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매체적, 기호적 관점에서 본 사진 -윌리 로니를 중심으로-
강형식 ( Hyung Sik Kang ) 연세대학교 유럽사회문화연구소 2012 유럽사회문화 Vol.9 No.-
En france, au lendemain de la seconde guerre mondiale, se proliferent des photos de la vie quotidienne, de la scene ordinaire qui s`appellent ``humanistes``. Etant photographe de son temps, Willy Ronis en contribue activement l`elaboration. L`enjeu de ce courant de photos est de restituer la confiance de la bonte humaine abimee par la guerre. Les gens de la rue, les curieux, les enfants, les quartiers populaires, la peniche de la riviere, etc, tous sont des etoffes par lesquelles les lecteurs de nos jours peuvent se souvenir de leur vie d`hier et faire reactiver les emotions obliterees au fond de leur memoire. Mais pourtant, comment les inconnus qu`on n`a jamais croises, les rues non-frequentees peuvent inciter les gens a revivre sa jeunesse, a partager les emotions ? Quel en serait le mecanisme entre en jeu? Nous avons regarde la photographie sous l`aspect mediatique et semiologique. Comme l`objet d`analyse, on a choisi les cliches de Willy Ronis, mais la logique pourrait s`appliquer aussi aux autres photographes, et meme aux photos familiales de chacun de nous. D`abord, on a vu les caracteristiques de photographie sur le plan mediatique et ensuite sous l`aspect semiologique. Surtout on a analyse les puissances de photo en point de vue d`acte, non de resultat. La capacite de transmission emotionnelle de la photo des scenes quotidiennes, comme celles de Willy Ronis, ce serait de sa caractere indicielle comme ``trace de reel``(non iconique et symbolique). Et d`ailleurs cette puissance pourrait provenir de l` ``acte d`expantion metonymique`` du spectateur.
대장균에서 재조합 인간 Interleukin 6의 대량생산 및 그 생물학적 활성의 측정
양영,강형식,나우진,이충은,변광호 ( Young Yang,Hyung Sik Kang,Woo Jin Na,Choong Eun Lee,Kwang Ho Pyun ) 생화학분자생물학회 1992 BMB Reports Vol.25 No.2
Human interleukin 6 (hIL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine involved in acute phase and immune response. While a critical role of IL-6 in various immune disorders has been suggested, studies on its detailed functional mechanism are often hampered due to the low natural abundance of this cytokine. Thus, for a large scale production of hIL-6, we have made an attempt to directly express hIL-6 using pET-8c expression plasmid under the control of T7 promoter in Escherichia coli. A cDNA coding for hIL-6 without the signal sequence was amplified using PCR reaction, fused to pET-8c, and transformed into E. coli (λDE3). Upon induction with isopropyl thiogalactoside, recombinant human interleukin 6 (rhIL-6) was overexpressed as a form of inculsion bodies, with its expression level reaching over 30% of total E. coli proteins. The rhIL-6 was isolated from inclusion bodies by solubilization in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride followed by dialysis against 50 mM Tris buffer. A single passage over DEAE-Sepharose faciliated the purification of rhIL-6. The purified rhIL-6 was characterized by nucleotide sequence analysis and bioassays. The biological activity was confirmed by proliferation of B9 cells and immunoglobulin secretion of SAC-blast B cells.
환경부 8일 유량,수질 자료를 이용한 SWAT 자동보정 모듈 개선 및 적용 평가
강현우 ( Hyun Woo Kang ),류지철 ( Ji Chul Ryu ),강형식 ( Hyung Sik Kang ),최재완 ( Jae Wan Choi ),문종필 ( Jong Pil Moon ),최중대 ( Joong Dae Choi ),임경재 ( Kyoung Jae Lim ) 한국물환경학회 2012 한국물환경학회지 Vol.28 No.2
Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model has been widely used in estimation of flow and water quality at various watersheds worldwide, and it has an auto-calibration tool that could calibrate the flow and water quality data automatically from thousands of simulations. However, only continuous measured day flow/water quality data could be used in the current SWAT auto-calibration tool. Therefore, 8-day interval flow and water quality data measured nationwide by Korean Ministry of Environment (MOE) could not be used in SWAT auto-calibration even though long-term flow and water quality data in the Korean Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) watersheds available. In this study, current SWAT auto-calibration was modified to calibrate flow and water quality using 8-day interval flow and water quality data. As a result of this study, the Nash and Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) values for flow estimation using auto-calibration are 0.77 (calibration period) and 0.68 (validation period), and NSE value for water quality (T-P load) estimation (using the 8-day interval water quality data) is 0.80. The enhanced SWAT auto-calibration could be used in the estimation of continuous flow and water quality data at the outlet of TMDL watersheds and ungaged point of watersheds. In the next study, the enhanced SWAT auto-calibration will be integrated with Web based Load Duration Curve (LDC) system, and it could be suggested as methods of appraisal of TMDL in South Korea.
종양이식 생쥐모델에서 도두(刀豆), 우방근(牛蒡根) 추출물의 대장암 억제 효과
장지혜,지건영,최형석,양원경,김한영,김근회,강형식,이영철,김승형,Jang, Ji-Hye,Ji, Kon-Young,Choi, Hyung-Seok,Yang, Won-Kyung,Kim, Han-Young,Kim, Kun-hoae,Kang, Hyung-Sik,Lee, Young-Cheol,Kim, Seung-Hyung 대한본초학회 2017 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.32 No.5
Objective : In the present study, we examined whether Canavalia gladiata D.C. (CG) and Arctium lappa L., Redix (AL) mixture (CGAL), their components, lupeol and chicoric acid, regulate immune system and suppress the tumor in vitro and in vivo. Methods : LPS-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) were measured after treatment with CG extract (CGE), CGAL, lupeol, chicoric acid and lupeol and chicoric acid mixture (lupeol+CA) in Raw264.7 cell. To determine the effect of CGE on immune responses, immune cell population and IgG production were assessed in mice. To investigate the effect of CGAL and their component on anti-tumor activity, tumor volume and weight were measured, cell cycles and immune cell population were analyzed in MC38 injected tumor bearing mice. Also, NK cell activity was determined in splenocyte isolated from tumor bearing mice. Results : CGE, CGAL, lupeol, chicoric acid and lupeol+CA decreased the LPS-induced ROS and NO production without cell toxicity in RAW264.7 cells. CGE increased the immune cell populations of $CD4^+T$, $CD8^+T$ and macrophages in various immune organ of mice. In tumor bearing mice, CGAL, lupeol, chicoric acid and lupeol+CA suppressed tumor volume and weight. In cell cycle analysis, they decreased the percentages of S phase. In addition, CGAL, lupeol, chicoric acid and lupeol+CA immune cell populations of $CD4^+T$, $CD8^+Tcell$, NK cell and macrophage in tumor as well as NK cell activity. Conclusion : CGAL and its compounds may enhance immune responses and suppress tumor growth, and may be capable of developing health functional foods.
미세먼지 유도 기도염증에 대한 배암차즈기 추출물의 호흡기 보호 효과
송형우,지건영,김복규,양원경,한창균,신한재,박양춘,황지숙,강형식,김승형,Song, Hyeongwoo,Ji, Kon Young,Kim, Bok Kyu,Yang, Won Kyung,Han, Chang Kyun,Shin, Han Jae,Park, Yang Chun,Hwang, Ji Sook,Kang, Hyung Sik,Kim, Seung Hyung 한국약용작물학회 2017 한국약용작물학회지 Vol.25 No.5
Background: Small particles increase airway inflammation upon reaching the alveoli. Here, we investigated the protective or therapeutic effects of Salvia plebeia R. Br. (SP_R) extracts on airway inflammation. Methods and Results: To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of SP_R extracts, we measured their inhibitory effect on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) expression of inflammatory mediators, and immune cell infiltration in MH-S alveolar macrophage cells and in the ambient particulate matter (APM)-exposed airway inflammation mice model. The SP_R extracts inhibited the production of ROS and expression of IL-4, IL-10, IL-15, and IL-17A mRNA in APM-stimulated MH-S cells. Oral administration of SP_R extracts suppressed APM-induced inflammatory symptoms, such as high alveolar wall thickness, excess collagen fibers, decreased mRNA expression of chemokines (Ccr9, Ccl5, Ccr3), inflammatory cytokines (IL-15, TNF-${\alpha}$), and IL-4 Th2 cytokine in the lung. The SP_R extracts also inhibited ROS production, granulocyte ($CD11b^+Gr-1^+$) infiltration, IL-17A, TNF-${\alpha}$, macrophage inflammatory protein (Mip-2), and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (Cxcl-1) production in the airway. The specific compounds in the SR-R extracts that mediate the anti-inflammatory effects were identified. Conclusions: In this study, SP_R extracts effectively inhibited airway inflammatory responses, such as ROS production and granulocyte infiltration into the airway, by regulating the expression of chemokines and inflammatory cytokines.
엔진 쿨링팬의 후류 분석을 통한 쉬라우드 스테이터 설계
심헌수(Hunsu Shim),김민수(Minsu Kim),김혜진(Hye-Jin Kim),강형식(Hyung-Sik Kang) 한국자동차공학회 2020 한국자동차공학회 부문종합 학술대회 Vol.2020 No.7
In this study, the performance of an Engine Cooling Fan (ECF) is investigated by unsteady CFD analysis and the flow characteristic around a stator, which connects a motor fixed region and a shroud body, was observed. A velocity vector after a fan blade is variously distributed from the fan hub to the tip and generates large vortex around the stator that was designed at a fixed stagger angle according to the radius direction. These large generated vortex reduces the cooling performance and the system efficiency of the ECF, besides causes increasing an aero-acoustic noise. A cooling fan is a main part in an engine cooling system, but a method was considered that could be increased the cooling performance by the only improvement the stator. A detach angle after the fan blade by unsteady CFD analysis was extracted in the range from the hub to the tip and applied to design as the stagger angle of the stator. A designed stator model by these method was predicted by unsteady CFD analysis and its result was compared with the result of the initial model. According to the results of the initial and improved models, the vortex around the improved model stator was significantly reduced as against the initial model stator’s and the air flow rate with the same cooling fan was increased about 3% through the test.
6가 크롬 처리를 위한 알루미늄 산화물을 함유한 재생 분말 폐기물의 적용
임재우(Jae Woo Lim),김태환(Tae Hwan Kim),강형식(Hyung Sik Kang),김도선(Do Son Kim),김한선(Han Seon Kim),조석희(Seok Hee Cho),양재규(Jae Kyu Yang),장윤영(Yoon Young Chang) 大韓環境工學會 2009 대한환경공학회지 Vol.31 No.3
본 연구에서는 알루미늄 산화물을 함유한 재생 분말 폐기물에 의한 Cr(VI)의 제거특성을 조사하였다. 가공하지 않은 폐기물의 유기물을 제거하기 위해 550℃에서 소성하여 재생 분말 폐기물(RPW)을 준비하였다. 수용액 상에서 Cr(VI)의 흡착 경향에 관한 연구를 위해 회분식 반응장치를 이용하여 pH 변화, 흡착 속도, 등온 흡착 실험을 4가지 다른 이온세기 화학종(NO₃-, CO₃<sup>2-</sup>, SO₄<sup>2-</sup>, PO₄(3-))의 존재 하에서 수행하였다. SO₄<sup>2-</sup>와 PO₄(3-)가 존재할 때는 전체 pH 범위에서 크롬의 흡착이 크게 감소하였다. 반면 NO₃-와 CO₃<sup>2-</sup>에 의한 흡착 방해의 영향은 SO₄<sup>2-</sup>와 PO₄(3-)에 의한 것보다 상대적으로 낮았다. NO₃-와 CO₃<sup>2-</sup>의 존재 하에 Cr(VI) 흡착은 pH 4.5에서 최대로 나타났다. 이온세기 화학종의 농도가 증가함에 따라 Cr(VI)의 흡착은 감소하였다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 할 때 RPW와 Cr(VI) 사이의 흡착은 외부배위권 착물을 통하여 발생되는 것으로 사료된다. RPW에 의한 Cr(VI)의 흡착은 2차 반응으로 잘 표현되었다. Langmuir 등온흡착식을 이용하여 pH 3에서 RPW에 의한 Cr(VI)의 최대 흡착량을 구한결과 NO₃-, CO₃<sup>2-</sup>, SO₄<sup>2-</sup>, PO₄(3-)가 이온세기 화학종으로 있을 때 각각 11.1, 10, 3.33, 5 mg/g으로 얻어졌다. In this research, the removal capacity of Cr(VI) by the reused powdered wastes (RPW) containing aluminium oxides was studied. As a pre-treatment process for the preparation of calcined wastes, calcination was conducted at 550℃ to remove organic fraction in the raw wastes. In order to study the adsorption trend of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solutions, the pH-edge adsorption, adsorption kinetic and adsorption isotherm were investigated using a batch reactor in the presence of four different background electrolytes(NO₃-, CO₃<sup>2-</sup>, SO₄<sup>2-</sup>, PO₄(3-)). Cr(VI) adsorption was greatly reduced in the presence of SO₄<sup>2-</sup> and PO₄(3-) over the entire pH range. Meanwhile the inhibition effect by NO₃- and CO₃<sup>2-</sup> was relatively lower than that by SO₄<sup>2-</sup> and PO₄(3-). Cr(VI) adsorption was maximum around pH 4.5 in the presence of NO₃- and CO₃<sup>2-</sup>. As the concentration of background electrolytes increased, Cr(VI) adsorption decreased. This result mightly suggests that adsorption between the surface of RPW and Cr(VI) occurs through outer-sphere complex. Cr(VI) adsorption onto the RPW was well described by second-order kinetics. From the Langmuir isotherm at initial pH 3, the maximum adsorbed amount of Cr(VI) onto the RPW was 11.1, 10, 3.3, 5 mg/g in the presence of NO₃-, CO₃<sup>2-</sup>, SO₄<sup>2-</sup>, and PO₄(3-), respectively.