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석유개발 교섭력 결정 단계 및 중동지역 교섭력 강화 방안 연구
이학노(Hak-Loh Lee) 한국무역연구원 2010 무역연구 Vol.6 No.4
Korea imports most of the crude oil it consumes. Korea has been pursuing active overseas exploration and production(E&P) in such areas as Middle-East, Central Asia, Latin America, and Africa in order to mitigate eco-political uncertainties stemming from oil price peaks. Relatively modest attentions has been paid to the Middle East where oil reserves and productions have been the most in the world. Korea has been in good relationship with the Middle-East than the USA and the European countries have. Korea has recovered from cruel war and complete destruction of economic bases, has been importing most of crude oil from the Middle-East, and have long participated in the construction project in the Middle-East. Korea has been the primary provider of de-salination plants in the Middle-East and has been operators of petroleum and petro-chemical plants there. The Middle-East countries keep controlling stakes in Korea's refinery companies and wish to acquire Korea's hi-tech industrial development. The paper introduces Oil Development Bargaining Stages and suggests that Korea use some ways to enhance bargaining powers in E&P negotiations with the Middle-East countries.
류마티스 관절염의 활막 섬유모세포에서 Hypoxia/reoxygenation에 의한 종양 억제 인자 PTEN 발현의 조절
이학용 ( Hak Yong Lee ),류완희 ( Wan Hee Yoo ) 대한류마티스학회 2004 대한류마티스학회지 Vol.11 No.4
Objective: The lack of phosphatase and tensin homolgue deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) expression was described in rheumatoid synovial tissues and synovial fibroblasts, but exact cause of that in RA is not well known. Hypoxic conditions are thought to exist in inflamed arthritic synovium and therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effects of hypoxia/reoxygenation on the expression of PTEN in synovial fibroblasts of rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: Synovial fibroblasts were isolated from synovial tissues of patients suffering from RA and hypoxic culture was performed by incubating cells in 5% CO2 incubator held at 3% oxygen by the addition of nitrogen gas for 24 hours. Then synovial fibroblasts were cultured for 10 min under normoxic condition for reoxygenation. To know the expression of PTEN and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) in synovial fibroblasts, Western blotting analysis was performed. The expression of PIP3 kinase and PTEN was analyzed by immunocytochemical staining. Results: There were less PTEN expression in rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts than that of healthy controls. Hypoxic/reoxygenation stimuli induced down-regulation of PTEN expression in the rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. In contrast, the expression of PIP3 and p-Akt was increased after stimulation with hypoxia/reoxygenation. Conclusion: These studies suggest that hypoxia/reoxygenation could cause the reduced expression of PTEN in rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts and thus it might thereby contribute to the invasive behaviour of rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts by maintaining their aggressive phenotype in RA.