Projections of summertime ozone concentration over East Asia under multiple IPCC SRES emission scenarios

Lee, Jae-Bum,Cha, Jun-Seok,Hong, Sung-Chul,Choi, Jin-Young,Myoung, Ji-Su,Park, Rokjin J.,Woo, Jung-Hun,Ho, Changhoi,Han, Jin-Seok,Song, Chang-Keun Elsevier 2015 Atmospheric environment Vol.106 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>We have developed the Integrated Climate and Air Quality Modeling System (ICAMS) through the one-way nesting of global–regional models to examine the changes in the surface ozone concentrations over East Asia under future climate scenarios. Model simulations have been conducted for the present period of 1996–2005 to evaluate the performance of ICAMS. The simulated surface ozone concentrations reproduced the observed monthly mean concentrations at sites in East Asia with high R<SUP>2</SUP> values (0.4–0.9), indicating a successful simulation to capture both spatial and temporal variability. We then performed several model simulations with the six IPCC SRES scenarios (A2, A1B, A1FI, A1T, B1, and B2) for the next three periods, 2016–2025 (the 2020s), 2046–2055 (the 2050s), and 2091–2100 (the 2090s). The model results show that the projected changes of the annual daily mean maximum eight-hour (DM8H) surface ozone concentrations in summertime for East Asia are in the range of 2–8 ppb, −3 to 8 ppb, and −7 to 9 ppb for the 2020s, the 2050s, and the 2090s, respectively, and are primarily determined based on the emission changes of NO<SUB>x</SUB> and NMVOC. The maximum increases in the annual DM8H surface ozone and high-ozone events occur in the 2020s for all scenarios except for A2, implying that the air quality over East Asia is likely to get worse in the near future period (the 2020s) than in the far future periods (the 2050s and the 2090s). The changes in the future environment based on IPCC SRES scenarios would also influence the change in the occurrences of high-concentrations events more greatly than that of the annual DM8H surface ozone concentrations. Sensitivity simulations show that the emissions increase is the key factor in determining future regional surface ozone concentrations in the case of a developing country, China, whereas a developed country, Japan would be influenced more greatly by effects of the regional climate change than the increase in emissions.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Change in ozone level is determined by the combination of NO<SUB>x</SUB> and NMVOC emissions. </LI> <LI> Ozone level over East Asia would get worse in the near future (the 2020s) than far future. </LI> <LI> A high-concentration event generally increases and more frequently occurs in the future. </LI> <LI> Change in ozone air quality in a developing country depends more on emissions change. </LI> <LI> Change in ozone air quality in a developed country depends more on climate change. </LI> </UL> </P>

레진 침투법 후 인공 법랑질 백색 병소의 색과 경도 변화 비교

김지훈,손호현,장주혜 大韓齒科保存學會 2012 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.37 No.2

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of resin infiltration technique on color and surface hardness of white spot lesion (WSL) with various degrees of deminerealization. Meterials and methods: Ten human upper premolars were cut and divided into quarters with a 3 * 4 mm window on the enamel surface. Each specimens were separated into four groups (n = 10) and immersed in demineralization solution to create WSL: control, no treatment (baseline); 12 h, 12 hr demineralization; 24 h, 24 hr demineralization; 48 h, 48 hr demineralization. Resin infiltration was performed to the specimens using Icon (DMG). CIEL*a*b color parameters of the enamel-dentin complex were determined using a spectroradiometer at baseline, after caries formation and after resin infiltration. Surface hardness was measured by Vickers Micro Hardness Tester (Shimadzu, HMV-2). The differences in color and hardness among the groups were analyzed with ANOVA followed by Tukey test. Results: Resin infiltration induced color changes and increased the hardness of demineralized enamel. After resin infiltration, there was no difference in color change (△E*) or microhardness among the groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: There was no difference in the effect of resin infiltration on color and hardness among groups with different extents of demineralization. (Restor Dent Endod 2012;37(2):90-95)

통합교육 경험 유무에 따른 초등학교 일반학생의 장애학생 수용 태도 비교 연구

김창호,김지숙 국립특수교육원 2005 특수교육연구 Vol.12 No.1

특수교육의 효율성에 대한 문제가 제기되면서부터 오늘 날의 특수교육은 단순히 장애 학생들의 교육적 수혜가 아닌 효율적인 사회적 통합에 초점을 두고 특수교육에 대한 관심이 매우 고조되고 있다. 학교에서 통합교육 프로그램을 운영한다는 것이 매우 복잡하고 역동적인 일이기 때문에 완료형이 아닌 진행형일 수밖에 없으며, 더욱이 성공적인 통합교육에 필수적인 모든 변화를 예견하고 완전하게 계획한다는 것은 매우 힘든 과제중의 하나라 할 수 있다. 교사나 행정가들이 생각할 때 실현하기 쉬워 보이는 간단한 변화조차 이루어지지 않을 수 있으며 학교 환경의 변화로 통합교육 계획의 수정이 불가피한 상황이 발생할 수도 있다. 본 연구에서는 성공적인 통합교육을 위해 장애학생에 대한 일반학생의 태도가 매우 중요한 변인으로 간주하고 초등학교 일반학생 집단을 실험집단과 통제집단으로 나누어서 통합교육프로그램 경험 유무에 따른 실험 · 통제집단의 장애학생 수용 태도 변화를 사전 · 사후검사로 실시하여 개인생활, 학교생활, 지역사회생활 영역에서 일반학생의 수용 태도를 비교 분석함으로써 효율적인 통합교육 방향을 제시하는데 그 목적이 있다. 연구 결과 초등학교 일반학생의 통제집단보다 실험집단의 개인생활, 학교생활, 지역사회생활 영역에서 장애학생에 대한 수용 태도 변화가 보다 우호적이고 긍정적으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 통합교육 경험이 장애학생에 대한 부정적인 인식과 편견으로부터 서로의 차이점과 유사점을 인식하는 계기가 되었으며 개인생활 영역에서 장애학생을 다정한 친구로 수용하며, 학교생활 영역에서 학급집단의 구성원으로 수용하며, 지역사회생활 영역에서는 함께 생활하는 존재로, 학급동료, 이웃으로 수용하고 있음을 보여주고 있다. The purpose of this research contribute to presentation the effective integration education direction that between experience integration education of ordinary elementary student and the inexperience integration education of ordinary elementary student have to find out any perception attitude change about disability students by comparative analysis. The subject were experimentation or control group of 2 grade in the elementary school and sample size is 38. The research of this research were as follows Firstly, private life field attended to the integration education activity of the experimental group of are both as the perception attitude is change to friendly direction about disability students and it should be accept a kindly friend. but the control group of ordinary students are both the result of pre-test or post-test is almost change about the qualitative or quantitative and perception attitude will be know to shortage Secondly, school life field attended to the integration education activity of the experimental group of ordinary students are both as the perception attitude was change to friendship direction about disability students and the school class of a member should be know to approval. but the control group of ordinary students would be exist to know the denial perception about disability students Finally, local community life field attended to the integration education activity of the experimental group of ordinary students were both as disability students are used to learn together with local community of diversity facilities and the local community member or next door friendly neighborhood would be accept. but the control group of ordinary students were both the ordinary students had denial perception or avoided their contact together about disability students and the ordinary students trended to distinguish ordinary students life and disability ones.

자동차 칵핏 모듈용 플라스틱 소재의 열화 동특성 평가

우창수(Chang Su Woo),박현성(Hyun Sung Park),조진호(Jin Ho Jo),김지훈(Ji Hoon Kim),최주호(Ju Ho Choi),김영국(Yeoung Kuk Kim) 대한기계학회 2012 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2012 No.5-2

플라스틱 소재는 온도, 습도 및 자외선 등 다양한 환경의 영향으로 인해 기계적 물성변화가 심하기 때문에 체결부의 견고함이 느슨해지고 형태의 변형에 의해 부품간의 마찰 등을 유발하여 잡음이 발생하게 된다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 자동차 칵핏 모듈에 사용되는 다양한 플라스틱 소재에 대해 온도변화에 따른 동 특성시험을 통해 유리전이온도, 저장탄성계수, 손실계수 등을 측정하여 상온 및 열화조건에 따른 물성변화를 파악하였다. 시험결과, 온도가 높을수록 저장탄성계수는 감소하고 손실계수는 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. Engineering plastics are used in instrument panels, interior trim, and other vehicle applications, and the thermo-mechanical behaviors of plastic materials are strongly influenced by many environmental factors such as temperature, sun light, and rain. As the properties change, the mechanical parts creating unexpected noise. In this paper, the dynamic mechanical property changes of plastics for automobiles are measured to investigate the temperature effects. Visco-elastic properties such as the glass transition temperature and storage modulus and loss factor under temperature and frequency sweeps were measured. The data were compared with the original ones before the aging to analyze the behavior changes. As results, the temperature was increased, the storage modulus was decreased on the other hand, loss factor is slightly increases.

자동차 칵핏 모듈용 플라스틱 소재의 열화 동특성 평가

우창수(Chang Su Woo),박현성(Hyun Sung Park),조진호(Jin Ho Jo),김지훈(Ji Hoon Kim),최주호(Ju Ho Choi),김영국(Yeoung Kuk Kim) 대한기계학회 2012 大韓機械學會論文集A Vol.36 No.12

플라스틱 소재는 온도, 습도 및 자외선 등 다양한 환경의 영향으로 인해 기계적 물성변화가 심하기 때문에 체결부의 견고함이 느슨해지고 형태의 변형에 의해 부품간의 마찰 등을 유발하여 잡음이 발생하게 된다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 자동차 칵핏 모듈에 사용되는 다양한 플라스틱 소재에 대해 온도변화에 따른 동 특성시험을 통해 유리전이온도, 저장탄성계수, 손실계수 등을 측정하여 상온 및 열화조건에 따른 물성변화를 파악하였다. 시험결과, 온도가 높을수록 저장탄성계수는 감소하고 손실계수는 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. Engineering plastics are used in instrument panels, interior trim, and other vehicle applications, and the thermomechanical behaviors of plastic materials are strongly influenced by many environmental factors such as temperature, sunlight, and rain. As the material properties change, the mechanical parts create unexpected noise. In this study, the dynamic mechanical property changes of plastics used in automobiles are measured to investigate the temperature effects. Viscoelastic properties such as the glass transition temperature and storage modulus and loss factor under temperature and frequency sweeps were measured. The data were compared with the original ones before aging to analyze the behavior changes. It was found that as the temperature increased, the storage modulus decreased and the loss factor increased slightly.

해수열원 캐스케이드 열펌프시스템의 운전 특성에 관한 실험적 연구

김지영(Ji-Young Kim),백영진(Young-Jin Baik),장기창(Ki-Chang Chang),박성룡(Seong-Ryong Park),나호상(Ho-Sang Ra),이재훈(Jea-Hun Lee) 대한기계학회 2007 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2007 No.5

The purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of a sea water heat source cascade heat pump system. R717(Ammonia) is used for a low-stage working fluid while R134a is for a high-stage. In order to gain a high temperature supply water in winter season, the system is designed to perform a cascade cycle. In this study, two experiments were carried out. One is a system starting test from the low load temperature of 10℃. The other is a system performance investigation over the R717 compressor capacity changes. Experimental results show that when it starts from the low load temperature, the suction temperature of the low-stage compressor is higher than that of a high-stage. The system performance increases when a water source temperature or a low-stage compressor rotational frequency goes higher.

農民技術受容에 影響을 주는 要因의 比較分析 : 關係機關과 情報傳達媒體를 中心으로

鄭址雄,崔敏浩,金性洙,徐圭善,李昶植 서울大學校 農科大學 1984 서울대농학연구지 Vol.9 No.2

The purpose of the study was to analyze the variables affecting farmers' adoption process of agricultural innovations in Korea. Specific objectives of the study were to ; (1) review the adoption process and the variables associated with this process, (2) investigate the rate of adoption of selected agricultural innovations in the fields of rice production, animal husbandary and horticulture, (3) analyze communication media and change agencies or institutions which affected the adoption of agricultural innovations, and (4) identify the relations of the farmers' adoption and communication exposure behavior. Data for the study were collected from 393 cluster sampled farmers out of selected 17 rural villages in Korea. Five graduate students and three faculty members of Seoul National University participated in conducting interview with pre-tested questionnairs. The data were analyzed by HP 3,000 computer in the College of Agriculture, Seoul National University. Major statistical techniques used for the study were frequency distribution, chi-square and discriminant analysis. Statistical significance was tested at .05 level. The major findings of the study were as follows : 1. Variables associated with the agricultural adoption process were classified into the following six categories ; (1) perceived characteristics of agricultural innovations, (2) personality and characteristics of adopters, (3) the patterns of communication media or channels, (4) efforts of change agents. (5) priorities in agricultural development policies, and (6) characteristics of social system. 2. Rats of adoption were about 83% in application of silicate fertilizers on rice seed bed, 41% in feeding calf starter known as artificial milk to calves, 56% vinyl mulching practices in vegetable cultivation, and 67% in spreading raw rice straw on paddy land to improve soil conditions. 3. Time lag between awareness and adoption appeared to be about seven months in application of silicate fertilizers on rice seed bed, and about a year in feeding calf starter. 4. Change agent interpersonal communication revealed to be the most important factor affecting farmers' awareness in application of silicate fertilizers on rice seed bed, in feeding calf starter, and in spreading raw rice straw on paddy land, while localite interpersonal communication in vinyl mulching practices in vegetable cultivation. 5. Change agent interpersonal communication appeared to be the most important factor affecting farmers' adoption in application of silicate fertilizers on rice seed bed and in feeding calf-starter, Localite interpersonal communications were more important in vinyl mulching practices of vegetable cultivation and in spreading raw rice straw. Localite interpersonal communications were more important factor at adoption stage than at awarenss stage. 6. Agricultural extension agencies appeared to be the most important factor affecting farmers' adoption in application of silicate fertilizers on rice seed bed, in feeding calf starter, and in vinyl mulching practices. Based on the results of this study, the following are recommended for further development of agricultural extension services and effective adoption process of agricultural innovation. 1. The variables associated with the agricultural innovation decision process should be taken into consideration to improve effectiveness of change agencies or agricultural extension services. 2. Effective use of communication media along with the feedback messages from the change agency as well as client system be considered to increase effectiveness and meaningfulness of both systems. 3. Innovative agricultural research be continually sharpen its focus on the highest priority needs of client system by utilizing feedback from farmers through the communication link of change agents. 4. A long-term educational approach by using various communication media be emphasized, and regular field survey on innovation-decision process will prevent discontinuance of innovations.

신장 ; 혈액투석에서 투석액 칼슘농도와 칼시트리올이 골대사에 미치는 영향

염지연 ( Ji Youn Youm ),김현철 ( Hyun Chul Kim ),이영철 ( Young Chul Lee ),최종욱 ( Jong Wook Choi ),박준성 ( Joon Sung Park ),이창화 ( Chang Hwa Lee ),강종명 ( Chong Myung Kang ),김근호 ( Gheun Ho Kim ) 대한내과학회 2011 대한내과학회지 Vol.81 No.6

목적: 현재 혈액투석에 사용 중인 투석액 칼슘 농도는 1.25mmol/L, 1.5 mmol/L, 1.75 mmol/L로 구분된다. 고칼슘 투석액은 부갑상선호르몬의 분비를 억제시키는 효과가 있으나 고칼슘혈증 위험을 증가시키고, 저칼슘 투석액은 adynamic bone disease을 개선시키는 효과가 있으나 칼슘 평형을 악화시킬 우려가 있으므로 투석액 칼슘 농도의 적절한 선택은 쉽지 않다. 저자들은 표준칼슘 농도인 1.5 mmol/L 투석액을 사용하였을 때 칼시트리올 용량 변화와 아울러 요독성 골질환에 미치는 효과를 평가하고자 하였다. 방법: 투석액 칼슘 농도 1.75 mmol/L로 1년 이상 혈액투석 중인 환자 36명에서 투석액 칼슘 농도를 1.5 mmol/L로 전환 후 1년간 경과를 추적하였다. 투석액 칼슘 농도를 낮추기3개월 전에 측정한 혈청 iPTH 농도에 따라 환자를 1군(iPTH< 150 pg/mL, n=21), 2군(iPTH 150-300 pg/mL, n=7), 3군(iPTH>300 pg/mL, n=8)으로 구분하여 혈청 칼슘, 인, 알칼리포스파타제, iPTH 농도를 3개월 간격으로 측정하였고, 인결합제 및 칼시트리올 용량 변화를 조사하였다. 결과: 투석액 칼슘 농도 1.75 mmol/L 사용 중 1군, 2군 및 3군의 iPTH 농도는 각각 57±48 pg/mL, 191±46 pg/mL, 589±200 pg/mL로 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<0.001). 투석액칼슘 농도를 1.5 mmol/L로 전환 후 1군에서 혈청 iPTH가 12개월에 걸쳐 유의하게 증가하였다(p=0.01). 3개월째부터 증가가 현저하여(57±48 vs. 287±266 pg/mL, p<0.01) 이후증가세를 유지하였다. 그러나 2군에서는 유의한 변화가 없었고, 3군의 혈청 iPTH는 12개월에 걸쳐 유의하게 감소하였는데(p=0.02) 특히 9개월째 감소가 기저치에 비해 낮았다(589±200 vs. 242±246 pg/mL, p<0.01). 혈청 알칼리포스파타제도 혈청 iPTH와 유사한 변화 양상을 보였다. 투석액칼슘 농도를 1.5 mmol/L로 전환한 후 1군과 2군에서 인결합제와 칼시트리올 투여 용량의 유의한 변화는 없었으나, 3군에서 칼시트리올 용량이 6개월째부터 유의하게 증가하였고 (4.4±5.1 vs. 9.6±2.9 μg/month, p<0.05) 나머지 기간 동안증가 추세를 유지하였다. 결론: 혈액투석액 칼슘 농도를 1.75 mmol/L에서 1.5 mmol/L으로 전환한 후 적절한 인결합제와 칼시트리올 투여 용량을 조정하면서 adynamic bone disease와 이차성 부갑상선항진증환자에서 혈청 iPTH 측정치가 호전되는 경향을 보였다. 신성골형성장애가 있는 혈액투석 환자에서 투석액 칼슘 농도 1.5 mmol/L를 선택하는 것이 효과적일 수 있다. Background/Aims: Whereas higher dialysate calcium (Ca) levels may pose a risk of hypercalcemia, lower levels may induce a negative Ca balance. We evaluated the effect of lowering dialysate Ca levels from 1.75 to 1.5 mmol/L and explored the appropriate use of calcitriol to regulate bone metabolism in hemodialysis patients. Methods: The dialysate Ca levels of 36 patients were reduced from 1.75 to 1.5 mmol/L. They were divided into three groups according to basal intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) level (group 1, iPTH<150 pg/mL, n=21; group 2, iPTH 150-300 pg/mL, n=7; group 3, iPTH>300 pg/mL, n=8). Data were collected at 3-month intervals for 1 year. Results: Throughout the study period, no significant difference in phosphate binders, serum Ca, phosphorus (P), or Ca × P products was observed among groups. However, iPTH, alkaline phosphatase (AP), and calcitriol dosage patterns differed among groups. In group 1, iPTH and AP increased significantly over 12 months (p=0.01). In group 2, iPTH and AP showed no significant changes. In group 3, iPTH and AP declined significantly over 12 months (p=0.02). Calcitriol dosage did not change in groups 1 and 2, but increased significantly in group 3 (p=0.001). Conclusions: After converting hemodialysate Ca levels from 1.75 to 1.5 mmol/L, the initially different iPTH concentrations converged to a modestly elevated level. The use of 1.5 mmol/L hemodialysate Ca may thus be appropriate for both high- and low-turnover bone disease if phosphate binders and calcitriol are combined appropriately. (Korean J Med 2011;81:751-758)

프랙탈 분석을 이용한 치근단병소 치유과정의 골 변화

이지민,박혁,정호걸,김기덕,박창서 대한구강악안면방사선학회 2005 Imaging Science in Dentistry Vol.35 No.2

Purpose : To investigate the change of bone healing process after endodontic treatment of the tooth with an apical lesion by fractal analysis. Materials and Methods : Radiographic images of 35 teeth from 33 patients taken on first diagnosis, 6 months, and 1 year after endodontic treatment were selected. Radiographic images were taken by JUPITER Computerized Dental X-ray System. Fractal dimensions were calculated three times at each area by Scion Image PC program. Rectangular region of interest (30×30) were selected at apical lesion and normal apex of each image. Results : The fractal dimension at apical lesion of first diagnosis (L_(0)) is 0.940±0.361 and that of normal area (N_(0)) is 1.186±0.727 (p<0.05). Fractal dimension at apical lesion of 6 months after endodontic treatment (L₂) is 1.076± 0.069 and that of normal area (N₁) is 1.192±0.055 (p<0.05). Fractal dimension at apical lesion of 1 year after endodontic treatment (L₂) is 1.163±0.074 and that of normal area (N₂) is 1.225 0.079 (p<0.05). After endodontic treatment, the fractal dimensions at each apical lesions depending on time showed statistically significant difference. And there are statistically significant different between normal area and apical lesion on first diagnosis, 6 months after, 1 year after. But the differences were grow smaller as time flows. Conclusion : The evaluation of the prognosis after the endodontic treatment of the apical lesion was estimated by bone regeneration in apical region. Fractal analysis was attempted to overcome the limit of subjective reading, and as a result the change of the bone during the healing process was able to be detected objectively and quantitatively.

난치성 만성정신분열증 환자의 생활의 질에 미치는 정신사회치료 프로그램의 효과에 대한 예비연구

송동호,배민진,이종호,이홍식,김선경,서호석,김찬형,전지용 大韓神經精神醫學會 1995 신경정신의학 Vol.34 No.4

Objects : Recent studies of psychosocial adjustment after hospitalization have found that the combination of maintenance antipsychotic drug treatment and psychosocial treatment including psychoeducational program are highly predictive of social rehabilitation and reduction of subsequent relapse. Two groups of patients with refractory chronic schizophrenia were preliminarily compared to determine the effect of a psychosocial treatment program on the quality of life in refractory chronic schizophrenics in an open comparative trial. Methods : One group(N=11) was assigned to approximately six months of the psychosocial treatment program(including psychoeducation program and activity program such as interpersonal relationship program, social skill training, self management program, outings, etc), in a group format, twice a week and a fixed maintenance dosage of clozapine ; while scale(QLS) was used to provide an objective measure of changes in patient's psychosocial functioning and a general assessment of psychopathology was made using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale(BPRS). Results : Both BPRS total positive score and the QLS total score, especially in the intrapsychic foundation factor of the scale showed a statistically significant improvement in the psychosocial treatment group. But there was no significant change in both BPRS and QLS scores over a 6-month period in the non-psychosocial treatment group. A significant negative correlation was found between the negative symptom and changes of QLS total, instrumental role and common object and activities scores respectively after receiving a 6-month of the psychosocial treatment program. Conclusion : These results suggest that a psychosocial treatment program including the integration of psychoeducation and a skill training oriented activity program serve as an outpatient treatment modality to improve the quality of the life in refractory chronic schizophrenia. To further clarify the effect of psychosocial treatment in chronic schizophrenia, a randomized trial should be done.