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독일 창작 교육에 관한 연구 : - 작곡을 중심으로 - - in the field of music composition -
李永朝 연세대학교 대학원 1982 延世論叢 Vol.19 No.1
The West-Germany's succes in the education of music composition comes from the fact that the long history and tradition of the nation have co-existed with a nation-wide understanding of and interest in music. In the country, music is no longer an independent field of academic study but a part of everday life at home, at social organization, at public institutions and in the whole nation. The society can accomodate young composers produced at various levels in educational institutions, and young students of music are encouraged and stimulated in such a cultural pattern. Professional institutes like conservatory keep dose relations with primary and middle schools to provide with a correct basic education to the younger generations. At a college level, professor, who are qualified by the goverment, offer private lessons in basic theories and in major fields as well. The final evaluation of each student's ability is conducted by means of the goverment-adminstered tests, which help the students study all the courses thorughly. The educational method in W/Germany is geared toward autonomous and independent planning of a student's study and responsible execution of such a plan by student himself rather than passive and enforced blanket educational method. Such a positive educational methods not only encourage but also enable an artist (student) to grow artistically, there by helping him to create his own artistic world. It goes without saying that any creative education as amean of self expression may not require one attitude but divergent approaches to make effective. In order to achieve this, concerted effort should be made by all concerned community, schools, students and teachers.
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李英祚 경북대학교 법정대학 1986 法大論叢 Vol.24 No.-
The environmental problem which became a social issue since 1960's has now been one of the most serious problems that the human faces. Every nation in the world has tried its best in solving the problem as the Republic of Korea does. However, the Environmental Protection Office of Korea does not seem to act properly against the issue. Thus, this study attempts to search a direction that would provide administrative effectiveness in dealing with the problem. The major reasons of the Korean government's ineffective measures against the environmental problem can be pointed out as follows. First, the policy is mainly regulation-oriented. Second, the absence of environmental administration in the local government. Third, the basic environmental policy is inappropriate. Fourth, the public opinion, the mass media, and residents' initiatives are relatively weak. This study, therefore, devices some plans to supplement the above dificiencies as follows. First, the scope of environmental administration should include the creation of cultural and beautification activities as well as pollution control. Second, the effort should establish such institutions as bureau and department that deal with environmental problems at the local government. Third, consensus building should be respected as a method of policy-making.
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이영조 배재대학교 주시경교양교육연구소 2019 대학교양교육연구 Vol.4 No.1
작품을 쓴 사람이 그가 살던 시대의 말로써 글을 짓고, 또 그가 살던 지역의 말을 이용한 다는 것은 자연스러운 일이다. 작가는 그가 살던 시기까지 이미 축적되어온 바의 문화를 익히고 그것을 기초로 하여 그의 창의를 작품에 투영시킨다. 그러나 안타깝게도 많은 작품 들이 인용되는 과정에서 원전과 다르게 읽히고 있다. 이에 8권의 책에 발표된 백석의 「여승」 을 대상으로 원전과 비교하여 얼마나 많은 오류가 나타났는지를 밝히고, 이를 형식론적 고 찰 방식으로 살펴 본 뒤, 현대어로 바꾸어 제시해 보았다. 이 연구를 통해 원전을 인용하는 데 있어서 좀 더 확고한 책임 의식이 절실히 필요하다는 점을 다시 한 번 확인하는 계기가 되었다. It is natural for a writer to write with the words of his time and to use the words of his area. The artist learns the culture of the bar that has already been accumulated until the time he lived, and projects his creativity on his work based on it. Unfortunately, however, many works have been quoted and read differently from the original. In this study, I tried to find out how many errors occurred in Baekseok’s 「Yeongseung」 published in 8 books compared with nuclear power plants. This study has once again confirmed the need for a firmer sense of responsibility in citing nuclear power plants.
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브라질의 경제안정화 : 영속적 실패의 정치경제학 Political Economy of Repeated Failures
이영조 서울大學校 스페인中南美硏究所 1991 이베로아메리카硏究 Vol.2 No.-
This paper attempts from a political economy perspective to identify the common factors underlying the ineffectiveness of the economic stabilization policies tried under three different political regimes of Brazil : populist, military, and redemocratized. A rather careful examination of the ineffective or abortive stabilization efforts reveals that at least three factors accounted for their failures. First were the political restraints under which the policy-makers had to operate. Of particular relevance to stabilization was the type of political legitimation all three regimes relied much on: instrumental legitimation. All the regimes under discussion tried, among other things, to gain and maintain legitimacy by showing off their instrumentality in achieving the socially valued goods. The populist and redemocratized regimes distributed state patronage to all the politically relevant sectors and classes. The increasing commitments of the state contri-buted to budget deficit, which in turn fueled inflation. The military regime justified itself, among others, on the promise of better economic performance. Instrumental legitimation restricted the mode and scope of antiinflationary policies and the finetuning of the policies in the process of implementation. For example, downsizing of the fat state bureaucracy, reduction of the subsidies and transfers, selloff of inefficient state enterprises were largely outside the policy options under the two democratic regimes. Under the military regime(perhaps under all regimes because the continued state patronage presu-pposed an increasing economic pie), any stabilization policy inimical to economic growth was out of the question. Thus, whenever forced to choose between the alternatives of recession and inflation or stabilization and growth, Brazil consistently chose the first options. Second, in all failures were visible schisms in the dominant bloc concerning the development strategy and the foreign economic relations. Although they were starker in the late populist and the redemocratized regimes, they were there even under the seemingly monolithic military regime. These schisms obviously impaired the policy consistency and the ability to respond in time to the new problems emerging in the course of policy implementation. Third, in all cases of failure the organized interests displayed a common pattern of behavior. Particularly, organized labor and the capitalists were more intent on maintaining and increasing their own share of the economic pie than trying to solve problems through compromises and concession. No doubt, the end result of this distributional struggle was failure of stabilization which exacted more sacrifices than otherwise would. The only exception to the general pattern outlined above was stabilization in the early period of the military rule(1964∼73). Enjoying a degree of "retrospective legitimacy" in reaction to the chaos of the late populist period and largely free, if for a time, from the particular interests of the civil society through coercive political exclusion, the state could implement more effectively stabilization programs more orthodox in their content than any other stabilization program in postwar Brazil. The real test of the military regime's ability and commitment to stabilize occurred only after the Oil Shock and the defeat in the 1974 election changed the political and economic terrain of the country. Faced with a choice of stabilization and inflation, the state opted for inflation with growth at the expense of stabilization with recession.
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