Three ORF-Containing Group I Introns in Chloroplast SSU of Caulerpa sertularioides (Ulvophyceae) and Their Evolutionary Implications

이정호,JamesR.Manhart2 한국조류학회I 2003 ALGAE Vol.18 No.3

Except for a group I intron in trnL-uaa occuring in eubacteria and plastids, group I introns are rarely documented in plastid genomes. Here, we report that a green alga, Caulerpa sertularioides, contains three group IA3 introns in the 16S gene (cpSSU), CS-cpSSU.i1, CS-cpSSU.i2 and CS-cpSSU.i3. Each intron has an open reading frame with LAGLIDADG motifs. CS-cpSSU.i1orf and CS-cpSSU.i3orf occur at Loop 6 in the intron secondary structure and CScpSSU. i2orf at Loop 8. CS-cpSSU.i1orf and CS-cpSSU.i2orf contain both LAGLI-DADG motifs but CS-cpSSU.i3orf has only one. CS-cpSSU.i1 and CS-cpSSU.i2 share the insetion sites and the ORFs at Loop 6 and 8 with CpSSU·1 and CpSSU·2 introns of Chlamydomonas pallidostigmatica (Chlorophyceae). In contrast, CS-cpSSU.i3, containing 28 copies of GAAATAT at Loop 6, is a novel intron found only in Caulerpa sertularioides. Possible scenarios of the evolution of the three introns and their possible use in systematic research are discussed.

Unveiling mesophotic diversity in Hawai‘i: two new species in the genera Halopeltis and Leptofauchea (Rhodymeniales, Rhodophyta)

Erika A. Alvarado,Feresa P. Cabrera,Monica O. Paiano,James T. Fumo,Heather L. Spalding,Celia M. Smith,Jason C. Leonard,Keolohilani H. Lopes Jr.,Randall K. Kosaki,Alison R. Sherwood 한국조류학회I 2022 ALGAE Vol.37 No.4

Two genera of the Rhodymeniales, Halopeltis and Leptofauchea, are here reported for the first time from the Hawaiian Islands and represent the deepest records for both genera. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), rbcL, and large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU) sequences for Hawaiian specimens of Leptofauchea revealed one well-supported clade of Hawaiian specimens and three additional lineages. One of these clades is described here as Leptofauchea huawelau sp. nov., and is thus far known only from mesophotic depths at Penguin Bank in the Main Hawaiian Islands. Leptofauchea huawelau sp. nov. is up to 21 cm, and is the largest known species. An additional lineage identified in the LSU and rbcL analyses corresponds to the recently described L. lucida from Western Australia, and is a new record for Hawai‘i. Hawaiian Halopeltis formed a well-supported clade along with H. adnata from Korea, the recently described H. tanakae from mesophotic depths in Japan, and H. willisii from North Carolina, and is here described as Halopeltis nuahilihilia sp. nov. H. nuahilihilia sp. nov. has a distinctive morphology of narrow vegetative axes that harbor constrictions along their length. The current distribution of H. nuahilihilia includes mesophotic depths around W. Maui, W. Moloka‘i, and the island of Hawai‘i in the Main Hawaiian Islands. Few reproductive characters were observed because of the small number of specimens available; however, both species are distinct based on phylogeny and morphology. These descriptions further emphasize the Hawaiian mesophotic zone as a location harboring many undescribed species of marine macroalgae.

국내 담수 미세조류 Nautococcus sp. KNUA212의 분리 및 바이오 에너지 분석

최하늘,도정미,윤호성 한국조류학회I 2023 수생생물 Vol.3 No.2

과도한 화석연료 사용으로 증가한 대기중 이산화탄소는 기후 변화와 불안정한 연료 비용, 생물 다양성의 감소문제를 야기했다. 이러한 문제의 대안책으로써 광합성을 통해 대기 중의 이산화탄소를 흡수하고 바이오 연료로 이용가능한 지질을 축적하는 미세조류가 각광받고 있다. 또한 미세조류의 바이오매스에 축적된 고부가가치 산물들(색소, 다당류, 아미노산 등)은 산업적으로 다양하게 활용할 수 있어 관련 연구들이 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구는 울릉도 담수에서 채집해 순수분리한 토착 미세조류를 형태학적 및 분자생물학적으로 동정하여 Nautococcus 속으로 분류했다. Nautococcus sp. KNUA212를 BG-11 액체 배지에서 1~3%의 CO2 공급을 유지하며 8일간 배양한 결과 배양 1.34 g L–1의 건조중량을 가지는 바이오매스를 수확할 수 있었다. 동결건조한 바이오매스의 생화학적 특성을 분석한 결과 26.77%의 단백질 함량을 가진 것으로 나타났다. 근사분석을 통해 89.35%의 높은 휘발성 물질량을 확인할 수 있었고 이는 1,2세대 바이오 연료인 작물과 목질계에서 측정되는 값보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 원소분석한 결과 22.0 MJ kg–1의 높은 열량값이 측정되었으며 이전 바이오 및 화석 연료가 가지는 열량값보다 높거나 유사했다. 특히 Nautococcus sp. KNUA212가 가지는 열량값은 이전세대 바이오 연료인 작물과 목재에서 측정되는 값보다 높게 나타나 Nautococcus sp. KNUA212의 바이오 연료와 같은 바이오 에너지 공급원으로써의 이용 가능성도 확인할 수 있었다. Increased carbon dioxide in atmosphere by increased use of fossil fuel leads to the climate change, unstable price of fuels and the decline of biodiversity. The microalgae can eliminate the carbon dioxide through photosynthesis and accumulate the lipid that can be used for biofuels as the alternative to these problems. In addition, the highly valued products (pigments, polysaccharides and amino acids etc.) are available for diverse industrial use and for those reasons, many related studies have performed actively. Our team collected sample from Ulleungdo fresh water to perform morphologic and molecular biological species identification and classified the microalgae as Nautococcus sp. KNUA212. As a result of cultivating Nautococcus sp. KNUA212 in BG-11 liquid medium for 8 days while maintaining 1~3% CO2 supply, we could harvest the biomass on the 8th day of which a dry weight was 1.34 g L–1. Biochemical analysis of the freeze-dried biomass showed that Nautococcus sp. KNUA212 had a high protein content of 26.77%. Approximate analysis of the biomass showed that the high volatile matter of 89.35%, which was much higher than the value measured in crops and wood, first and second-generation biofuels. Additionally, elemental analysis of the biomass showed that the high calorific value of 22.0 MJ kg–1, which was higher or similar to that of previous bio and fossil fuel. Especially, the calorific value of Nautococcus sp. KNUA212 was much higher than the values ​​measured in crops and wood, first and second-generation biofuels and we could identify that Nautococcus sp. KNUA212 also can be utilized as the bio energy source such as biofuel.

한국 연안 바다숲 관리 방안

최옥인,최창근,연수영,곽주원,김광복,최임호,김성학 한국조류학회I 2023 수생생물 Vol.3 No.1

이 연구는 한국의 바다숲 복원을 위한 생태학적 평가 방법과 관리 방안을 제안하기 위해서 수행하였다. 바다숲의 생태학적 평가 방법을 위하여 6개의 인자(자연 암반, 투명도, 다양도 지수, 생체량, 무절산호말류, 조식동물)를 선택하였고, 6개 각 인자는 바다숲 확장과 축소에 영향을 미치는 기여도에 따라 가중치를 적용하였다. 바다숲의 관리 방안 단계는 생태학적 상태(매우 양호, 양호, 보통, 불량, 매우 불량)에 따라 5단계로 구분하였다. 바다숲의 보전과 복원에 대한 단계별 실행계획은 모니터링, 생태학적 복원, 인공적 복원, 환경적 복원으로 구분하였다. 이 연구 결과는 우리나라 바다숲의 효율적인 관리 방안에 이용될 수 있으며, 앞으로도 바다숲을 유지하기 위해서 지속적인 연구를 하여야 한다. This study was conducted to propose an ecological evaluation method and management plan for the restoration of marine forests in Korea. Six factors (natural bedrock, transparency, diversity index, biomass, crustose coralline algae, and herbivores) were selected for the ecological evaluation method of marine forests, and each of the six factors contributed to the expansion and reduction of marine forests. The management plan stage of the marine forest was divided into 5 stages according to the ecological status (very good, dood, normal, bad, very bed). The step-by-step action plan for conservation and restoration of marine forest was divided into monitoring, ecological restoration, artificial restoration, and environmental restoration. The results of this study can be used for efficient management of marine forests in Korea, and research should be continued to maintain marine forests in the future.

Inhibition of inflammatory responses elicited by urban fine dust particles in keratinocytes and macrophages by diphlorethohydroxycarmalol isolated from a brown alga Ishige okamurae

I. P. Shanura Fernando,김현수,K. K. Asanka Sanjeewa,오재영,전유진,이원우 한국조류학회I 2017 ALGAE Vol.32 No.3

Fine dust (FD) particles have become a major contributor to air pollution causing detrimental effects on the respiratory system and skin. Although some studies have investigated the effects of FD on the respiratory system, their possible effects on the skin remain under-explored. We investigated the FD mediated inflammatory responses in keratinocytes, present in the outer layers of skin tissues and the transfer of inflammatory potential to macrophages. We further evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of the polyphenolic derivative, diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC) isolated from Ishige okamurae against FD-induced inflammation. Size distribution of FD particles was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. FD particles induced the production of cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 in HaCaT keratinocytes and the expression of nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthases (iNOS), PGE2, tumor necrosis factor-α expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Further, we evaluated the inflammatory potential of the culture medium of inflammation-induced HaCaT cells in RAW 264.7 macrophages and observed a marked increase in the expression of NO, iNOS, PGE2, and proinflammatory cytokines. DPHC treatment markedly attenuated the inflammatory responses, indicating its effectiveness in suppressing a broad range of inflammatory responses. It also showed anti-inflammatory potential in in-vivo experiments using FD-stimulated zebrafish embryos by decreasing NO and reactive oxygen species production, while eventing cell death caused by inflammation.

Revisiting the Parvilucifera infectans / P. sinerae (Alveolata, Perkinsozoa) species complex, two parasitoids of dinoflagellates

전부성,남승원,김선주,박명길 한국조류학회I 2018 ALGAE Vol.33 No.1

Members of the family Parviluciferaceae (Alveolata, Perkinsozoa) are the well-known dinoflagellate parasitoids along with Amoebophrya ceratii species complex and parasitic chytrid Dinomyces arenysensis and contain six species across three genera (i.e., Parvilucifera infectans, P. sinerae, P. rostrata, and P. corolla, Dinovorax pyriformis, and Snorkelia prorocentri) so far. Among Parvilucifera species, the two species, P. infectans and P. sinerae, are very similar or almost identical each other morphologically and genetically, thereby make it difficult to distinguish between the two. The only main difference between the two species known so far is the number of sporangium wall (i.e., 2 layers in P. infectans vs. 3 layers in P. sinerae). During sampling in Masan bay, Korea during the spring season of 2015, the dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea cells infected by the parasite Parvilucifera were observed and this host-parasite system was established in culture. Using this culture, its morphological and ultrastructural features with special emphasis on the variation in the number of sporangium wall over developmental times, were investigated. In addition, the sequences of rDNA regions and β-tubulin genes were determined. The result clearly demonstrated that the trophocyte at 36 h was covered with 4 layers, and then outer layer of the sporocyte gradually degraded over time, resulting in wall structure consisting of two layers, with even processes being detached from 7-day-old sporangium with smooth surface, indicating that the difference in the number of layers seems not to be an appropriate ultrastructural character for distinguishing P. infectans and P. sinerae. While pairwise comparison of the large subunit rDNA sequences showed 100% identity among P. infectans / P. sinerae species complex, genetic differences were found in the small subunit (SSU) rDNA sequences but the differences were relatively small (11-13 nucleotides) compared with those (190-272 nucleotides) found among the rest of Parvilucifera species (P. rostrata and P. corolla). Those small differences in SSU rDNA sequences of P. infectans / P. sinerae species complex may reflect the variations within inter- strains of the same species from different geographical areas. Taken together, all morphological, ultrastructural, and molecular data from the present study suggest that they are the same species.

한국 서남해안 신안군 가거도 인근 무인도서의 하계 조간대 해조상 및 수직분포

류바다,김영식 한국조류학회I 2021 수생생물 Vol.1 No.1

한국 서남해안 신안군에 위치한 가거도 인근 9개 무인도서의 조간대에 생육하는 해조류를 파악하고자 2012년 7월 조사를 수행하였다. 조사결과 녹조류 1종, 갈조류 6종, 홍조류 26종이 출현하여 총 33종이 채집 및 동정되었다. PRIMER 5.0을 이용하여 유사도지수에 따른 군집분석을 실시한 결과 유의성 45%에서 크게 세 개의 그룹으로 나누어졌다. 가거도 인근 무인도의 조간대 생육하는 해조류의 수직분포를 보면 상부에서는 패(Ishige okamurae), 불등풀가사리(Gloiopeltis furcata), 참풀가사리(Gloiopeltis tenax), 중부에서는 작은구슬산호말(Corallina pilulifera), 진두발(Chondrus ocellatus), 하부에서는 톳(Sargassum fusiforme), 미역(Undaria pinnatifida), 작은구슬산호말이 우점하여 출현하였다. The objective of this study was to clarify marine algae of 9 uninhabited islands in Gageo, Sinan-gun area, south western coast of Korea from July 2012. As a result, a total of 33 species – 1 green, 6 browns and 26 reds – was identified. As a result of performing cluster analysis according to the similarity index using PRIMER 5.0, it was largely divided into three main groups at 45% of significance. The vertical distribution pattern of intertidal marine algae represented three distinct zones; Ishige okamurae, Gloiopeltis furcata, Gloiopeltis tenax – Corallina pilulifera, Chondrus ocellatus – Sargassum fusiforme, Undaria pinnatifida, Corallina pilulifera.

FTIR characterization and antioxidant activity of water soluble crude polysaccharides of Sri Lankan marine algae

I.P. Shanura Fernando,K. K. Asanka Sanjeewa,Kalpa W. Samarakoon,이원우,김현수,김은아,U. K. D. S. S. Gunasekara,D. T. U. Abeytunga,Chandrika Nanayakkara,E. D. de Silva,이희승,전유진 한국조류학회I 2017 ALGAE Vol.32 No.1

Polysaccharides of marine algae exhibit different structural characteristics and interesting biological functions. In this study, crude polysaccharides (CP) of eleven Sri Lankan marine algae obtained through hot water extraction and ethanol precipitation were investigated for DPPH, alkyl, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities using electron spin resonance spectrometry and for intracellular reactive oxygen species scavenging activity in the Chang liver cell line. Characterization of CPs was done by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and by analysis of the monosaccharide composition. Time-dependent density functional theory quantum-chemical calculations at the RB3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level for constructed dimeric units of the corresponding polysaccharides were used to resolve the FTIR spectra. CPs from Chnoospora minima showed the highest DPPH and alkyl radical scavenging activities and higher intracellular reactive oxygen species scavenging effects for both AAPH and H2O2 induced ROS production in “Chang” cells. The major polysaccharide constituent in C. minima CP was identified as fucoidan and it displayed a higher sulfate content. The degree of sulfation of these polysaccharides suggests a positive correlation with the observed antioxidant properties.

Temperature ranges for survival and growth of juvenile Saccharina sculpera (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) and applications for field cultivation

Soo Hong Kim,Young Dae Kim,Mi Sook Hwang,Eun Kyoung Hwang,유현일 한국조류학회I 2021 ALGAE Vol.36 No.4

Saccharina sculpera is highly valued for human consumption and value-added products. However, natural resourcesof this kelp have decreased sharply and it is in danger of extinction. Resources recovery through cultivation is beingtrialed to enable the sustainable use of this species. In this study, the temperature range for survival and optimal growthof juvenile S. sculpera was identified and applied to field cultivation. This study investigated the survival and growthof juvenile S. sculpera under six temperatures (i.e., 5, 10, 15, 16, 18, and 20°C) and two light intensities (i.e., 20 and 40µmol photons m-2 s-1) in an indoor culture experiment. In these experiments, the blade length decreased at 16°C underthe both light intensities. The thalli died at 20°C and 20 µmol photons m-2 s-1, and at 18‒20°C and 40 µmol photons m-2s-1. During the field cultivation, early growth of S. sculpera was highest at the 5 m depth and growth decreased as thewater depth increased. When the initial rearing depth was maintained without adjustment throughout the cultivationperiod (from December to October), all the cultivated S. sculpera plants died during August and September. However, S. sculpera plants lowered from 5 to 15 m and grew to 90.8 ± 13.1 cm in July. The seawater temperature at 15 m depth wassimilar to the upper level of thermal tolerance demonstrated by juvenile S. sculpera in the indoor culture experiments(16°C or lower). The plants were subsequently lowered to 25 m depth in August, which eventually led to their matura tion in October. The present study confirmed that improved growth rates and a delay in biomass loss can be achieved byadjusting the depth at which the seaweeds are grown during the cultivation period. These results will contribute to theestablishment of sustainable cultivation systems for S. sculpera.

Viator vitreocola gen. et sp. nov. (Stylonematophyceae), a new red alga on drift glass debris in Oregon and Washington, USA

Gayle I. Hansen,John A. West,윤환수,Christopher D. Goodman,Susan Loiseaux de Goër,Giuseppe C. Zuccarello 한국조류학회I 2019 ALGAE Vol.34 No.2

A new encrusting red alga was found growing abundantly on glass debris items that drifted ashore along the coasts ofOregon and Washington. These included discarded fluorescent tubes, incandescent light bulbs, capped liquor bottles,and ball-shaped fishing-net floats. Field collections and unialgal cultures of the alga revealed that it consisted of twomorphological phases: a young loosely aggregated turf and a mature consolidated mucilaginous crust. The turf phaseconsisted of a basal layer of globose cells that produced erect, rarely branched, uniseriate to multiseriate filaments up to500 μm long with closely spaced cells lacking pit-plugs. These filaments expanded in size from their bases to their tipsand released single cells as spores. At maturity, a second phase of growth occurred that produced a consolidated crust,up to 370 μm thick. It consisted of a basal layer of small, tightly appressed ellipsoidal-to-elongate cells that generateda mucilaginous perithallial matrix containing a second type of filament with irregularly spaced cells often undergoingbinary division. At the matrix surface, the original filaments continued to grow and release spores but often also eroded. Individual cells, examined using confocal microscopy and SYBR Green staining, were found to contain a central nucleus,a single highly lobed peripheral chloroplast without a pyrenoid, and numerous chloroplast nucleoids. Morphologicaldata from field and culture isolates and molecular data (rbcL, psbA, and SSU) show that this alga is a new genus and specieswhich we name Viator vitreocola, “a traveller on glass.”