김유정 소설의 서사 전략 연구 -그레마스의 기호 사변형을 활용하여-

남궁정 ( Namkung¸ Jung ) 한양대학교 동아시아문화연구소 2022 동아시아 문화연구 Vol.89 No.-

본고는 김유정의 소설 중 금 모티프의 소설과 유사 매음 행위를 보이는 소설에 주목하였다. 이들 소설에는 하나의 대상 내에 포함된 대립적 가치 관계를 두고 인물들이 갈등하는 공통적인 양상이 드러난다. 따라서 본고는 하나의 대상 또는 어떤 개념 내부에서 서로 대립하고 있는 의미 관계의 동적인 작용을 파악하는 데에 유용한 그레마스의 기호 사변형을 활용하여 김유정의 소설들을 분석하고자 하였다. 금 모티프의 소설들은 인물의 내면에서 벌어지는 ‘가질 수 없다’와 ‘가질 수 있다’의 양태성을 지닌 기술적 발화체이므로, 기호학적 분석이 가능하다. 금 모티프의 소설들은 인물들이 ‘S₁: 가질 수 있다’는 목표를 달성하기 위해 ‘비-S₂: 갖지 않을 수 있다’는 선택지에 ‘비-S₁: 갖지 않을 수 없다’는 욕망이 관여하면서 S₁에 무리하게 도달하려는 장면들이 나타난다. 이처럼 김유정은 금 모티프의 소설에서 인간의 물질적 욕망이 결국 인물을 금보다 못한 물질로 전락시켜 버리는 서사 전략을 사용한다. 유사 매음 행위가 등장하는 소설들은 혼인제도가 ‘명령 지시된’과 ‘금지된’ 규칙들의 상호성에서 논의될 수 있다. 이러한 소설에 등장하는 아내들은 ‘S₁: 명령 지시된’ 상태를 지향하지만 궁핍한 처지를 해소하기 위해 ‘비-S₂: 금지되지 않은’에 발을 들이고 남편들의 암묵적인 동의 아래, ‘비-S₁: 명령되지 않은’ 상황에 놓이게 된다. 성을 탐하는 인물들은 비-S₁의 아내들을 ‘S₂: 금지된’ 상황으로 유인하지만 아내들은 ‘S₁: 명령 지시된’ 상태로 회귀하길 희망한다. 이처럼 김유정은 인물의 도덕적 관념이 물질적 가치에 전복되는 서사 전략을 사용한다. 김유정의 소설들은 이처럼 하나의 대상에 대립하는 개념들이 있고, 그 때문에 인물들이 갈등하게 됨을 보여준다. 즉 김유정은 하나의 대상에 대립하는 두 개념이 있음을 알고, 그 간극을 드러내는 서사 전략을 통해 물질적 가치와 윤리적 가치의 전복을 의미심장하게 드러낸다. This study focused on Kim Yu-jeong's short stories with the gold motif and similar acts to prostitution. These short stories are common in that characters have conflicts over confronting value relations inherent in a single object. The study employed Greimas' Semiotic Square Model, which is useful for understanding dynamic action in the confronting semantic relations in a single object or concept. It was possible to analyze the short stories with the gold motif in a semiotic manner since they were the énoncé of the modality between “I can have it” and “I cannot have it” inside the characters. In these short stories, there were scenes in which the characters tried to reach ‘S₁: I can have it’ by force as the desire of ‘non-S₁: I cannot help having it’ got involved in the option of ‘non-S₂: I can let it go.’ In these short stories, the author used a narrative strategy of the characters generating into materials less than gold due to their material desire. The short stories with similar acts to prostitution can be discussed based on the reciprocality of “directed rules” and “prohibited rules” of the marriage system. In these short stories, the wives were oriented toward ‘S₁: directed state,’ but they entered ‘non-S₂: unprohibited’ to solve their poverty issues and were put in the situation of ‘non-S₁: undirected’ under the implicit consent of their husbands. Sex-driven characters lured the wives of non-S₁into the ‘S₂: prohibited situation,’ but the wives hoped to return to the ‘S₁: directed state.’ In these short stories, the author used a narrative strategy of depicting the poverty-stricken reality where the characters' moral ideas were overturned by material values. These findings indicate that Kim's short stories have confronting concepts over a single object and depict resulting conflicts among characters. That is, he knew that there were two confronting concepts over a single object and used narrative strategies of revealing a gap between them, thus depicting material and ethical values in meaningful ways.

Properties of Glucose Isomerase from Arthrobacter sp. L-3

방병호,남궁석,이정윤,윤은숙,이상건,이은숙 서울保健大學 1991 論文集 Vol.11 No.1

Association of polymorphisms in genes encoding IL‐4, IL‐13 and their receptors with atopic dermatitis in a Korean population

Namkung, Jung‐,Hyun,Lee, Jong‐,Eun,Kim, Eugene,Kim, Hyun‐,Je,Seo, Eun‐,Young,Jang, Hye‐,Yoon,Shin, Eun‐,Soon,Cho, Eun‐,Young,Yang, Jun‐,Mo Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2011 Experimental dermatology Vol.20 No.11

<P><B>Abstract: </B> Th2‐dominated immune responses are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). IL‐4 and IL‐13 are typical pleiotropic Th2 cytokines that play a central role in IgE‐dependent inflammatory reactions. Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL‐4 and IL‐13 have been reported in patients with allergic disease from numerous countries. Gene–gene interactions among genes have been identified in patients with asthma, although negative results have been reported. To investigate the associations of SNPs in these genes and the interactions between these genes in AD, we genotyped 23 SNPs of the IL‐4, IL‐13, IL‐4R, IL‐13Rα1 and IL‐13Rα2 genes for 1089 case‐control samples (631 AD patients and 458 controls) and analysed the SNPs and haplotypes in these genes. We also searched for gene–gene interactions among these five genes. Our data identified an association between rs3091307 and rs20541 in the IL‐13 gene and between rs2265753 and rs2254672 in the IL‐13Rα1 gene and the AD phenotype. In particular, three of the four SNPs were especially predictive of the allergic type of AD (ADe), and the haplotype TCGG in the IL‐13Rα1 gene showed significant association with AD, especially ADe. Furthermore, the combination of rs3091307 GG/ rs2265753 GG (IL‐13/IL‐13Rα1) conveyed a significantly higher risk for developing ADe. However, we did not identify any SNPs in the IL‐4, IL‐4R and IL‐13Rα2 genes that were associated with AD. As IL‐13Rα1 is most likely expressed in Th17 cells rather than in Th2 cells, these data suggest diversity in the classification of Th cells that needs to be verified in future studies.</P>

Hint for association of single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotype in SPINK5 gene with atopic dermatitis in Koreans

Namkung, Jung‐,Hyun,Lee, Jong‐,Eun,Kim, Eugene,Byun, Ji‐,Yeon,Kim, Sook,Shin, Eun‐,Soon,Cho, Eun‐,Young,Yang, Jun‐,Mo Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2010 Experimental dermatology Vol.19 No.12

<P><B>Abstract: </B> Clinical studies, including twin studies, support the concept that the risk of atopic dermatitis (AD) may be mediated through skin‐specific genes, rather than simply through systemic immune or atopy risk genes. The SPINK5 gene is expressed on epithelial surfaces and may provide protection against other allergenic serine proteases. Mutations in the SPINK5 gene result in Netherton syndrome, a disorder characterised by AD, ichthyosis, and elevated serum IgE levels. We genotyped 21 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the SPINK5 gene for 1090 case–control samples (631 patients with AD and 459 normal controls) and analysed the SNPs and haplotypes in this gene and also searched for gene–gene interactions between SPINK5 and the DEFB1 gene that we previously reported. Six SNPs [rs17718511 (<I>P </I>= 0.026), rs17860502 (<I>P </I>= 0.024), KN0001820 (<I>P </I>= 0.045), rs60978485 (<I>P </I>= 0.007), rs17718737 (<I>P </I>= 0.02), and rs1422985 (<I>P </I>= 0.038)] and the haplotype TAA (rs60978485, rs6892205, rs2303064; <I>P </I>= 0.023) in the SPINK5 gene showed significant different allelic or genotypic distributions between the AD group and the control group. We also found that four SNPs [rs17718511 (<I>P </I>= 0.033), rs17860502 (<I>P </I>= 0.031), rs60978485 (<I>P </I>= 0.005), rs17718737 (<I>P </I>= 0.023)] and the haplotype TAA (<I>P </I>= 0.02) in the SPINK5 gene showed associations with the susceptibility of the allergic type of AD (ADe). In addition to this finding, we speculate that the SNPs from DEFB1 and SPINK5 affect the individual susceptibility to development of ADe in an additive manner. This study provides evidence for a significant interaction between allergens and the SPINK5 gene that may contribute to ADe susceptibility.</P>

Are Podoplanin Gene Polymorphisms Associated with Atopic Dermatitis in Koreans?

( Jung Hyun Namkung ),( Eugene Kim ),( Yong Doo Park ),( Geontae Park ),( Jun Mo Yang ) 대한피부과학회 2015 Annals of Dermatology Vol.27 No.3

Background: The histologic characteristics of atopic dermati-tis (AD) include perivascular edema and dilated tortuous ves-sels in the papillary dermis. A single nucleotide polymor-phism (SNP) of the fms-related tyrosine kinase 4 (FLT4) gene is associated with AD. Objective: To investigate the associa-tions between podoplanin (PDPN) gene SNPs and AD. Methods: We genotyped 9 SNPs from 5 genes of 1,119 sub-jects (646 AD patients and 473 controls). We determined the promoter activity of 1 SNP (rs355022) by luciferase assay; this SNP was further investigated using 1,133 independent samples (441 AD patients and 692 controls). Results: The rs355022 and rs425187 SNPs and the C-A haplotype in the PDPN gene were significantly associated with intrinsic AD in the initial experiment. The rs355022 SNP significantly af-fected promoter activity in the luciferase assay. However, these results were not replicated in the replication study. Conclusion: Two SNPs and the C-A haplotype in the PDPN gene are significantly associated with intrinsic AD; although, the results were confirmed by luciferase assay, they could not be replicated with independent samples. Nevertheless, fur-ther replication experiments should be performed in future studies. (Ann Dermatol 27(3) 275∼282, 2015)

다매체 환경에서의 문화기호학 기반 서사교육론 연구

남궁정(Namkung Jung) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2019 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.19 No.12

오늘날의 서사 텍스트는 다매체 환경에 접어들며, 그 존재 양상이 급격하게 변화 하고 있다. 문화 내에서 변화무쌍하게 전개되는 오늘날의 서사를 타당하게 이해하고 표현하기 위해서는 다매체 환경 내 서사 텍스트의 특성을 파악하고 활용할 수 있는 문화기호학적 배경이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구는 문화기호학을 기반으로 다매체 환경 내 서사교육의 틀을 마련하는 데 목적이 있다. 다매체 환경 내 서사 텍스트는 일반적인 커뮤니케이션 과정 모델을 따르기 때문에 통합체와 계열체 분석이 가능하다. 통합체 분석은 조합에 의한 결과를 분석하는 것이고 계열체 분석은 상호 대체 가능한 사항들의 집합을 분석하는 것이다. 그렇다면 소설, 만화, 영화, 웹툰, 온라인 게임은 매체의 성격을 지닌 통합체이다. 이러한 통합체를 구성하고 있는 계열체에는 문자, 이미지, 소리, 모션, 인터랙션이 있다. 이러한 분석은 인쇄매체의 서사 텍스트에 치중한 서사교육의 보완점을 제시할 수 있는 초석이 될 수 있다. 변화를 인지하고 능동적으로 변화를 반영하는 시도가 부단히 실현하는 서사교육이 될 때, 비로소 서사교 육은 인간의 삶 속에 또 하나의 문화기호로 자리하게 될 것이다. Today s narrative texts enter the stage of the multimedia environment, thus going through rapid changes in their existence pattern. This study thus set out to establish a framework for narrative education in the multimedia environment based on semiotics of culture. In the multimedia environment, narrative texts follow the model of a general communication model and are thus analyzable in Syntagme and Paradigme. While Syntagme analysis involves the analysis of results based on combinations, Paradigme analysis involves the analysis of sets of mutually replaceable items. Novels, cartoons, movies, webtoons, and online games belong to the category of Syntagme with the character of media. These Syntagmes are comprised of such Paradigmes as text, image, sound, motion, and interaction. These analysis results can provide a foundation to supplement narrative education inclined toward narrative texts of the print media. If people understand the characteristics of narrative texts in the multimedia environment, they will be able to prepare for new multimedia environments and narrative texts in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

白米에 小麥胚芽 强化給食이 白鼠의 營養效果에 미치는 影響

남궁석,정진일,유정자,이성동 高麗大學校 倂設 保健大學 保健科學硏究所 1987 保健科學論集 Vol.15 No.1

This study was designed to observe the nutritional effects of germ, 40head weaned male rats weighing about 100 to 109g were bred for 4 weeks by feeding on diets which each 3%, 6%, 12% and 24% wheat germ to total rice diet weight was added to. The growth rate, the contents of Ht, serum triglyceride, and serum total protein had significant increases in all the groups feeding on diets with 6 to 24% germ, but there were no significant differences in contents of serum total cholesterol and serum glucose of those groups. There was a significant increase in food efficiency ratio only in the group feeding on diets with 24% germ, but there was no significant difference in protein efficiency ratio. A/G ratio was a significant increase in the groups feeding on diets with 3 to 12% germ.

Bibliographic Check list of Korean Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) ver. 2010

NamKung, Joon,Yoo, Jung-Sun,Lee, Sue-Yeon,Lee, Joon-Ho,Paek, Woon-Kee,Kim, Seung-Tae national science museum of korea 2009 Journal of Korean nature Vol.2 No.3

A bibliographic checklist of Korean spiders from the 1956 checklist by Paik and Kim is presented, with a complete bibliography of the relevant Korean araneological literature. For the period of 1907-2009, a total of 507 publications on the spiders were extensively searched and records of taxonomic descriptions were included. Records are listed only from the locations within the present borders of South Korea. A total of 681 species of 258 genera belonging to 46 families were confirmed to exist in Korea. Twenty species, namely Pholcus pojeonensis, Pholcus kwangkyosanensis, Pholcus parkyeonensis, Dysdera crocata, Miagrammopes coreensis, Parasteatoda culicivora, Spheropistha melanosoma, Bathyphantes major, Araneus viperifer, Larinia onoi, Neoscona holmi, Pardosa isago, Pardosa monticola, Trochosa spinipalpis, Anahita samplexa, Cheiracanthium lascivum, Cheiracanthium eutittha, Clubiona japonica, Rhene myunghwani, and Sitticus sinensis, whose distribution or existence within the Korean border were uncertain and did not meet the requirements for valid records were excluded from the present list following critical validation. Sixteen species, namely, Clubiona bakurovi, Clubiona corrugata, Clubiona hummeli, Clubiona komissarovi, Clubiona kulczynskii, Clubiona microsapporensis, Clubiona orientalis, Clubiona paralena, Clubiona propinqua, Clubiona proszynskii, Clubiona sapporensis, Mendoza nobilis, Pseudicius koreanus, Sibianor nigriculus, Sitticus penicilloides, and Yllenus coreanus, which have been described or reported to exist in North Korea were listed separately from the present list. From the zoogeographical distribution, Korean spider fauna was found to be influenced by northern species, including 35 Holarctic and 67 Palearctic species, which account for 14.9% of the total number of species. Korean endemic species include 131 species, which account for 19.2% of the total number. Among neighboring countries, Korean spiders are most similar to those found in Japan. This list (ver. 2010) will be revised periodically after this version.

A Study on Nonresponse Errors in the Internet Survey

Namkung, Pyong,Kim, Min Jung 한국통계학회 2002 Communications for statistical applications and me Vol.9 No.3

The advantage of internet survey compared to the traditional survey methods are speedy in data collection, cost-effective, high performed design and able to data process and analysis at the same time. The other side are difficult to select sample, come from serious nonresponse errors. We suggest the new internet survey method to the questionnaire design that have the high response rate, enough to advanced preparations and system stability.

A multi-country study of the economic burden of dengue fever based on patient-specific field surveys in Burkina Faso, Kenya, and Cambodia

Lee, Jung-Seok,Mogasale, Vittal,Lim, Jacqueline K.,Ly, Sowath,Lee, Kang Sung,Sorn, Sopheak,Andia, Esther,Carabali, Mabel,Namkung, Suk,Lim, Sl-Ki,Ridde, Valé,ry,Njenga, Sammy M.,Yaro, Seydou,Yoon Public Library of Science 2019 PLoS neglected tropical diseases Vol.13 No.2

<▼1><P><B>Background</B></P><P>Dengue fever is a rapidly growing public health problem in many parts of the tropics and sub-tropics in the world. While there are existing studies on the economic burden of dengue fever in some of dengue-endemic countries, cost components are often not standardized, making cross-country comparisons challenging. Furthermore, no such studies have been available in Africa.</P><P><B>Methods/Principal findings</B></P><P>A patient-specific survey questionnaire was developed and applied in Burkina Faso, Kenya, and Cambodia in a standardized format. Multiple interviews were carried out in order to capture the entire cost incurred during the period of dengue illness. Both private (patient’s out-of-pocket) and public (non-private) expenditure were accessed to understand how the economic burden of dengue is distributed between private and non-private payers.</P><P>A substantial number of dengue-confirmed patients were identified in all three countries: 414 in Burkina Faso, 149 in Kenya, and 254 in Cambodia. The average cost of illness for dengue fever was $26 (95% CI $23-$29) and $134 (95% CI $119-$152) per inpatient in Burkina Faso and Cambodia, respectively. In the case of outpatients, the average economic burden per episode was $13 (95% CI $23-$29) in Burkina Faso and $23 (95% CI $19-$28) in Kenya. Compared to Cambodia, public contributions were trivial in Burkina Faso and Kenya, reflecting that a majority of medical costs had to be directly borne by patients in the two countries.</P><P><B>Conclusions/Significance</B></P><P>The cost of illness for dengue fever is significant in the three countries. In particular, the current study sheds light on the potential economic burden of the disease in Burkina Faso and Kenya where existing evidence is sparse in the context of dengue fever, and underscores the need to achieve Universal Health Coverage. Given the availability of the current (CYD-TDV) and second-generation dengue vaccines in the near future, our study outcomes can be used to guide decision makers in setting health policy priorities.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Author summary</B></P><P>Dengue fever is a major public health concern in many parts of South-East Asia and South America. In addition to countries where dengue has been highly prevalent for many years, there is a growing concern on the undocumented burden of dengue in Africa. Following the successful execution of the first-round economic burden study in Vietnam, Thailand, and Colombia by the Dengue Vaccine Initiative, the second-round economic burden study was implemented in Burkina Faso, Kenya and Cambodia using the same standardized methodology. In particular, the second-round study targeted GAVI eligible countries for future vaccine introductions and included two African countries where the burden of dengue was relatively unknown. Our study outcomes show that the economic burden of dengue fever is significant in all three countries. The dengue vaccination era began in 2016 with the first dengue vaccine (CYD-TDV) although its public use should be carefully determined due to the safety concerns related to the vaccine. Considering that there are other second-generation dengue vaccines in development, the current study outcomes provide an important step to estimate the economic benefits of vaccination in the three countries.</P></▼2>