지하수 중 탄소원으로 fumarate 주입과 유전자분석을 통한 질산성질소 자연저감도 평가

박선화,김현구,김소현,이민경,이경미,김영,김문수,김태승,Park, Sunhwa,Kim, Hyun-Gu,Kim, Sohyun,Lee, Min-Kyeong,Lee, Gyeong-Mi,Kim, Young,Kim, Moon-Su,Kim, Taeseung 한국지하수토양환경학회 2014 지하수토양환경 Vol.19 No.4

In the results of monitoring nitrate concentration in more than 8,000 groundwater wells around agro-livestock, the average and maximum nitrate concentration was 9.4 mg/L and 101.2 mg/L, respectively. Since about 31% of the monitoring wells was exceed the quality standard for drinking water, nitrate control such as remediation or source regulation is required to conserve safe-groundwater in South Korea. Typical nitrate-treatment technologies include ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and biological denitrification. Among the treatment methods, biological denitrification by indigenous microorganism has environmental and economic advantages for the complete elimination of nitrate because of lower operating costs compared to other methods. Major mechanism of the process is microbial reduction of nitrate to nitrite and nitrogen gas. Three functional genes (nosZ, nirK, nirS) that encode for the enzyme involved in the pathway. In this work, we tried to develop simple process to determine possibility of natural denitrification reaction by monitoring the functional gene. For the work, the functional genes in nitrate-contaminated groundwater were monitored by using PCR with specific target primers. In the result, functional genes (nosZ and nirK) encoding denitrification enzymes were detected in the groundwater samples. This method can help to determine the possibility of natural-nitrate degradation in target groundwater wells without multiplex experimental process. In addition, for field-remediation application we selected nitrate-contaminated site where 200~600 mg/L of nitrate is continuously detected. To determine the possibility of nitrate-degradation by stimulated-natural attenuation, groundwater was sampled in two different wells of the site and nitrate concentration of the samples was 300 mg/L and 616 mg/L, respectively. Fumarate for different C/N ratio was added into microcosm bottles containing the groundwater to examine denitrification rate depending on carbon concentration. In the result, once 1.5 times more than amount of fumarate stoichiometry required was added, the 616 mg/L of nitrate and 300 mg/L of nitrate were completely degraded in 8 days and 30 days. The nitrite, byproduct of denitrification process, was also completely degraded during the experimental period.

회분식반응조 실험을 통한 탄소원(Fumarate) 주입조건에 따른 지하수 중 탈질율 및 탈질 관련 기능성 유전자 분석

박선화,김현구,김문수,이경미,전상호,송다희,김덕현,김영,김태승,Park, Sunhwa,Kim, Hyun-Koo,Kim, Moon-su,Lee, Gyeong-Mi,Jeon, Sang-Ho,Song, Dahee,Kim, Deok-hyun,Kim, Young,Kim, Tae-seung 한국지하수토양환경학회 2015 지하수토양환경 Vol.20 No.7

Nitrate is on the most seriou pollutant encountered in shallow groundwater aquifer in agricultural area. There are various remediation technologies such as ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and biological denitrification to recover from nitrate contamination. Biological denitrification by indigenous microorganism of the technologies has been reviewed and applied on nitrate contaminated groundwater. In this work, we selected the site where the annual nitrate (NO₃⁻) concentration is over 105 mg/L and evaluated denitrification process with sampled soil and groundwater from 3 monitoring wells (MW4, 5, 6). In the results, the nitrate degradation rate in each well (MW 4, 5, and 6) was 25 NO₃⁻ mg/L/day, 6 NO₃⁻ mg/L/day, and 3.4 NO₃⁻ mg/L/day, respectively. Nitrate degradation rate was higher in batch system treated with 2 times higher fumarate as carbon source than control batch system (0.42M fumrate/1M NO₃⁻), comparing with batch system with soil sample. This result indicates that increase of carbon source is more efficient to enhance denitrification rate than addition of soil sample to increase microbial dynamics. In this work, we also confirmed that monitoring method of functional genes (nirK and nosZ) involved in denitrification process can be applied to evaluated denitrifcation process possibility before application of field process such as in-situ denitrification by push-pull test.

칼럼 - 한국의학도서관협의회의 과제와 발전

박선화,Park, Seon-Hwa 한국도서관협회 2012 圖協會報 Vol.53 No.6

성적 노출증 및 접촉도착증의 유병율 및 임상특성 : 예비연구

박선화,권석현,왕태종,홍정민,김은비,맹정원,임명호,Park, Sun Hwa,Kwon, Seok Hyeon,Wang, Tae Jong,Hong, Jung Min,Kim, Eun Bi,Meng, Jung Won,Lim, Myung Ho 대한불안의학회 2015 대한불안의학회지 Vol.11 No.1

Objective : The current study investigated the prevalence and clinical characteristics of sexual exhibitionism and frotteurism, which was conducted for the first time in Korea. Methods : Among 568 total subjects (mean age $19.28{\pm}5.0$ year), 109 were victims of sexual exhibitionism (19.2%, VSE) of which 57 were females (91.9 percent) ; and 57 were victims of sexual frotteurism (10.9%, VSF) of which 57 were females (91.9%). The participants completed the self-reported scale for epidemiological and clinical characteristics. Results : Incident frequencies of above two times of VSE and VSF were 49 (50.0%) and 20 (32.3%), respectively. Incident locations of VSE were school/office 37 (33.3%), street 28 (25.6%), and near home 20 (18.3%). Also, incident locations of VSE were inside of bus 12 (19.3%), subway 12 (19.3%), subway/bus station 8 (12.9%), near home 8 (12.9%), and school/office 7 (11.3%). Notifying rate of VSE and VSF to the police were 7.3% and 0%, respectively. Also, notifying rate of VSE and VSF to family or friends were 72.5% and 58.1%, respectively Conclusion : These results suggested that VSE and VSF had a common prevalence, which could be different from behavioral and emotional characteristics of a control group ; and the victims were shown to require an active intervention by supportive social system.

온라인 커뮤니티 웹사이트에 나타난 임신과 출산에 대한 여성들의 관심사

박선화,우민수,전경자,유정옥,Park, Sun Hwa,Woo, Min Soo,June, Kyung Ja,Yu, Jung ok 서울대학교 간호과학연구소 2020 간호학의 지평 Vol.17 No.1

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe women's concern for pregnancy and child birth in the internet community. Methods: One representative in the internet community was selected and questions regarding pregnancy and child birth were collected for 2 weeks in October 2019. A total of 8,005 questions were analyzed by frequency and proportion after categorizing theme into pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum care. Results: The most frequent questions were on preparedness for pregnancy (26.2%), followed by questions on infertility (23.3%), and on postpartum care (20.2%). Among the questions on preparedness for pregnancy, the most frequent questions were related to the follicle and ovulation. More than half of the questions on infertility (68.3%) were about diagnosis and treatment. Questions on abortion included symptoms, abortion procedure, post abortion care, and the support system. Among the questions on delivery, the most were about the delivery method (67.2%). Finally, questions on postpartum care were related to the physical changes/symptoms, daily life after delivery, postpartum care support, etc. Conclusion: As these results reflect women's need for information and support, it is suggested that more specific and targeted nursing practices for pregnancy and child birth should be developed.

연속흐름반응조에서 바이오필름형태의 탈염소화 미생물에 의한 TCE분해 모니터링

박선화,한경진,홍의전,안홍일,김남희,김현구,김태승,김영,Park, Sunhwa,Han, Kyungjin,Hong, Uijeon,Ahn, Hongil,Kim, Namhee,Kim, Hyunkoo,Kim, Taeseung,Kim, Young 한국지하수토양환경학회 2012 지하수토양환경 Vol.17 No.5

A 1.28 L-batch reactor and continuous-flow stirred tank reactor (CFSTR) fed with formate and trichloroethene (TCE) were operated for 120 days and 56 days, respectively, to study the effect of formate as electron donor on anaerobic reductive dechlorination (ARD) of TCE to cis-1,2-dichloroethylene (c-DCE), vinyl chloride (VC), and ethylene (ETH). In batch reactor, injected 60 ${\mu}mol$ TCE was completely degraded in the presence of 20% hydrogen gas ($H_2$) in less than 8 days by anaerobic dechlorination mixed-culture (300 mg-soluble protein), Evanite Culture with ability to completely degrade tetrachloroethene (PCE) and -TCE to ETH under anaerobic conditions. Once the formate was used as electron donor instead of hydrogen gas in batch or chemostat system, the TCE-dechlorination rate decreased and acetate production rate increased. It indicates that the concentration of hydrogen produced in both systems is possibly more close to threshold for homoacetogenesis process. Soluble protein concentration of Evanite culture during the batch test increased from 300 mg to 688 mg for 120 days. Through the protein monitoring, we confirmed an increase of microbial population during the reactor operation. In CFSTR test, TCE was fed continuously at 9.9 ppm (75.38 ${\mu}mol/L$) and the influent formate feed concentration increased stepwise from 1.3 mmol/L to 14.3 mmol/L. Injected TCE was accumulated at 18 days of HRT, but TCE was completely degraded at 36 days of HRT without accumulation of the injected-TCE during the left of experiment period, getting $H_2$ from fermentative hydrogen production of injected formate. Although c-DCE was also accumulated for 23 days after beginning of CFSTR operation, it reached steady-state in the presence of excessive formate. We also evaluated microbial dynamic of the culture at different chemical state in the reactor by DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis).

레싱의 『순진한 테러리스트』와 헤테로토피아

박선화(Park, Sunhwa) 건국대학교 스토리앤이미지텔링연구소 2012 스토리&이미지텔링 Vol.4 No.-

이 논문에서는 도리스 레싱의 『순진한 테러리스트』에 재현된 이데올로기와 권력 관계에 초점을 두고서 헤테로토피아로서의 스쾃하우스를 살펴본다. 이를 읽어내기 위해 르페브르와 푸코의 헤테로토피아의 개념을 규명한다. 헤테로토피아는 일상공간이나 장소와는 상반되는 반-공간이다. 여주인공 앨리스는 런던의 한 버려진 주택을 그녀만의 새로운 공간으로 탈바꿈시키고자 한다. 그녀는 자신의 헌신으로 거주자들에게 행복을 가져다 줄 것으로 믿는 반면, 게이, 레즈비언, 흑인, 여성, 노동자 계급으로 구성된 구성자들은 각자의 목적과 필요에 의해 스쾃하우스의 불법점유를 주장한다. 여기서 스쾃하우스는 주거지로 재형성되는 새로운 변화의 가능성을 지닌 헤테로토피아로 기능한다. 하지만 동시에 이 스쾃하우스는 가족의 삶을 파괴하는 장소이기도 하다. 구성원들은 죽거나, 자살하거나, 아니면 축출 당한다. 무엇보다도 이 스쾃하우스는 구성원을 수용, 배제하는 헤테로토피아 기능을 수행한다. 그래서 앨리스는 필요로 하는 자들에게 거주지를 제공하지만 궁극적으로 모든 구성원들을 축출하고 주택을 혼자 독차지한다. 이제 그녀는 다시 새로운 스쾃하우스를 찾아 변모시킬 계획을 세운다. 이런 점에서, 레싱의 스쾃하우스를 찾아 변모시킬 계획을 세운다. 이런 점에서, 레싱의 스쾃하우스는 해체와 생성을 반복하는 푸코의 헤테로토피아로 읽을 수 있을 것이다. This paper aims to explore the squat house as a heterotopia by focusing on the interplay of ideologies and power relations in Doris Lessing"s The Good Terrorist. Based on Lefebvre and Foucault, the paper looks into the notion of the heterotopia, which is a counter space in that it is different from normal spaces or places, and Alice"s attempts to create her new place using an abandoned house in London. As a revolutionary, she tries to transform the house into a new other space for the revolution of society. While she believes that her devotion and effort can bring the residents harmony and happiness, the residents of gays, lesbians, blacks, women and work people claim their adverse possession of the house. This squat house functions as a heterotopia in that it retains the possibility of initiating a new change which is represented in the re-formation of the house. However, the squat house, at the same time, functions as a heterotopia in that it can destroy its family life, for example, Philip is killed, Paye attempts to kill herself and then finally is blown away by a bomb, and Jim it falsely suspected and got rid of from the house. Above all, the house functions as a heterotopia in that it has the function of opening and closure of the house based on its own exclusive system. In the house Alice opens the house for people in need but at the end she breaks up the party ; she feels better when she is in command of everything; and she looks forwards to starting a new squat house. In this point, a Foucauldian heterotopia is de-constructed as well as de-centered.

『로드 짐』에서의 콘래드의 서사전략: 말로우,“우리 중의 한 사람”

박선화 ( Sun Hwa Park ) 한국근대영미소설학회 2013 근대 영미소설 Vol.20 No.1

This paper commences with the doubt about Marlow`s reliability in telling Jim`s story to the listener and reader in Joseph Conrad`s Lord Jim. Marlow describes Jim who in the first part of the novel abandons the Patna which is in a critical condition and carrying about 800 passengers; in the last part, he exerts himself to regain his fame in Patusan but he decides to accept his death for his own cause. Marlow tries to understand Jim using several minor narrators who support Marlow`s opinion and judgement. However, I argue how much the reader and listener can trust Marlow and minor narrators, and therefore we should distinguish the author and narrator from the implied author, who has sensibility that accounts for the narrative. With the suggestion that the structure of the novel has something to do with Marlow`s intention to control all the narratives, I disclose the concealed contradictions in the narratives. From chapter 1 to 3, the omniscient writer draws the reader`s attention to how insufficient Jim is to meet the needs as the first mate by showing his failures. From chapter 5 to 35, Marlow has authority over Jim by observing and intervening in Jim`s affairs and alludes to his weakness. From chapter 36 to 45, the privileged man appears as Marlow`s mouthpiece to represent the way of Jim`s death. Though Conrad uses the three different narrators, I suggest it is Marlow`s strategy to lead us to see the theme of ``the journey into the deep truth of human heart``. So, as a double of Conrad, Marlow just shows his concern of ``the state of a man`s soul` rather than the white man in a colonial milieu. It is likely to read Jim`s story as a production of Britain`s imperialism in that Marlow sends Jim to Patusan in order to occupy and construct a new colony after ousting other colonists. This is why Marlow calls Jim one of us. Using multiple voices, Conrad`s narrative strategy functions to blur the historically specific conditions that allow for the construction of a figure such as Jim. Through the voice of the implied author we should catch, Lord Jim can be read as the tale which is concerned with the relationship between colonizer and colonized.

일부 초등학생의 식이행태와 우식경험도의 관련성

박선화 ( Sun Hwa Park ),최부영 ( Boo Young Choi ),오효원 ( Hyo Won Oh ),이흥수 ( Heung Soo Lee ) 대한예방치과·구강보건학회 2010 大韓口腔保健學會誌 Vol.34 No.3

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between school children`s diet behavior and dental caries experience in an effort to lay the foundation for the development of student oral health promotion projects. Methods. The subjects in this study were 477 students at J elementary school located in Kimje city, Jeonlabukdo, Republic of Korea. Their dental caries experience, dietary habit and obesity level were investigated. A dental checkup was conducted by a dentist in compliance with the WHO criteria, and a self-administered survey was carried out to find out their dietary habit. As for the level of obesity, their height and weight were measured by automatic devices to figure out Rohrer, Broca and Kaup indexes. The collected data were analyzed by Speaman`s rank-order correlation analysis to look for connections between diet behavior and dental caries experience, and whether there were any gaps in their collective averages was checked as well. Results. The school children were different in dental caries experience according to daily habits of having a snack. Those who ate between meals often had a higher mean of caries teeth (DdFfMt index) than the others who scarcely did that. A habit of self-cleansing food intake made a difference to their dental caries experience. Those who rarely ate fruit had a higher dft index than the others who did that (once, twice or more a week). The children who disliked vegetables and greens had a higher dft index than the others who liked. As for a question whether they ever refrained themselves from eating something they wanted to eat due to the possibility of dental caries, 55.4 percent said yes. In regard to the criteria of snack choice, 8.9 percent gave top priority to whether to cause dental caries or not. There was no link between the level of obesity and DMFT index, and dft index had a negative correlation to Rohrer index. The obesity level was correlated to subjective oral health. A higher Kaup index, namely a higher level of obesity, lead to a more negative subjective oral health. Conclusions. The findings of the study lend credibility to existing theories that the habit of carcinogenic food intake increases the degree of dental caries experience, and that the habit of self-cleansing food intake curtails it. There was no marked relationship between obesity and dental caries experience in this study.

『클레프트족 이야기』에 재현된 선사시대와 로마시대의 여성관

박선화(Sunhwa Park) 한국동서비교문학학회 2016 동서 비교문학저널 Vol.0 No.38

This paper aims to examine various views of gender between the prehistoric age and the Roman period in Doris Lessing’s The Cleft. Lessing’s hypothesis is that the primal human stock was probably female. This reversed story of biblical myth is narrated by a male historian, Transit, in the time of Nero. Studying the documents hidden and suppressed throughout human history, Transit tells of a Cleft community consisting of a parthenogenetic race of proto-female creatures, who abandon, mutilate or kill boy babies because of their different body shape. Conversely, some of the boy babies who survive with the help of their brother eagles form a male community called the Squirts, and then fight against the females due to their gender difference. To show this, Transit adopts multiple points of view, which belongs to a historiographic metafiction, in fragmented memories of the Cleft and Squirts. With this, Transit indicates that in The Cleft history and fiction have porous genres, and re-writing the past is to inscribe his or her subjectivity into history. Focusing on this style of Lessing’s writing, this paper represents individual and imperialistic violence caused by the Cleft or Squirts as well as the Romans. With this, the novel seems to show the deepest roots of human violence. However, Lessing highlights the self-destructive results of their extreme violence. With the analysis of the perspectives of different time periods, I argue Lessing suggests women and men are equal and in mutual need of each other by elucidating the growth of empathetic understanding between them.