced beneficial function for the host.

Antithrombin Active Polysaccharide Isolated from the Alkaline Extract of Red Ginseng

Kim Dong Chung,In Man-Jin,Lee Ji Young,Hwang Yoon Kyung,Lee Sung Dong The Korean Society of Ginseng 1999 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.23 No.4

홍삼으로부터 염기성 수웅액 추출, 음이온교환 크로마토그래피 및 겔여과 크로마토그래피를 순차적으로 수행하여 항트롬빈 활성을 보이는 다당체를 분리하였다. 이 다당체는 셀룰로스 아세테이트막을 사용한 전기영동에서 하나의 띠로 나타나 비교적 순수하게 정제되었음을 알 수 있었고, 겔여과 크로마토그래피에서 결정된 평균 분자량은 약 177kDa이었다. $40.2\%$의 유론산, $9.2\%$의 황산기 및 $1.5\%$의 단백질을 포함하는 산성다당체였고, 구성 중성당으로 rhamnose, mannose, galactose, arabinose, glucose, fucose, xylose를 1.00 : 0.88 :0.86 : 0.78 : 0.70 : 0.33 : 0.22의 비율로 포함하고 있었다. 이 다당체는 트롬빈에 의한 피브리노겐의 응고를 농도에 비례하여 저해하였고, 혈장을 사용한 실험에서 내인성 경로를 통해 혈액응고를 저해하는 것으로 나타났다. We have isolated an antithrombin active polysaccharide in red ginseng by procedures comprising three major steps involving alkaline extraction, anion exchange and gel permeation chromatography. Active polysaccharide behaved as a single band on cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis. The average molecular mass was estimated to be about 177 kDa by gel filtration. This polysaccharide was found to be an acidic heteropolysaccharide that contains uronic acid moiety $(40.2\%)$, sulfate group $(9.2\%)$ and protein $(1.5\%)$ in addition to neutral sugar consisted of rhamnose, mannose, galactose, arabinose, glucose, fucose and xylose in a molar ratio of 1.00 : 0.88 : 0.86 : 0.78: 0.70 : 0.33 : 0.22. This polysaccharide inhibited blood coagulation via the intrinsic pathway like heparin in a dose-dependent manner. The clotting of fibrinogen by thrombin was also mitigated by the presence of this polysaccharide.