Backchannelling in deutschen und koreanischen Telefongesprächen − ein gesprächsanalytischer Ansatz

( Kook¸ Ji-yeon ) 한국독일언어문학회 2021 독일언어문학 Vol.- No.92

언어적 의사소통에서 발신자, 수신자, 맥락, 정보 등과 같은 요소들도 중요하지만, 화자가 말을 할 때 청자가 경청하고 있는지의 여부도 중요하다. 청자는 화자의 발화에 대해 관심이 있다거나 듣고 있다는 것 혹은 자신이 그 대화에 참여하고 있다는 등의 표시로 ‘응’, ‘어’, ‘음’, ‘맞아’, ‘그래’ 등과 같은 청자신호를 보낸다. 이러한 청자반응신호는 면대면 대화에서뿐만 아니라 전화 대화에서도 나타나지만, 전화 대화라는 유형적 특성상 매우 중요하다. 왜냐하면 면대면 대화에서는 화자의 표정이나 몸짓 등이 함께 작용하지만, 음성이나 말로서만 이루어지는 전화 대화에서는 결정적인 역할을 하기 때문이다. 특히 청자반응은 개별 언어마다 달리 나타나기 때문에, 본 연구에서는 한국어와 독일어의 전화 대화에 나타난 청자반응신호의 공통점과 차이점을 살펴보고자 했다. 이를 위해 독일과 한국 전화 대화 코퍼스를 추출하여 각 언어의 청자반응을 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과 두 언어 간 청자반응의 수행양상이 어떻게 달리 나타나는지를 고찰할 수 있었다. 빈도수 측면에서는 두 언어 간의 차이가 잘 나타나지 않았으나, 청자 반응 신호의 유형별 비교는 가능했다. 그 중 주목할 만한 것은 한국어 청자의 경우 독일어 청자에 비해 상대방이 발화하는 일부나 발화 전체를 그대로 따라서 반복하는 표현을 보다 선호했으며, 독일어 청자들은 한국어 청자에 비해 상대방의 문장을 완성하는 경향이 더 두드러지는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 청자반응신호 양상 연구는 문화 간 이해를 위한 소통지식 향상과 제2외국어로서 언어를 배우는 독일어 학습자나 한국어 학습자가 상호 소통을 할 때 오해를 최소화 할 수 있다는 점에서 그 의의가 있다고 볼 수 있다. Diese konversationsanalytische Studie widmet sich den Typen, Formen und der Frequenz von Backchannels in deutschen und koreanischen Telefongesprächen. Auf der Basis von 21 Telefonaten (12 deutschen aus dem FOLK-Korpus des Instituts für Deutsche Sprache und 9 koreanischen aus dem Sejong-Korpus für gesprochenes Koreanisch des Nationalen Instituts der Koreanischen Sprache) wurde das Backchannelling-Verhalten der Gesprächsteilnehmer kontrastiv untersucht. Die Ergebnisse dokumentieren Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede: Bezüglich der prozentualen Verteilung der Typen von Backchannels machen kurze verbale Äußerungen in beiden Sprachen den größten Anteil aus. Der Typ ‘Bitte um Klärung’ bildet in beiden Korpora den zweitgrößten Anteil, Lachen als Backchannel den drittgrößten. Während koreanische Hörer den Typ ‘kurze Nachformulierungen’ präferieren, wurden bei den deutschen Hörern eher der Typ ‘Satzvervollständigungen’ bevorzugt. Hinsichtlich der Frequenz von Backchannels pro Token bestand kein wesentlicher Unterschied, so dass die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer durch Frequenz verursachten Fehlinterpretation zwischen Deutschen und Koreanern geringer als mit anderen Kulturen ist.

여자 테니스 선수의 양손 백핸드 스트로크 동작시 상지의 근전도 분석

유국종,서국웅,윤양진,이훈식,정미라,서국은 한국운동역학회 2000 한국운동역학회지 Vol.9 No.2

This study analzed AEMG, muscle activity duration time, peak value and work load of six high school student players, three college student players, three business team players in order to analyze Arm's EMG when they play games with two-handed backhand stroke. The instruments of measuring EMG are muscle tester ME3000p. And measured parts of muscle are the triceps brachii, biceps brachii, brachioradialis and flexor carpi radialis of body left and right arm. The following is the result according to the analysis of raw data and statistics. 1. The AEMG of trained group was higher than the untrained. In both groups AEMG of right arm was higher than left one. And AEMG of forearm was higher than upperarm. The order of high AEMG among the trained is as followed ; right biceps brachii, left brachii, right brachioradialis. Among the untrained ; right brachioradialis, left brachioradialis, biceps brachii. 2. The muscle activity duration time of the trained group was totally shorter than the untrained. In both groups muscle activity duration time of the right arm was shorter than the left one. As to trained muscle activity duration time of upperarm is shorter than the forearm. Contrarily, as to untrained muscle activity duration time forearm is shorter than the upperarm. The order of short muscle activity duration time among the trained is as followed ; right biceps brachii, triceps brachii, left flexor carpi radialis. 3. The peak value of trained group was higher than the untrained. In body groups peak value of the right arm was higher than the left one. As to the trained the peak of the upperarm is higher than the forearm. Contrarily, as to the untrained, the peak value of the forearm was higher the upperarm. The order of high peak value among the trained is as followed ; right biceps brachii, left biceps brachii, right brachioradialis. Among the untrained, right brachioradialis, left biceps brachii, brachioradialis.

초등학생에서 인두배양과 항-OF 항체 보유율

정현주,김선주,김윤정,맹국영,정현주,김선주,김윤정,맹국영 대한임상병리학회 1998 대한임상병리학회지 Vol.18 No.3

Changes of functional ionotrophic receptor subunits in rat hippocampus following transient global ischemia

Ko, Ok,Jung, Yong Wook 東國大學校醫學硏究所 2002 東國醫學 Vol.9 No.2

허혈 후 해마세포내 칼슘의 유입과 증가기전은 아직까지 알려져 있지 않다. 그러나 허혈해마에서의 이온지향성 NMDA 수용체와 AMPA수용체 아단위의 변화는 많은 양의 칼슘이 흥분성연접을 통해 신경세포내로 유입될 수 있다는 가능성을 제시한다. 따라서 본 실험은 일시적 허혈 후 초래되는 해마신경세포의 세포손상정에 AMPA와 NMDA 수용체의 구성단백질의 변화를 관찰하였다. 일시적 허혈 모델은 280∼320 gm의 Sprague-Dawley종의 숫 흰쥐를 이용하여 50㎜Hg의 저혈압을 초래 후 10분간 양쪽 온목동맥을 결찰하여 제작하였으며 AMPA 수용체의 GluR2 아단위와 NMDA 수용체의 NR2A, NR2B에 대한 단백질 정량분석은 Immunoblot을 이용하였다. 허혈 후 세포손상은 세포골격단백질인 NF200의 분자생물학적 조사를 시행하여 관찰하였다. 일시적 허혈은 해마에 존재하는 이온지향성 수용체의 아단위인 NR2A, NR2B, 그리고 GluR2의 분해를 유도하였으며 특히 GluR2의 현저한 감소는 GluR2-lacking AMPA 수용체의 칼슘지향성 특성을 고려할 때 해마신경세포 손상과정에서 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 생각되며 또한 세포사망의 중요인자인 신경세사단백질200의 분해정도는 AMPA 수용체의 GluR2의 분해와 비례하여 감소하였다. The mechanism by which elevated Ca^2+ enters and concentrates within the hippocampal neurons after ischemia remains unclear. However, one appealing possibility, given the well-documented involvement of NMDA and AMPA receptors in ischemic hippocampus, would involve the up or down-regulation of NMDA and AMPA constituents, which would thereby allow increased amounts of Ca^2+ to enter the vulnerable neuron with each excitatory synaptic event. we tested a potential roles for AMPA and NMDA receptor functional subunits levels in the hippocampus at times after transient global ischemia when neuronal cell damage was observed. Transient global ischemia was performed in male Sprague-Dawley rats (280∼320 gm) and was induced by bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 10 minutes along with a decrease of mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) to 50 ㎜Hg. Immunoblottings were used to assess protein concentration and expression of AMPA (GluR2) and NMDA receptor (NR2A and NR2B) functional subunits. Molecular analysis of ischemic injury was measured with NF200. This study determined that hippocampal NR2A, NR2B, and GluR2 expression in response to the transient global ischemia was decreased compared with sham-operated controls. This data indicate that AMPA receptors lacking GluR2 may play a role in excessive influx of extracellular calcium following ischemia because of GluR2-lacking AMPA complexes have larger. more prolonged calcium conductances than those containing this subunit. We also found that the severity of the NF200 degradation, one of the neuronal death-inducing factors correlated well with the severity of GluR2 degradation.

Preparations of microencapsulated PCMs-coated nylon fabrics by wet and dry coating process and comparison of their properties

Koo, K.,Park, Y.M.,Choe, J.D.,Kim, E.A. Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2009 Polymer engineering and science Vol.49 No.6

<P>To analyze the thermal insulation effect in textiles, waterproof, and breathable nylon fabrics PCMs microcapsules (PCMMcs) were prepared by wet and dry coating processes. The morphology, water vapor permeability (WVP), water penetration resistance (WPR), and peel strength of the PCMMcs-coated fabrics were characterized. At the same time, DSC was used to measure the thermal insulation properties of the PCMMcs-treated fabrics as a means of testing the thermal storage/release capacity according to their phase change temperature. The result showed that the heat storage capacity of the PCMMcs-treated fabrics prepared by wet coating was noticeably better than that of the PCMMcs-untreated samples, whereas the PCMMcs treatment had an insignificant effect on the heat capacity of the fabrics prepared by the dry coating process. From the SEM analysis, it was found that the PCMMcs were physically unstable during the dry coating process, so, they could not be observed. Also, the WVP, WPR, and peel strength were found to decrease with increasing PCMMcs contents. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers</P>

Changes of functional ionotrophic receptor subunits in rat hippocampus following transient global ischemia

Ko, Ok,Jung, Yong Wook 약업신문사 1983 의약정보 Vol.9 No.-

유아용 비언어성 검사(한국판 보렐 메조니 검사)의 표준화에 관한 연구

추국희,김태련 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1988 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.53 No.-

This study, related to the standardization of a non-verbal test for early childhood children, attended to provide a scientific instrument for assessing the level of mental development of average children in early childhood and of language deficient handicapped children of many types for early identification, early diagnosis, and remedial education with appropriate teaching for development of children. Such diagnostic tools have not been available in Korea previously and as a result of the practice in the Speech and Hearing Center of Ewha Womans University for 3 to 4 years from the year of the Handicapped by U.N., 1981, the standardization of the Non-verbal Test was considered to be reliable and valid, performed to average children, and the base study of the standardization was made after 2 to 3 years study. This Test, divised in Paris, France by Mme. Borel-Maisonny, aimed to give an early identification and an early diagnosis of the level of mental development for children from 18 months to 66 months old. This Test consists of the Main Test and the Compensating Test, the Main Test has 4 subtests divided into eight stages according to difficulty of each subtest area, and three Compensating Test has 4 subtests divided into 5 to 7 stages according to difficulty of each subtest area. This study was performed from July, 1984 to October, 1985 and the subjects were 892 children (420 average children and 472 handicapped children). The average children were attending nursery schools and kindergartens in Seoul and the handicapped subjects were children of mentally retarded, hearing impaired, learning disabled, language and/or pronunciation disordered, cerebral palsied, and stuttering and/or emotionally disturbed diagnosed and educated at the Speech and Hearing Center of Ewha Womans University. Item Validity means of Each Test area and Intercorrelation coefficient are used as statistical methods for Data and Results. The results of study were as follows; First, the average children reached 6 months to 1 year higher levels of mental development than appropriate to their chronological children in the Main Test. So it is necessary to recheck the results after heightening difficulty. Second, the average children reached about 6 months higher levels of mental development than appropriate to their chronological children, in the Matching Eggs, one of subtests of the Compensating Test, and reached about 6 months to 1 year lower levels in three remaining subtests of the Compensating Test. So it is necessary to heighten the difficulty of Matching Eggs and to lower the difficulty of three remaining subtests of the Compensating Test. Third, there is independence between four areas of the Main Test and four areas of the Compensating Tests. Fourth, Matching Plastics and Making Stairs consisted one area of the Main Test made a highest contribution and Inserting a Cork, Finding Missing Parts of Pictures, and Drawing a Human Figure consisted one area of the Main Test made a lowest contribution. Matching Plastics with Different Thicknesses of the Compensating Test made a highest contribution and Matching Eggs of the Compensating Test made a lowest contribution. Fifth, all types of handicapped children reached lower levels of mental development appropriate to their chronological children. Sixth, especially cerebral palsied children didn't perform well in almost all test area. Therefore this test is inadequate for the children of motor disfunctioning or neurological disfunctioning. This test will be more valid and reliable after a second standardization study is carried out to remedy the limitations revealed by the results of this study.

韓國産고추의 品質에 關한 綜合的 硏究

裵國雄,李盛雨 漢陽大學校 韓國生活科學硏究所 1990 韓國 生活 科學 硏究 Vol.- No.9

In order to evaluate the overall Korean red pepper's quality, Jeongseon-Jaerae and Hot-Portugal varieties were selected as samples and purchased from Kyungdong market located in Seoul which confirmed the varieties and drying methods(sun drying and hot air drying). The pericarp, seed, placenta and stem were separated and then general properties, general compositions, capsaicinoids, chromatocity, free amino acids, organic acids, free sugars, vitamin C, fatty acids and 5'-nucleotides were analyzed. The results are summarized as follows. 1.Properties of red pepper were not affected by the drying methods. In the weight ratio of each part, there were no difference between drying methods, however some varieties of Hot -Portugal contained a smaller amount of pericarps(45%) and higher content of seed(44∼45%) compared to the Jeongseon-Jaerae variety (49% in pericarps, 42∼43% in seed ). 2.General compositions of red peppers were as follows. Moisture content was 7∼9%, total sugar was 63%, crude protein was 15∼16.5%, crude fat was 15∼16% and the crude ash was 5∼6.5%. Varieties and drying methods of red peppers did not produce any significant difference in the composition of general constituents. 3.Capsaicinoids of red peppers were quantitatively analyzed by HPLC and then identified with GC -MS. As a result, 3 kinds of homologous such as nordihydrocapsaicin, capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin were confirmed. Dihydrocapsaicin was mainly detected in the placenta. Capsaicinoids content in each part of red peppers were higher in placenta. There was no remarkable tendency of capsaicinoids content in each part of red peppers according to varieties, but the total amount of capsaicinoids in Jeongseon-Jaerae was 2∼3 times larger than what was found in the Hot -Portugal. The total amount of capsaicinoids in sun dried red peppers was larger than the amount in hot air dried red peppers. 4.The pericarp powder of red poppers was suitable for sample of color evaluation. On Hunfer-lab values, L value(brightness) and a value(red) of pericarp powder were higher in Jeongseon-Jaerae than in Hot-Portugal. In Jeongseon-Jaerae, it was about 15% higher in sun dried red peppers compared to hot air dried. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in Hot-Portugal according to drying methods. Also b value(yellow) showed same tendency of L and a value. The ratio of a to b(a/b) was higher in Hot -Portugal than in Jeongseon-Jaerae. The ratio was higher in sun dried red poppers of both varieties. In means sun dried red peppers show more intense color than hot air dried ones. 5.Total seventeen kinds of free amino acids were identified in each part of red peppers and amount of free amino acids of the Jeongseon-Jaerae were larger than in the Hot-Portugal. Pro-line was contained comparatively larger amount in all parts of the red peppers regardless of varieties and drying methods, except seed portion. And except seed, amount of free amino acids were larger in sun dried red peppers of both varieties. 6.As organic acids contained in each part of red poppers were succinic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, citric acid and quinic acid, and these five kinds of organic acids were isolated. Among these acids, the content of quinic acid was highest in each part, namely Jeongseon-Jaerae showed 93∼97% and in Hot-Portugal showed 92% of total organic acid content. As a whole, total amount of organic acids were larger in Jeongseon-Jaerae than in Hot-Portugal regardless of drying methods. In the Jeongseon-Jaerae, the amount of organic acids were slightly larger in hot air dried red pepper. 7.Total amount of free sugary were larger in Hot -Portugal than in the Jeongseon-Jaerae. As reducing sugars, fructose and glucose were mostly contained in the pericarp in both varieties of red peppers regardless of drying methods, and sucrose was mainly contained in seeds. Also in Jeongseon-Jaerae, in each part, larger amount of free sugars were contained in hot air dried red pepper compared to the sun dried ones. But there was not much difference in the Hot-Portugal according to drying methods. 8.Vitamin C was mainly distributed in pericarp, and in placenta only small amount was contained. Under the same drying method, the vitamin C content of Hot-Portugal was slightly higher than Jeongseon-Jaerae. The vitamin C content in pericarps was higher in hot air dried red pepper than in the sun dried ones regardless varieties. 9.In the twelve kinds of fatty acids which were isolated and confirmed, the highest content of fatty acid was linoleic acid and next was oleic acid or palmitic acid. There was no difference between drying methods. Especially, there was no difference in unsaturated fatty acids content according to drying methods. 10.Using HPLC, 5'-nucleotides such as CMP, AMP and IMP of red peppers were isolated and identified. Total amount of 5'-nucleotides were 4 times lager in Jeongseon-Jaerae than in the Hot -Portugal. The CMP content was highest in the pericarp of the Jeongseon-Jaerae, mean while IMP was highest in the pericarp of Hot-Portugal. 5'-Nucleotides content of hot air dried red peppers were smaller in both varieties. 11.Regardless of varieties or drying methods, capsaicinoids content and 5'-nucleotides content were in direct proportion but vitamin C content comparing to capsaicinoids or 5 -nucleotides was in inverse proportion. Free sugars and vitamin C content were higher in Hot-Portugal. Organic acids, capsaicinoids. 5'-nucleotides and total flavoring amino acids content were higher in the Jeongseon-Jaerae. The red pepper of sun dried Jeongseon-Jaelae contained a relatively small amount of free sugar, but capsaicinoids content was large, so it has strong hot taste and the palatability is also excellent. The color intensity was also proper, and will show high acceptability as a food stuff.

여자고등학생들의 운동흥미에 관한 연구 : 서울과 경남지방과의 비교 COMPARISION BETWEEN SEOUL AND KYUNG-NAM AREA

徐國雄 부산대학교 사범대학 1976 교사교육연구 Vol.3 No.2

This study way made through the questionnaire against 190 of girls' high school students in Seoul and local area, enforced from September 1, 1976 to September 25, 1976. The results are as follows: 1) The local shows arendency to have dull interest than Seoul. 2) The girl students are will to exercise, putting first consideration to interest. 3) They have keen interest in athletic sports owing to the physical charter system for entrance examination for college. 4) They want that theory and real talent would be mixed in physical education, and as they get older they want only real talent. 5) Students in Seoul prefer to male teacher and the students in local area prefer to female teacher. 6) As the girls enjoying the benefits of civilization in Seoul have keen interest in exercise, I have found that the benefits of civilization have a good effect on sports.

집합분할모형을 이용한 운항승무원의 승무경로 일정계획

김국연,이영훈 한국경영과학회 2004 經營 科學 Vol.21 No.1

Efficient crew scheduling for cockpit crew is important in airline industry due to operational safety and cost associated with the flight duty time. Because of complexity of regulations imposed to the cockpit crew, it is complicated to generate an efficient schedule. Schedule of cockpit crew can be generated through two steps; selecting of flight patterns, and scheduling of them to the specific time horizon. Heuristic method is developed and applied with massive data in a limited time of computation. A set of flight patterns is selected from all possible flight patterns, which are generated by composing the flight leg based on regulations, by using the set partitioning problem with objective function of oversea stay cost. The selected set of flight patterns found at the first step is allocated to 4 week crew schedule to minimize the variance of total fight time assigned to each crew. The crew schedules obtained are evaluated and compared with the ones currently used in one of major airline company.