16세기 조선 사상계의 동향과 노수신(盧守愼)

이동환 ( Lee Dong Hwan ) 한국사상사학회 2015 韓國思想史學 Vol.0 No.51

17세기 주자학 교조주의의 억압체제가 16세기 조광조의 도학 근본주의, 이황의 주자학 절대주의의 추동으로 사상의 일원화, 단일화가 진행된 결과라는 가설을 가지고, 이러한 대국(大局)의 전개에 사상의 일정한다원성을 추구하여 특히 이황에 저항한 노수신의 사상사적인 위상을 드러내고자 하였다. 조광조의 소격서 혁파는 이단사상에 대한 숙정(肅正)을 실질적으로 한 것이지만, 그래도 그는 정주학(程朱學)을 중심으로 그 외곽의 기학(氣學), 상산학을 도학으로 포괄하여 그 범위 안에서는 사상적 자유 재량(裁量)이 가능했다. 그러나 이황의 주자학 절대주의에 이르면 주자 이외의 여타 사상에 대한 통제는 한층 가열(苛烈)하였다. 그는 위정척사적인 위도의식(衛道意識)으로 주자학 이외에는 모두 좌도(左道) 이단시하여 노장은 말할 것도 없고, 조광조 시대에 허용되었던 기학상산학, 그리고 새로이 전파되는 나정암(羅整庵) 왕양명 등의 학설을 전방위적으로 비판 통제하였다. 이것은 주자학을 위시한 도학 일반에 대한 그 누구도 추종을 불허하는 역량과, ‘위도’라는, 유교국가에서 누구도 거역하지 못할 명분을 떠매고 있었기에 가능하였다. 사대부 사회는 그의 이러한 도학에 대한 역량과 위도의 명분 앞에 거개가 순복(順服)하였다. 그런데 노수신은 이황의 권위에 저항해 사상의 일정한 다원화를 추구하였다. 그는 정주학(程朱學)을 거점으로 상산학, 나정암의 학설, 그리고 양명학을 수용하여 이황의 집요한 비판 통제에도 굽히지 않았다. 결과적으로 그는 이황의 다음으로 우리나라의 도통을 계승할 기대마저 거부한셈이 되었다. 그는 정주학에서 출발해, 한 때 그 스스로 비판한 상산학을 겸수(兼修)하다가 을사사화로 조정에서 쫓겨나자 그 충격으로 그 동안 독실히 믿었던 주자의 격물궁리의 도문학을 부정하고 상산의 존덕성으로 기울어졌으나 특히 정주계열의 경(敬) 수련에는 독실하였다. 이를 바탕으로 귀양지에서 .숙흥야매잠해.를 찬술하여 이황 김인후와 토론을 벌리기도 하여 호평을 받았다. 그러나 뒤이어 인심도심변 을 지어 주자의설에 반하자 사방에서 공격이 들어왔다. 특히 이황은 15 6년간에 걸쳐비판의 자세를 거두지 않았다. 확실하지는 않으나 그는 양명학도 30대전후에 접한 듯, 노년으로 올수록 더욱 기울어져 마침내 확신에 차기에 이르렀다. 노수신의 이러한 다양성, 비록 도학 성리학에 한정되기는 했지만 이러한 사상적 다양성의 추구는 그 시대 여건으로는 일종의 사상적자유주의자라고 할 수 있다. 그리고 이황의 주자학 절대주주의 추동에 대한 하나의 안티테제로서의 의의를 부여할 수 있다. This paper is to examine the place of Noh Susin in the history of thought who pursued ideological diversity and opposed to a prominent Neo-Confucianism scholar Lee Hwang. In this dicourse I premised that the repressive authoritarian regime of Neo-Confucianism in the 17^th century was the result of the unification of thought driven by Confucian fundamentalism introduced by Jo Gwangjo in the 16^th century and absolutism of the study of Zhu Xi proclaimed by Lee Hwang. Jo Gwangjo, though he rejected heresy rigorously, regarded the study of Qi and the study of Lu Jiuyuan as a part of Neo-Confucianism. It was rigorous Confucianism of Lee Hwang in the 16^th century by which censorship over ideas except Confucianism was strengthened. He treated every idea except the study of Zhu Xi as heresy and criticized them severely including the study of Qi and the study of Lu Jiuyuan that had been allowed in former period, and the theory of Luo Qinshun and Wang Yangming as well that introduced newly from Ming dynasty. It was possible as he had great capabilities as a Confucianism scholar and at the same time he was responsible for what is called defending Tao, the first principle of Confucianism nation. Almost all of gentry society obeyed his academic capability and his moral justification. However, Noh Susin opposed to the authority of Lee Hwang and pursued ideological diversity. Based on the study Zhengzhu, he accepted the theory of Lu Jiuyuan, Luo Qinshun and Wang Yangming to stuck firmly to his contention despite of Lee Hwang’s criticism. As a result he was contrary to Lee’s expectation of succeeding the orthodox line of transmission of the Way, so-called Tao-tung, after him. He started his learning from the study of Zhengzhu and expended it to the study of Lu Jiuyuan. But as he was expelled from the Court after Eulsa Sahwa, the 1545 literati purge, he denied the theory of ‘maintaining constant inquiry and study’ emphasized by Zhu Xi and inclined toward the theory of ‘honoring virtuous nature’ emphasized by Lu Jiuyuan. Expecially he devoted himself to training ‘attentiveness’, a translation of the Chinese word ching emphasized by the school of Zhengzhu. Based on this view, he compiled Sukheung yamaejamhae(the Annotation to Admonition on Rising Early and Retiring Late) with which he had a discussion with Lee Hwang and Kim Inhu. But it was after his writing of Arguments against the ‘human mind’ and the ‘Tao mind’ that he was criticized severly by other scholars. Among them Lee Hwang didn’t cease to criticize him for over fifteen years. It seems that Noh first encountered the study of Yangming in his early thirties and at last convinced of it in his old age. He should be called a ideological liberalist in respect that he pursued ideological diversity though it was restricted to Neo-Confucianism. We can say that his ideological endeavor has great historical significance as the antithesis of the absolute Neo-Confucianism of Lee Hwang.

시공간 상관성을 고려한 일기산출기 모형을 이용한 4대강 유역별 미래 일기 변수 산출

이동환,이재용,오희석,이영조,Lee, Dong-Hwan,Lee, Jae-Yong,Oh, Hee-Seok,Lee, Young-Jo 한국통계학회 2012 응용통계연구 Vol.25 No.2

일기 산출기 모형은 가상의 일기 자료를 생성하는 통계 모형이다. 본 연구는 시공간 상관성이 고려된 다중지점에서의 일기산출 모형을 제안하고, 온실가스 배출 미래 시나리오에 따라 강수량과 평균 기온 일기산출이 가능한 알고리즘을 개발하였다. 제안된 알고리즘은 다단계 일반화 선형모형 하에서 필요한 모수들을 추정하고, 적합된 모형 하에서 일기변수들을 랜덤하게 산출하는 절차이다. 과거 30년간 관측된 우리나라 4대강 유역의 일 강수량 자료와 평균 기온 자료를 가지고 모형을 적합하고, 미래 일별 일기자료 산출에 적용하였다. Weather generators are statistical tools to produce synthetic sequences of daily weather variables. We propose the multisite weather generators with a spatio-temporal correlation based on hierarchical generalized linear models. We develop a computational algorithm to produce future weather variables that use three different types of green-house gases scenarios. We apply the proposed method to a daily time series of precipitation and average temperature for South Korea.

(펜타메틸시클로펜타디에닐) 비스(포스핀)루테늄의 염화물과 수소화물 유도체

이동환,Dong-Hwan Lee 대한화학회 1992 대한화학회지 Vol.36 No.2

에탄올 용매 중에서, 착물 $[({\eta}^5-C_5Me_5)RuCl_2]_2$ (1)에 대하여 과량의 포스핀을 반응시켜 비스(포스핀)루테늄 유도체$({\eta}^5-C_5Me_5)Ru(PR_3)_2Cl(PR_3=PMe_3,\; PMe_2Ph,\;PEt_3,\;PMePh_2$, 1/2DPPE, 1/2DPPB) (2a${\sim}$2f)를 합성하였다. 이 유도체들은 에탄올 용매 중에서 $NaBH_4$</TWX>와 반응하여 상응하는 황색의 착수소화물 $({\eta}^5-C_5Me_5)Ru(PR_3)_2Hl(PR_3=PMe_3,\;PEt_3,\;PMePh_2$, 1/2 DPPE, 1/2DPPB) (3a${\sim}$3e)을 생성한다. 착염화물 (2a${\sim}$2f)와 착수소화물 (3a∼3e)는 모두 결정으로 얻어졌으며, IR, $^1H-NMR$ 그리고 원소분석으로 동정되었다. Bis(phosphine)ruthenium derivatives $({\eta}^5-C_5Me_5)RuCl(PR_3)_2(PR_3=PMe_3,\; PMe_2Ph,\;PEt_3,\;PMePh_2$, 1/2DPPE, 1/2DPPB) (2a${\sim}$2f) have been synthesized by the reaction of $[({\eta}^5-C_5Me_5)RuCl_2]_2$ (1) with excessive phosphine in ethanol. The reaction of complexes $({\eta}^5-C_5Me_5)Ru(PR_3)_2Cl\;with\;NaBH_4$ in ethanol gave the corresponding hydride complexes $({\eta}^5-C_5Me_5)Ru(PR_3)_2H (PR_3=PMe_3, PEt_3, PMePh_2$, 1/2 DPPE, 1/2DPPB) (3a${\sim}$3e). Chloride complexes (2a${\sim}$2f) and hydride complexes (3a${\sim}$3e) were isolated as crystals, which were characterized by IR, $^1H-NMR$ , and elemental analysis.

한국 신생아 집단검사의 과거, 현재, 미래

이동환,Lee, Dong-Hwan 대한유전성대사질환학회 2011 대한유전성대사질환학회지 Vol.11 No.1

남모르는 여성의 고민 '요실금'

이동환,Lee, Dong-Hwan 사단법인 한국당뇨협회 2007 당뇨 Vol.206 No.-

X20CrMoV121강과 2.25Cr1Mo강 용접부의 ASP 시험과 CVN 충격 시험의 상관관계에 대한 연구

이동환,김형섭,Lee, Dong-Hwan,Kim, Hyoung-Sup 대한용접접합학회 2008 대한용접·접합학회지 Vol.26 No.3

Charpy V-Notch test is commonly used to evaluate fracture toughness. However, since the region to be evaluated is limited to bulk material due to the specimen size required, individual evaluation of micro-structures on weldment is very difficult. In this study, ASP(Advanced Small Punch) test was carried out to evaluate material degradation and fracture toughness on the B.M, W.M and each micro-structures of HAZ for X20CrMoV121 and 2.25Cr1Mo steels with artificial aging time. In addition, to evaluate fracture toughness and material degradation of B.M and W.M of X20CrMoV121 steels with aging times, CVN (Charpy V-notch) test was performed. And then the correlation between ASP and CVN test on X20CrMoV121 steels was obtained. Furthermore, through this correlation, material degradation property of each micro-region of the HAZ in weldment, which was impossible to be evaluated by the CVN test, can be estimated and determined.

임의의 영상 임피던스와 결합기를 갖는 hairpin형태의 대역통과 여파기 설계

이동환,이용우,김철수,김근영,박준석,안달,Lee, Dong-Hwan,Lee, Yong-Woo,Kim, Chul-Soo,Kim, Geun-Young,Park, Jun-Seok,Ahn, Dal 대한전자공학회 1999 電子工學會論文誌, D Vol.d36 No.12

기존에 제시되었던 hairpin 형태의 대역통과 여파기 설계방법은 공진기 및 인버터를 구성하는 전송선로의 특성 임피던스와 결합길이가 제한되어 있으며, 설계 파라미터의 추출 방법이 난해하다는 단점을 갖고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 각 전송선로가 서로 다른 특성 임피던스와 결합길이로 구성된 병렬 결합선로 형태의 대역통과 여파기 설계식을 유도하고, 이를 이용하여 hairpin 형태의 대역통과 여파기를 제작하기 위한 새로운 설계방법을 제시하였다. 또한 논문에서 제안한 설계 방법을 이용하여 IMT-2000 시스템용 RX 대역 및 TX 대역 대역통과 여파기의 듀플렉서를 제작하고 특성을 측정하였다. Several kinds of design method for the hairpin type band-pass filter have been reported. The conventional design methods have some restrictions in characteristic impedance of coupled line section, which provide complexities to designer. In this paper, the novel design formulas for the hairpin type band pass filter have been derived and proposed to resolve the problems of the reported design methods. By employing the equivalent circuit of the coupled line section and band pass filter design theory, the design procedures and formulas are derived. The hairpin type RX/TX band pass filters for the IMT-2000 service have been designed, fabricated with duplexer configuration, and then measured to show the validity of the proposed design method.

한국 신생아 집단검사의 과거, 현재, 미래

이동환,Lee, Dong Hwan 대한유전성대사질환학회 2014 대한유전성대사질환학회지 Vol.14 No.1

Many inborn errors of metabolism can be completely cured with early detection and early treatment. This is why neonatal screening on inborn errors of metabolism is implemented worldwide. In 1991, the Ministry of Health & Social affairs adopted a nationwide service program for neonatal screening of phenylketonuria, galactosemia, maple syrup urine disease, homocystinuria, histidinemia and congenital hypothyroidism for newborns delivered from low class pregnant women registered in health centers. Government decreased the test items from six to two, PKU and congenital hypothyroidism to increase test numbers with same budget from 1995. 78 laboratories wanted to participate for neonatal screening test in 1999. Government decided to screen six items of PKU, congenital hypothyroidism, maple syrup urine disease, homocystinuria, galactosemia and congenital adrenal hyperplasia from 2006. In 2014, thirteen laboratories are participating. Inter laboratory quality control was started 6 times a year from 1994. In case a patient with an inherited metabolic disease is diagnosed by screening of government program, special milk is provided at government's expense. According to the government project, from 1997 to 2013, 7,080,569 newborns were screened. 144 PKU, 2.451 congenital hypothyroidism were detected. So incidence of PKU is 1/49,170 and congenital hypothyroidism is 1/2,888. The cost benefit of performing screening procedures coupled with treatment has been estimated to be as high as 1.77 times in PKU, 11.11 times in congenital hypothyroidism than cost without screening. By January 2007, many European countries had expanded of their newborn screening programs by inclusion of Tandem mass spectrometry. We are trying to increase the budget to test all newborns for Tandem mass spectrometry from 2016. We are considering four to five central laboratories which cover all newborns and are equipped with tandem mass spectrometer & enzyme immunoassay for TSH, 17OHP & enzyme colorimetric assay for galactose. And I hope to expand test including Wilson disease screening test and lysosomal storage diseases.

1.2GPa급 초고강도강판의 단면 형태에 따른 스프링백에 관한 해석적 평가 및 연구

이동환,한성렬,이춘규,Lee, Dong-Hwan,Han, Seong-Ryeol,Lee, Chun-Kyu 한국금형공학회 2019 한국금형공학회지 Vol.13 No.4

Currently, studies on weight reduction and fuel efficiency increase are the most important topics in the automotive industry and many studies are under way. Among them, weight reduction is the best way to raise fuel efficiency and solve environmental pollution and resource depletion. Materials such as aluminum, magnesium and carbon curing materials can be found in lightweight materials. Among these, research on improvement of bonding technology and manufacturing method of materials and improvement of material properties through study of ultrahigh strength steel sheet is expected to be the biggest part of material weight reduction. As the strength of the ultra hight strength steel sheet increases during forming, it is difficult to obtain the dimensional accuracy as the elastic restoring force increases compared to the hardness or high strength steel sheet. It is known that the spring back phenomenon is affected by various factors depending on the raw material and processing process. We have conducted analytical evaluations and studies to analyze the springback that occurs according to the cross-sectional shape of the ultra high tensile steel sheet.

페닐케톤뇨증 환아에서 매일 PKU-1, PKU-2 Formula를 이용한 저페닐알라닌 식이요법의 임상적 효과

이동환,Lee, Dong Hwan 대한유전성대사질환학회 2002 대한유전성대사질환학회지 Vol.2 No.1

목 적 : 한국에서 처음 개발된 페닐케톤뇨증 소아를 위한 특수분유를 1년간 섭취시켜 발달양상 및 치료결과를 관찰하여 효율성과 안정성을 확인하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 순천향대학병원에서 페닐케톤뇨증으로 진찰된 소아 14명을 대상으로 1년간 수유하면서 식이 일기 평가, 혈장 아미노산 분석, 일반혈액검사, ferritin, 간기능검사, 소변검사를 시행하였다. 결 과 : 14명 모두 잘 먹었으며 신장, 체중, 두위는 모두 정상발육을 보였다. 혈색소는 모두 정상범위였다. 14례중 4례에서 ferritin 치가 12 ng/mL 이하여서 철분체제를 투여하였다. 알부민 치, S-GOT, S-GPT 소변검사는 모두 정상이었다. 페닐알라닌 치는 0.7-15.6 mg/dL로 대부분 정상 범위로 잘 유지되었다. 발진, 설사, 변비 등의 부작용은 관찰되지 않았다. 결 론 : 국내에서 처음 개발된 PKU-1과 PKU-2 Formula의 발육양상과 치료 결과가 좋은 것으로 확인되어 환자에게 안심하고 사용할 수 있는 우수한 제품으로 사료된다. Purpose : This study was performed to determine the safety and efficacy of recently developed specific formulas for phenylketonuria(PKU) patient by observing the growth and developmental pattern and serum phenylalanine level. Methods : We observed 14 patients diagnosed with PKU at Soon Chung Hyang University Hospital fed with formula for 1 year by checking daily diet diary and plasma aminoacids, Hb, Hct, WBC, Platelet count, ferritin, GOT, GPT, protein, albumin, globulin and urinalysis. Results : The 14 patients all liked the formula and height, weight and head circumference showed normal growth. Hemoglobin levels were in normal range, but 4 out of the 14 patients showed ferritin level lower than 12 ng/mL and needed iron supplements. Serum albumin, liver enzyme levels, urinalysis showed within normal range. The plasma phenyalanine levels were normal ranged 0.7-15.6 mg/dL. Adverse reactions such as rash, diarrhea or constipation were not observed. Conclusion : We confirmed that the specific formulas for PKU patients developed in Korea, PKU-1 and PKU-2 showed favorable results In development and treatment of PKU patients and could be used safely to children.