이익조정이 신용등급에 미치는 영향

김양구,권혁기,박상봉 대한경영정보학회 2015 경영과 정보연구 Vol.34 No.2

본 연구는 경영자의 이익조정 행위가 신용평가 기관의 신용등급 형성에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대해 분석 한다. 구체적으로 경영자의 이익조정을 발생액 기준 이익관리와 실물활동에 따른 이익관리로 구분하여 각각의 이익조정 형태가 신용등급에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 이를 위해 2002년부터 2010년까지 한국거래소에 상장 되어 있는 2,150개/연 자료를 대상으로 분석하였다. 실증결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, AM(발생액 기준 이익조정)과 RM(실물활동 기준 이익조정의 개별측정치의 합)은 신용등급과 유의한 음(-)의 관련이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 신용평가기관이 발생액을 통한 이익조정 및 실물활동에 기인한 이익조정을 간파하고 신용평가등급결정 시 이에 대한 충분한 고려가 이루어지 고 있음을 시사한다. 또한 실물활동을 통한 이익조정의 개별적 측정치에 대해서 비정상 영업현금흐름(R_CFO) 과 비정상 제조원가(R_PROD)가 신용등급에 미치는 영향은 유의하지 않거나 통계적으로 매우 약한 수준에서 유의적인데 반해, 비정상 재량적 지출(R_DISX)의 경우 모든 모형에서 1% 유의수준에서 음(-)의 관련성을 나타 냈다. 본 연구는 신용등급이 경영자의 기회주의적 이익관리행위를 통제하여 자본시장에 존재하는 정보불균형을 감 소시키고 정보 중개인으로써의 역할을 충실히 수행하고 있는지를 분석함으로써 자본시장의 효율성 제고에 대한 시사점을 제공할 것이다. This study considers the relation between firms’ earnings management and credit rating. Unlike preceding papers only focusing earnings management by accrual(thereafter, AM), this paper examines the effect of accrual earnings management(AMs) and real earning management(thereafter, RM) on credit rating. RMs have more negative effects on firms’ forward cash flow generation abilities and long term operating performances than AMs. So, RMs are more negative signals for credit analysts than AMs. But credit analysts have much difficulty in seeing through RM, because if credit analysts want to find out RMs, they have to understand firms’ internal operating activities, cost structures, receivables collection practices, and review whether profit distortions are due to abnormal change of them. Sample of this study consists of 2,150firm-year data listed companies from 2002 to 2010. Empirical evidence shows that AMs and RMs are negatively related to credit rating. This result implies that credit analysts see through AMs and RMs in interpreting financial informations, that is to say, they discount credit rating in considering level of earnings management that consist of real activity and accrual earning management. This paper also finds that RMs are more negatively related to credit ratings than AMs. This result suggests that credit analysts don’t take RMs into account in credit rating process as much as AMs.

스포츠센터 종사자의 직무만족도 및 직무심리상태와 고객만족도와의 관계

김양구,전호문,하지원 한국스포츠산업경영학회 2001 한국스포츠산업경영학회지 Vol.6 No.2

본 연구는 상업 스포츠센터 종사자의 직무만족도·직무심리상태 수준을 조사하고 고객만족도와 의 관계성을 탐색하고자 하는 연구로 각 스포츠센터별로 종사자의 직무만족도, 직무스트레스 및 직무심리상태와 해당 스포츠센터를 이용하는 고객의 고객 만족도의 실태를 조사하였다. 본 연구의 대상으로는 2001년 8월 현재 서울·광주·목포 지역에 소재하고 있는 상업 스포츠센터에 종사하고 있는 종사자와 이용 고객을 모집단으로 설정하였으며, 표집방법은 유층집락무선표집(stratified random sampling)을 이용하여 500명을 표집하였으며, 그 중 실제 분석에 사용된 자료는 444명(종사자 129명, 고객 315명)이었다. 본 연구에서 사용한 설문지는 인구통계학적인 변인, 직무만족도, 직무심리상태, 직무스트레스 그리고 고객만족으로 구성되어 있다. 자료분석에 사용한 통계적 기법은 기술통계 및 변량분석(ANOVA), 상관분석(correlation analysis)을 실시하였으며, 사후검증방법으로는 Duncan test를 실시하였다. 이와 같은 연구방법 및 절차를 통하여 본 연구에서는 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 첫째, 스포츠센터 종사자의 인구통계적 변인에 따른 종사자의 직무만족도의 차이검증에서는 종사자의 변인 중 교육정도 변인에서만 직무만족도에 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 스포츠센타 종사자의 인구 통계적 변인에 따른 종사자의 직무스트레스의 차이검증에서는 종사자의 변인 중 성별변인 에서만 직무만족도에 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 스포츠센타 종사자의 직무만족도와 직무심리상태 및 직무스트레스간의 상관관계 검증에서는 직무만족도 하위요인과 직무심리상태의 하위요인간에, 그리고 직무만족도 하위요인과 직무스트레스 하위요인간에 대부분 통계적으로 유의한 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 상업 스포츠센터 종사자의 직무만족도 수준별 고객만족도의 차이검증에서는 종사자의 직무만족이 높은 상위 5개 센터와 낮은 하위5개 센터간의 고객만족도에 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 다섯째, 상업 스포츠센터 종사자의 직무심리상태 수준별 고객만족도의 차이검증에서는 종사자의 직무심리상태가 높은 상위5개 센터와 낮은 하위 5개 센터간의 고객만족도에 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. The purpose of this study is to investigate the Relationship between the level of Employees' Job Satisfaction and the level of Customers' Satisfaction in Services of Sports Centers. This study analyzed each sports center by location. This study selected 10 general centers having more than two facilities in Seoul, Kwangju and Mokpo. To study employees, this study chose all regular staff below the level of department manager, excluding probationers and student workers. 30 to 35 clients in each center were randomly selected for this survey. The questionnaire for this study has been used in previous studies domestically and abroad because of its reliability and validity. To analyze data accumulated through the survey. ANOVA and correlation analysis were carried as statistical methods, and the Duncan test was executed for post-inspection. Using the above methods and procedures, the following results were obtained. First, the difference in job satisfaction based on employees' demo graphical characteristics in the sports centers shows that there are only statistical educational differences in their job satisfaction. second, analyzing demo-graphical characteristics of employees shows that only their gender makes a difference in job stress. Third, only two factors made a statistical differene in customer satisfaction: average visit frequency per month and age. Fourth, the correlation analysis between the employees' job contentment and mental state shows that there is a likely positive correlation between subordinate elements of job satisfaction and their mental state as well as between subordinate elements of job satisfaction and their job related stress. Finally. 5 commercial sports centers where employees have high job satisfaction and mental state showed high customers satisfaction.

암 생쥐에서 Testosterone으로 인한 유해감각예민도 둔화와 이에 대한 Naloxone의 차단효과

양구범,박제민,김명정,전명호,이국희 대한생물치료정신의학회 2000 생물치료정신의학 Vol.6 No.1

In order to examine the effect of testosterone on antinociception and the role of opioid system as an underlying mechanism, thirty-seven adult female mice(Institute of Cancer Research) were randomized to Naloxone(n=18) and Control group(n=19). Testosterone propionate(1mg/kg, ip) with naloxone HCL(2mg/kg, ip) or with normal saline(5ml/kg, ip) was administered on the first and the third experimental days. Nociceptive sensitivity was measured by Tail flick test(TFL, sec) before and after injection on the first and the third experimental days. The same dose of testosterone was injected on the second experimental day. The results were as follows; 1.TFL of control group was significantly increased by testosterone. TFL of control group measured on the first experimental day before and after injection were 5.5±1.1 sec(mean±sd) and 6.3±1.2 sec, respectively, and the change was significant(t=4.06, p=0.001). That measured on the third experimental day before injection was 5.9±1.0, showing a significant increase compared to that of the first experimental day(t=2.37, p=0.029). 2.Testosterone-induced antinociception was blocked by naloxone. In naloxone group, change in TFLs measured before(5.6±0.8) and after(5.3±0.9) injection was not significant on the first experimental day. On the third day, TFL measured before injection(6.6±1.2) was increased significantly than that of the first experimental day(t=2.87, p=0.011), but it decreased to baseline level after injection of naloxone(5.3±1.3; t=4.73, p=0.000). From these results, it is suggested that testosterone has antinociceptive effect, which is mediated by endogenous opioid system.

한국어판 PADUA 강박척도 : 신뢰도와 타당도 Reliability and Validity

박제민,김명정,김성곤,박재흥,강철중,김병철,전명호,김재형,양구범 釜山大學校 醫科大學 精神科學敎室 1998 釜山精神醫學 Vol.7 No.-

This study reports the psychometric peroperties and factorial structure of a Korean version of the Padua Inventory (PI) in clinical (35 patients withobsessive-compulsive disorder and 66 with other psychiatric disorders) and non-clinical (458 including 120 undergraduate medical students) samples. The PI total and subscales showed good internal consistency, convergent and known-group validity. Test-retest reliability with interval of one year was superior to that of obsessive-compulsive subscale of SCL-90R. PI scores of non-clinical sample were lower than those reported in western countries, apart from Dutch sample. Principal component analysis on data from whole sample suggested four-factor solutions, which was comparable to that found in other versions of the PI developed in the western cultures. Items asking urges or worries of breaking or stealing things were separated from the factor 'urges and worries of losing control over motor behavior'. Factor analysis on data from non-clinical sample revealed five-factor solution: being contaminated, checking behaviors, doubting, worries of disasters, and ruminations. The first two factors were very same as the western reports, the other three were comparable to 'impaired control over mental activities', but 'urges and worries of losing control over motor behavior' was not extracted as a separate factor in this study. Needs for cross-cultural study including other Asian countries arise to confirm lower PI scores and different factor structures in this sample reflects Korean-specific or Asian-specific culture.

직장암의 병기결정에 있어서 전산화단층촬영의 의의

서수지,주양구,김옥배 啓明大學校 醫科大學 1987 계명의대학술지 Vol.6 No.2

The prognosis in patient with rectal cancer is strongly related to the tumor stage. Computed tomography (CT) has the potential to demonstrate early stages of malignant invasion outside the rectum, and therefore give more precise diagnostic information leading to an improved staging of the malignant disease. CT was performed to evaluate the accuracy of tumor stage, and compared with operation findings in eighteen cases of rectal cancer. The brief result cases of rectal cancer. 1. The CT scan identified primary cancer of rectum in all cases, and correctly determined the stage in 14 patients(77%) 2. The CT showed an accuracy for detecting lymph nodes involvement of 67%, and invasion to adjacent organ of 83%.

Flutamide가 수컷 생쥐의 유해감각예민도에 미치는 영향

장세헌,김명정,박제민,양구범,한병득 대한생물치료정신의학회 2000 생물치료정신의학 Vol.6 No.1

Objectives : Previous findings on nociception modulatory effect of testosterone were controversial. In this study, androgen receptor antagonist flutamide was used to reveal testosterone effect on baseline nociceptive sensitivity and stress-induced antinociception in male mice. Methods : Experiments consist 3 Parts: 1) tail flick latency(TFL, sec, 52±1℃) was measured before and 30 minutes after intraperitoneal injection of flutamide 150, 100, 50mg/kg or vehicle(N=15 for each group); 2) TFL was measured before and after serial injection of LHRH antagonist antide(1mg/kg, ip), and 30 minutes after flutamide(100mg/kg, ip) or vehicle; 3) With pretreatment of flutamide(100mg/kg, ip) or vehicle(N=15 for each group), TFL was measured before and after 5 minutes of forced-swim in cold water(15±1℃). Results : 1.TFL was significantly elongated(hypoalgesic) in the flutamide 100 and 150mg/kg groups. TFL of flutamide 150mg/kg group was significantly longer than 50mg/kg group. 2.Though pretreatment with antide itself did not make any change in TFL, it blocked antinociceptive effect of flutamide. TFL was elongated by serial injections in both flutamide and control group. 3.TFL was elongated by FS in both flutamide and control group. FS-induced elongation of TFL was significantly more prominent in flutamide group. Conclusions : From these results, it is suggested flutamide has antinociceptive effect on baseline TFL and potentiates FS- induced antinociception.

EMR적용 후 재활치료 의뢰 환자의 24시간 내 치료 start시간관리

김연희,김양구,황지혜,박광홍,하현근,남미숙,이경식,전희정,박현희,채순엽,안현주 한국의료QA학회 2008 가을학술대회 Vol.2008 No.3

低酸素·高二酸化炭素 GAS의 吸入이 심폐동태에 미치는 影響에 關하여

洪善熹,金潤俊,崔德生,楊九烈 醫藥係社 1954 綜合 醫學 Vol.11 No.2

자기공명영상을 이용한 두개부내 표적의 3차원적 위치결정

최태진,김옥배,주양구,서수지,손은익 한국의학물리학회 1996 의학물리 Vol.7 No.2

Purpose: To get a 3-D coordinates of intracranial target position was investicated in axial, sagittal and coronal magnetic resonance imaging with a preliminary experimented target localizer. Material and methods : In preliminal experiments, the localizer is made of engineering plastic to avoid the distrubance of magnetic field during the MR image scan. The MR localizer displayed the 9 points in three different axial tomogram. The bright signal of localizer was obtjained from 0.1~0.3% of paramagnetic gadolinium/DTPA solution in T1WI or T2WI. In this study, the 3-D position of virtual targets were examined from three different axial MR images and the streotactic position was compared to that of BRW stereotactic system in CT scan with same targets. Results: This study provided the actual target position could be obtained from single scan with MRI localizer which has inverse N-typed 9 bars. This experiment was accomplished with shimming test for detection of image distortion in MR image. However we have not found the image distortion in axial scan. The maximum error of target positions showed 1.0 mm in axial, 1.3 mm for sagittal and 1.7 mm for coronal image, respectivelly. The target localization in MR localizer was investicated with spherical virtual target in skull cadaver. Furthermore, the target position was confirmed with CRW stereotactic system showed a 1.3 mm in discrepancy. Summary : The intracranial target position was determined within 1.7 mm of discrepancy with designed MR localizer. We found the target position from axial image has more small discrepancy than that of sagittal and coronal image. 목적 : 전신자기공명영상장치의 두개부코일링에 삽입할 수 있는 뇌정위표적기를 제작하고, 횡단면, 시상면 및 관상면에서 표적의 입체적 위치를 결정하여 비교하였다. 방법 : 고강도 합성수지를 이용하여 1.5T 의 전신자기공명 영상장치에서 뇌정위시술용 두 개 부고정환에 부착하여 두개부내 표적위치를 결정할 수 있는 뇌정위표적기를 시험제작하였다. 본 연구에서 시험제작된 뇌정위표적기는 자기공명장치 Magnetom 1.5T(Siemens사, 독일)의 두부코일(외경이 260mm) 내에 설치할 수 있도록 하였으며, 횡단면이나 시상면 또는 관상면에서 표적의 위치를 3차원적으로 결정할 수 있게 하여 각 단면에서 결정된 가상표적의 위치를 비 교하였다. 결과 : 위치가 서로 다른 2개의 가상표적에 대한 모의실험 결과, 횡단면에서 x축의 최대오차는 -1.4mm, y축 -0.7mm, z축 1.lmm를 얻었으며, 시상면에서는 X축 1.3, Y축 1.0mm, Z축 1.lmm, 관상면에서는 X축 -1.4mm, Y축 1.1mm, Z축 -1.5mm로 나타나 횡단면, 시상면 및 관상면에서 구한 표적값이 실험오차범위에서 거의 일치하였다. 결론 : 고강도 합성수지를 이용하여 시험제작한 자기공명영상용 뇌정위표적기를 이용하여 두개부내 표적에 대한 모의실험결과 횡단면, 시상면 및 관상면에서 구해진 표적의 위치가 2mm의 오차범위내에서 실제값에 거의 일치함을 얻었다.

先進企業의 CSR 實踐 事例硏究

이동철,김양구 대한경영학회 2013 대한경영학회 학술발표대회 발표논문집 Vol.2013 No.2