Risk assessment of toxicants on WHO TobReg priority list in mainstream cigarette smoke using human-smoked yields of Korean smokers

Pack, Eun Chul,Kim, Hyung Soo,Jang, Dae Yong,Koo, Ye Ji,Yu, Hong Hyeon,Lee, Seung Ha,Lim, Kyung Min,Choi, Dal Woong Elsevier 2019 Environmental research Vol.169 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Recently, the World Health Organization Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation (WHO TobReg) announced a priority list of 38 toxicants among the more than 7000 chemicals found in cigarette smoke, building upon previous lists of toxicants in cigarette smoke. Here, we conducted a comprehensive study on the quantitative exposure and risk characterization of these priority toxicants in mainstream cigarette smoke listed by the WHO TobReg. The human-smoked toxicant yields estimated from spent cigarette butts of a total of 361 smokers using the part-filter method (PFM) were applied to current exposure and risk estimation for the first time. The PFM can estimate human-smoked yields of toxicants using smokers’ maximum mouth-level exposure. The human-smoked yield of each toxicant was converted to systemic uptake by considering bioavailability. Risk indicators—including the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), cumulative ILCR, hazard quotient (HQ), hazard indices (HIs), and margin of exposure (MOE)—were estimated from the systemic uptake of toxicants combined with Korean exposure factors by gender and age group as well as for total smokers. It was demonstrated that cigarette smoking results in significant cancer and non-cancer health risks. A sensitivity analysis showed that the human-smoked toxicant yield is one of the most important contributors to risk level variations. Our risk estimation suggested that previous risk assessments might have ignored or underestimated the uncertainty of risk assessment. In conclusion, we assessed the risk level of the 38 toxicants on the priority list developed by the WHO TobReg and provided a Korean-specific priority list for the regulations on the emission of cigarette smoke.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Comprehensive risks of toxicants in the mainstream cigarette smoke of Korean smokers were assessed. </LI> <LI> Human-smoked yield using the part-filter method was applied to risk estimation for the first time. </LI> <LI> Cigarette smoking was found to have significant cancer risks or non-cancer hazards. </LI> <LI> Human-smoked yield was determined as a greater contributor to risk level variations. </LI> <LI> The WHO TobReg priority list was reevaluated with risk levels, and a Korean-specific priority list was provided. </LI> </UL> </P>

Mixture risk assessment of selected mainstream cigarette smoke constituents generated from low-yield cigarettes in South Korean smokers

Pack, Eun Chul,Jang, Dae Yong,Kim, Hyung Soo,Lee, Seung Ha,Kim, Hae Young,Song, Seok Ho,Cho, Hoon Sik,Kwon, Kyeng Hee,Park, Kun Ho,Lim, Kyung Min,Choi, Dal Woong Elsevier 2018 Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology Vol.94 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A total of 38 hazardous constituents in mainstream cigarette smoke of low-yield cigarettes sold in Korea were selected and analyzed using established methods. Risk calculations were performed using risk algorithms employed in previous studies and Korean population-based exposure parameters. The median cumulative incremental lifetime cancer risk of male smokers could vary from 828 × 10<SUP>−6</SUP> to 2510 × 10<SUP>−6</SUP>, and that of female smokers could range from 440 × 10<SUP>−6</SUP> to 1300 × 10<SUP>−6</SUP>, depending on the smoking regimens. The median hazard index as the sum of hazard quotients of male smokers varied from 367 to 1,225, and that of female smokers varied from 289 to 970, depending on the smoking regimens. The sensitivity analysis for this risk assessment indicated that the constituent yields in mainstream cigarette smoke, average number of cigarettes smoked per day or year, and mouth-spill rate are the main risk factors. Statistical positive correlations between the average daily dose calculated by the exposure algorithm used in this study for individual smokers and biomarkers verified the reliability of this assessment. It could be concluded that inhalation of the constituents present in the mainstream of low-yield cigarettes has significant cancer and non-cancer health risks, although its effect on risk reduction is still unknown under the fixed machine-smoking conditions.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Selected 38 constituents levels of mainstream smoke for low-yield cigarettes are presented. </LI> <LI> Bioavailability of smoke constituents is considered using respiratory retention and mouth-spill models. </LI> <LI> Our work adds the evidence of cancer and non-cancer risks from smoking of low-yield cigarettes. </LI> <LI> This study highlights the risk in comparison to regular cigarettes. </LI> </UL> </P>

Quantitative analysis of menthol and identification of other flavoring ingredients in capsule cigarettes marketed in Korea

Kim, Hyung Soo,Pack, Eun Chul,Koo, Ye Ji,Lee, Ye Jin,Sung, Dae Kwan,Lee, Seung Ha,Kim, Young Soon,Kwon, Kyeng Hee,Lim, Kyung Min,Jang, Dae Yong,Choi, Dal Woong Elsevier 2018 Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology Vol.92 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Currently, capsule cigarettes have been introduced by tobacco industries and their sales have increased exponentially. However, the capsule flavoring ingredients and their safety are still unknown. Although the contents of menthol and other ingredients directly added to cigarettes have been determined extensively, no analogous study exists for menthol-containing cigarette capsules. Basic physical properties of capsules in all 31 different capsule cigarettes commercially available in Korea were investigated, and their menthol contents were determined in this study. Other ingredients in these capsules were also qualitatively analyzed; methyl octanoate, menthone and isopulegol as well as menthol were detected in all the capsules. There is considerable variability in basic physical properties and menthol contents of cigarette capsules depending on their brand styles. The menthol contents of capsules and whole cigarettes are similar or higher than those previously reported for conventional menthol cigarettes. This is the first report on the physical properties of capsules and the fact that a wide range of menthol contents in capsule cigarettes, regardless of flavor types, allows smokers to select menthol content to their liking.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Basic physical properties of capsules in capsule cigarettes were investigated. </LI> <LI> Menthol content of capsules was quantitatively analyzed for the first time. </LI> <LI> Menthol content of capsule cigarettes is similar or higher than that of conventional menthol cigarettes. </LI> <LI> Other ingredients in these capsules were also qualitatively analyzed and listed. </LI> </UL> </P>

Real-time Detection of Trace Copper in Brain and Kidney of Fish for Medical Diagnosis

Young Kyun Yang,Eun Chul Pack,Seung Ha Lee,Hai-Soo Yoo,Dal Woong Choi,Suw Young Ly 한국독성학회 2014 Toxicological Research Vol.30 No.4

For the detection of trace copper to be used in medical diagnosis, a sensitive handmade carbon nanotube paste electrode (PE) was developed using voltammetry. Analytical optimized conditions were found at 0.05 V anodic peak current. In the same conditions, various common electrodes were compared using stripping voltammetry, and the PE was found to be more sharply sensitive than other common electrodes. At optimum conditions, the working ranges of 3~19 μgL<SUP>?1</SUP> were obtained. The relative standard deviation of 70.0 μgL<SUP>?1</SUP> was determined to be 0.117% (n = 15), and the detection limit (S/N) was found to be 0.6 μgL<SUP>?1</SUP> (9.4 × 10<SUP>?9</SUP> M). The results were applied in detecting copper traces in the kidney and the brain cells of fish.

Real-time Detection of Trace Copper in Brain and Kidney of Fish for Medical Diagnosis

Yang, Young Kyun,Pack, Eun Chul,Lee, Seung Ha,Yoo, Hai-Soo,Choi, Dal Woong,Ly, Suw Young Korean Society of ToxicologyKorea Environmental Mu 2014 Toxicological Research Vol.30 No.4

For the detection of trace copper to be used in medical diagnosis, a sensitive handmade carbon nanotube paste electrode (PE) was developed using voltammetry. Analytical optimized conditions were found at 0.05 V anodic peak current. In the same conditions, various common electrodes were compared using stripping voltammetry, and the PE was found to be more sharply sensitive than other common electrodes. At optimum conditions, the working ranges of $3{\sim}19{\mu}gL^{-1}$ were obtained. The relative standard deviation of $70.0{\mu}gL^{-1}$ was determined to be 0.117% (n = 15), and the detection limit (S/N) was found to be $0.6{\mu}gL^{-1}$ ($9.4{\times}10^{-9}M$). The results were applied in detecting copper traces in the kidney and the brain cells of fish.

Diagnosis of Trace Toxic Uranium Ions in Organic Liver Cell

Suw Young Ly,Eun Chul Pack,Dal Woong Choi 한국독성학회 2014 Toxicological Research Vol.30 No.2

Uranium is toxic and radioactive traces of it can be found in natural water and soils. High concentrations of it in biological systems cause genetic disorders and diseases. For the in vivo diagnosis, micro and nano range detection limits are required. Here, an electrochemical assay for trace toxic uranium was searched using stripping voltammetry. Renewable and simplified graphite pencils electrode (PE) was used in a three-electrode cell system. Seawater was used instead of an electrolyte solution. This setup can yield good results and the detection limit was attained to be at 10 μgL?1. The developed skill can be applied to organic liver cell.

Diagnosis of Trace Toxic Uranium Ions in Organic Liver Cell

Ly, Suw Young,Pack, Eun Chul,Choi, Dal Woong Korean Society of ToxicologyKorea Environmental Mu 2014 Toxicological Research Vol.30 No.2

Uranium is toxic and radioactive traces of it can be found in natural water and soils. High concentrations of it in biological systems cause genetic disorders and diseases. For the in vivo diagnosis, micro and nano range detection limits are required. Here, an electrochemical assay for trace toxic uranium was searched using stripping voltammetry. Renewable and simplified graphite pencils electrode (PE) was used in a three-electrode cell system. Seawater was used instead of an electrolyte solution. This setup can yield good results and the detection limit was attained to be at $10{\mu}gL^{-1}$. The developed skill can be applied to organic liver cell.

인공 심장박동 조율기를 삽입한 환자에서 대동맥 판막부위에 발생한 감염성 심내막염

백정선 ( Jung Sun Pack ),전희경 ( Hui Kyung Jeon ),곽재욱 ( Jae Wook Kawk ),장은철 ( Eun Chul Jang ),윤나리 ( Na Ri Youn ),신정아 ( Jung Ah Shin ),장기육 ( Ki Yuk Chang ) 대한내과학회 2007 대한내과학회지 Vol.73 No.3

Infective endocarditis related to pacemaker implantation is a rare complication. However, it is a potentially lethal complication with a mortality rate of 30 to 35%. Infective endocarditis associated with pacemaker implantation usually involves the right heart and tricuspid valve. Conservative treatment without complete removal of the entire pacing system is prone to fail (i.e. result in infection relapse or development of sepsis). Therefore, the total extraction of the entire pacemaker system should be considered as standard therapy for most patients with pacemaker-related endocarditis and for many patients with local infectious symptoms at the site of pacemaker implantation to achieve complete recovery. We report a case of a 42-year-old man with documented pacemaker related left-sided endocarditis that was associated with multiple embolic events. Also, we review the literature regarding pacemaker-related endocarditis and local wound infection, in particular with respect to the modalities of treatment.(Korean J Med 73:324-329, 2007)

동종 조혈모세포이식을 받은 환자에서 B형 간염 혈청 표지자의 양상이 변한 2예

최용호,김기원,박석영,백종태,송동섭,이강문,이동수,안병민,이종욱,민우성,김춘추,김희정,이은희,계철승 대한조혈모세포이식학회 2000 대한조혈모세포이식학회지 Vol.5 No.1

저자들은 급성 간염을 거치면서 HBsAg/Ab (-/+) 공여자로부터 조혈모세포를 이식받고 HBsAg/Ab (-/+), HBeAg/Ab (-/+) 양상으로 B형 간염이 치유된 B형 간염 보균자 1예와 B형 간염 보균자로부터 조혈모세포를 이식받고 면역회복시기에 급성간염을 거치면서 면역력이 회복된 HBsAg/Ab (-/+) 환자를 경험하였다. B형 간염의 과거력이 조혈모세포이식 후 유병률 및 사망률에 큰 영향을 미치지 않는다는 보고와 함께, 만성 B형 간염의 근본적인 치료로 면역력을 가진 조혈모세포이식이 면역치료법으로 이용될 수 있지만, 면역억제와 관계된 합병증이 있을 수 있으며 이에 대한 더 많은 연구가 필요한 것으로 사료된다. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can cause serious problems in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Several cases have been reported showing clearance of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in chronic hepatitis B carriers due to adoptive transfer of immunity by an hepatitis B immunized allogeneic HSCT. On the other hand, patients undergoing allogeneic HSCT become severely immunosuppressed during the early post-transplant period and might suffer from fulminant hepatitis during immunological reconstitution. Although, it is reported that the previous hepatic damage from HBV infection appears unlikely to increase the risk of post-transplant morbidity and mortality, the immunosuppression associated with the disease itself and the treatment may predispose such patient to HBV infection or reactivation. The role of allogeneic HSCT as a treatment for chronic HBV infection is limited by the morbidity and mortality associated with the procedure. We experienced two cases whose HBV serologic markers changed after discontinuing the immunosuppression in allogeneic HSCT. One case have revealed the clearance of persistent HBV infection after allogeneic HSCT from heaptitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) positive donor. In the other case, acute hepatitis episode developed 1 year after allogeneic HSCT and 3 month later HBsAb re-developed from intial HBsAb negative seroconversion after allogeneic HSCT from chronic hepatitis B carrier donor.

Helicobacter pylori Strain 51이 보유한 Type Ⅱ

조명제(Myung-Je Cho),박정욱(Jeong-Uck Park),전병삼(Beong-Sam Jeon),박정원(Jeong-Won Pack),변은영(Eun-Young Byun),이선경(Sun-Kyung Lee),박예형(Ye-Hyoung Park),송재영(Jae-Young Song),이우곤(Woo-Kon Lee),백승철(Seung-Chul Baik),최여정(Y 대한미생물학회 2001 Journal of Bacteriology and Virology Vol.31 No.3