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강호,김유미,오승연 보험연구원 2015 조사보고서 Vol.2015 No.6
Rapidly ageing population is one of the most difficult challenges that a society faces today. The insurance industry, in particular, bears the brunt of demographic changes. It is crucial for insurers to understand the fundamental paradigm changes of consumer demand caused by demographic changes. This study investigates the effect of demographic changes on consumer demand with focus on consumers. subjective and objective risk, consumers. affordability of insurance, and the quantitative effects on the total insurance premiums. Main results and implications are as follows. First, we find that the quantitative effect of demographic changes on the total insurance premiums is substantial. Second, demographic changes affect various types of insurance differently. Since population aging shifts consumers. demand for risk protection from mortality to longevity, the negative effect will be greater for whole life insurance compared to saving insurance and private pensions. Third, the changes in household structure reduce the size of the main consumer group and their purchasing power has weakened. Insurers need to meet the demand of the new consumer group; elderly households and single-person households. Fourth, consumer market segmentation deepens between the two groups, affluent mature market and mass market consisting of the young and the middle class. Thus, the marketing strategy for the two groups should be different: customized products for the affluent market, and cheap and simple products for the mass market.
AFB 공정을 이용한 양돈폐수의 혐기성전처리에 관한 연구
강호,김종원,송석헌,이현규,장제헌 忠南大學校 環境問題硏究所 2003 環境硏究 Vol.21 No.-
This research was performed to optimize the anaerobic pretreatment of slurry type swine wastewater for the subsequent nitrogen and phophorus removal. Step-wise increases in Organic Loading Rate(OLR) and decreases in Hydraulic Retention Time(HRT) were utilized in Upflow Anaerobic Fixed Bed(AFB) reactor at mesophilic temperature(35℃). The maximum methane prodution rates of 1.16 v/v-d was observed at an HRT of 12 hours. TCOD removal efficiency of 75% at an HRT of 2 days and 41% at an HRT of 12 hours were obtained respectively. It is likely that the influent COD concentration of 3,000 mg/L for the subsequent biological nutrient removal system could be supplied from the anaerobic pretreatments operated at an HRT of 12 hours(OLR 12g CODL-day). During AFB operation alkalinity showed 800- 1,500mg/L as CaCO_(3) at all HRTs. It could play an important role for compensating pH drop caused by nitrification. The COD/TKN ratio of 6-14 at all HRTs, COD/TP ratio of 30-50 at an HRT of 1 day and proper buffering capacity and pH of the effluent from the anaerobic fixed bed could be adequate substrate condition in the following nitrogen and phosphorus removal. In conclusion, when AFB was operated at an HRT less than 1 day, the system could be optimized to reach an efficient anaerobic pretreatment for swine wastewater and the subsequent biological nutrient removal.
강호,김명란 충남대학교 공업교육연구소 1993 論文集 Vol.16 No.1
A survey was carried out to propose an optimum wastewater treatment for small farm communities where sanitary sewers are not possible to be installed. This paper covers a review on criteria for the selection of proper treatment processes and on feasibilities and applicabilities of each process. Finally soil systems which consist of anaerobic contact reactor with soil cover and underground soil trench system, were discussed and recommended as one of the best alternatives for the small farm wastewater treatment.
강호,정지현,김선우,정광화,안희권 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2014 한국폐기물자원순환학회 춘계학술발표논문집 Vol.2014 No.-
젖소분뇨의 최종 생분해도는 분뇨 중 Total Volatile Solids (TVS)로 나타낼수 있는 총 휘발성고형물중에 혐기성소화균에 의해 생분해가 가능한 휘발성고형물(Biodegradable Volatile Solids, BVS)이 어느 비율로 차지하고 있는지를 측정하기 위한것이다. 즉 젖소분뇨의 TVS 중 BVS부분 만이 Biogas 로 분해되기 때문에 젖소분뇨의 BVS/TVS Parameter 를 통하여 혐기성소화시 최대 Biogas 생성량을 예측할수 있으며 또 분해과정에서 분해속도를 예측할 수 있기 때문에 혐기성 반응조 설계시 수리학적 체류시간(HRT)을 간접적으로 결정할 수 있다. 본 연구에서 저자가 개발한 ABT(Anaerobic Batch Ultimate Biodegradability Test)방법에 의해 측정한 결과 젖소분뇨의 최종생분해도는 젖소생분뇨가 37-46%, 톱밥깔개 젖소분뇨는 30-40% 그리고 왕겨깔개 젖소분뇨는 31-39%의 범위이었다. 젖소분뇨의 분해양상은 1개의 직선형태가 아닌 2개의 직선형태의 분해 양상을 보였으며 젖소 생분뇨는 초기 28-31일간 k1분해속도 0.07-0.08 day<sup>-1</sup>로 BVS의 88-95%가 분해되었으며 그후 남아있는 BVS의 5-12%는 k2 분해속도 0.002-0.005 day<sup>-1</sup> 속도로 아주 느리게 분해하였다. 따라서 Safety Factor 를 고려하지 않을 경우 혐기성 반응조 설계시 이론적인 HRT는 대략 30일 임을 알수 있다. 한편 톱밥깔개 젖소분뇨의 경우 분해반응 시작부터 28-31 일간 k1 분해속도 0.05-0.07 day<sup>-1</sup>로 BVS의 70-73%가 분해되었으며 남아 있는 BVS 의 27-30%는 k2 분해속도 0.001-0.003 day<sup>-1</sup> 속도로 아주 느리게 분해하였다. 따라서 Safety Factor 를 고려하지 않을 경우 혐기성 반응조 설계시 이론적인 HRT는 대략 32일 임을 알수 있다. 왕겨깔개 젖소분뇨의 생분해도 및 분해양상은 톱밥깔개 젖소분뇨와 비슷하거나 다소 낮았다.