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한범수,박종석,김형국,하선화,조강진,김용환,김종범,Hahn, Bum-Soo,Park, Jong-Sug,Kim, Hyeong-Kuk,Ha, Sun-Hwa,Cho, Kang-Jin,Kim, Yong-Hwan,Kim, Jong-Bum 한국식물생명공학회 2004 식물생명공학회지 Vol.31 No.2
Transgenic plants have been studied as delivery system for edible vaccine against various diseases. Edible plant vaccines have several potential advantages as follows: an inexpensive source of antigen, easy administration, reduced need for medical personnel, economical to mass produce and easy transport, heat-stable vaccine without refrigerator, generation of systemic and mucosal immunity and safe antigen without fetal animal-virus contaminants. The amount of recombinant antigens in transgenic plants ranged from 0.002 to 0.8% in total soluble protein, depending on promoters for the expression of interested genes and plants to be used for transformation. Throughout the last decade, edible plant vaccine made notable progresses that protect from challenges against virus or bacteria. However edible plant vaccines have still problems that could be solved. First, the strong promoter or inducible promoter or strategy of protein targeting could be solved to improve the low expression of antigens in transgenic plants. Second, the transformation technique of target plant should be developed to be able to eat uncooked. Third, marker-free vector could be constructed to be more safety. In this review we describe advances of edible plant vaccines, focusing on the yields depending on plants/promoters employed and the results of animal/clinical trials, and consider further research for the development of a new plant-derived vaccine.
한범수,정영재,노경희,박종석,조강진,김용환,김종범,Hahn Bum-Soo,Jeong Young-Jae,Roh Kyung-Hee,Park Jong-Sug,Cho Kang-Jin,Kim Yong-Hwan,Kim Jong-Bum 한국식물생명공학회 2005 식물생명공학회지 Vol.32 No.4
Plants have considerable advantages for the production of antigenic proteins because they provide an inexpensive source of protein and an easy administration of vaccine. Since a publication describing edible plant vaccine of HBsAg in 1992, a number of laboratories around the world have studied the use of plants as the bioreactor to produce antigenic proteins of human or animal pathogens. Over the last ten years, these works have been mainly focused on three major strategies for the production of antigenic proteins in plants: stable genetic transformation of either the nuclear or plastid genome, or transient expression in plants using viral vectors. As many antigenic proteins have been expressed in tobacco, also several laboratories have succeeded to express genes encoding antigenic proteins in other crop plants: potato, tomato, maize, carrot, soybean and spinach. At present many works for the production of edible plant vaccine against bacteria-mediated diseases have mostly performed the studies of enterotoxins and adhesion proteins. Also the development of new-type antigens (pili, flagella, surface protein, other enterotoxin and exotoxin etc.) is required for various targets and more efficacy to immunize against microorganism pathogens. Many works mostly studied in experimental animals had good results, and phase I clinical trial of LTB clearly indicated its immunogenic ability. On the other hand, edible plant vaccines have still problems remained to be solved. In addition to the accumulation of sufficient antigen in plants, human health, environment and agriculture regulation should be proven. Also oral tolerance, the physiological response to food antigens and commensal flora is the induction of a state of specific immunological unresponsiveness, needs to be addressed before plant-derived vaccine becomes a therapeutic option.
한범수 경기연구원 2000 경기논단 Vol.2 No.4
For retaining original form of the natural without damage, it could be best alternative way that forbidding human access to the natural. From the moment of using the world of eco tourism on tourism industry, however, mass tourist could destroy the natural and historical cultural heritage which have had well preserved before. The natural tourism resources could not recover in short term but could destroy in very short term rapidly. Recectly, There has been a growing awareness of the socio-cultural and environmental impacts of tourism on a region, We expect sustainable tourism is capable to maintain a standard of living which we environment as we have in the past. The natural environment rarely escapes damage where large numbers of tourists are found. It is important that recognize eco tourism as a promise between human and the natural for living together harmoniously. The destination where the natural, history and cultural are well preserved harmoniously is ideal tourist destination for pampering. It is necessary that we have more concern to sustainable tourism development due to minimize negative tourism impacts and protect environment of destination and community.