Biotransformation of major ginsenosides in ginsenoside model culture by lactic acid bacteria

Park, Seong-Eun,Na, Chang-Su,Yoo, Seon-A,Seo, Seung-Ho,Son, Hong-Seok The Korean Society of Ginseng 2017 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.41 No.1

Background: Some differences have been reported in the biotransformation of ginsenosides, probably due to the types of materials used such as ginseng, enzymes, and microorganisms. Moreover, most microorganisms used for transforming ginsenosides do not meet food-grade standards. We investigated the statistical conversion rate of major ginsenosides in ginsenosides model culture during fermentation by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to estimate possible pathways. Methods: Ginsenosides standard mix was used as a model culture to facilitate clear identification of the metabolic changes. Changes in eight ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, and Rg2) during fermentation with six strains of LAB were investigated. Results: In most cases, the residual ginsenoside level decreased by 5.9-36.8% compared with the initial ginsenoside level. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Re continuously decreased during fermentation. By contrast, Rd was maintained or slightly increased after 1 d of fermentation. Rg1 and Rg2 reached their lowest values after 1-2 d of fermentation, and then began to increase gradually. The conversion of Rd, Rg1, and Rg2 into smaller deglycosylated forms was more rapid than that of Rd from Rb1, Rb2, and Rc, as well as that of Rg1 and Rg2 from Re during the first 2 d of fermentation with LAB. Conclusion: Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Re continuously decreased, whereas ginsenosides Rd, Rg1, and Rg2 increased after 1-2 d of fermentation. This study may provide new insights into the metabolism of ginsenosides and can clarify the metabolic changes in ginsenosides biotransformed by LAB.

위암세포주에서 Recombinant Human Interferon-r와 Adriamycin의 투여순서가 항암효과에 미치는 영향

홍원선,손영숙,김창민,강윤구,이춘택,김유철,임영혁,남현석,이진오,강태웅 大韓免疫學會 1993 大韓免疫學會誌 Vol.15 No.-

Numerous previous studies, both in vitro and in vivo, have demonstrated that the cytotoxicity can be enhanced by the combination of chemotherapeutic agent and interferons(IFNs) in various types of cancer cells. We have previously reported that combined treatment of MKN-45, human gastric adenocarcinoma cells, with adriamycin(ADM) and recombinant human interferon-r(rh-IFN-r) increased in the cytotoxicity. In this study, the effects of combination timing of rh-IFN-r and ADM on the cytotoxicity against MKN-45 were investigated using MTT assay. MKN-45 was treated with rh-IFN-r and ADM in vitro on three schedules : Treat A ; rh-IFN-r and ADM were treated simultaneously, Treat B ; rh-IFN-r was treated 24 hours after the treatment with ADM, Treat C ; rh-IFN-r was treated for 72 hours and followed by the treatment with ADM. The survival of MKN -45 was inhibited by ADM dose-dependently. 102 and 103U/ml of rh-IFN-r significantly inhibited the survival of MKN-45(% survival : 35.1 ±-1.2% and 34.4 ±1.1% in Treat A and 42.5 ± 2.1% and 45.9-±2.5% in Treat C, respectively). However no difference in the survival was observed between 102 and 103U/ml of rh-IFN-r. Combined treatment with rh-IFN-r and ADM significantly augmented the cytotoxicity at low concentrations of ADM. Combined effects of rh-IFN-r and ADM were evaluated using IC30(,ag/ml) to ADM. IC30s of MKN-45 in Treat A, B and C at 102 U/ml of rh -IFN-r _ were 0.019 -?- 0.003, 0.045 :I:0.001 and 0.054 ± 0.012, respectively, while IC30 of MKN-45 treated with ADM alone was 0.052±0.004. IC30s of MKN-45 in ADM alone group, Treat A, Treat B and Treat C at 103U/ml of rh-IFN-r were 0.047 ±0.003, 0.004 -±0.001, 0.031 ±0.004 and 0.056 0.008, respectively. These results indicate IC30s of Treat A and B were significantly lower than those of ADM alone(p<0.05) and IC30s of Treat A was significantly lower than those of Treat B(p <0.01). IC30s of Treat C, however, were not different from those of ADM alone. From these results demonstrating that cytotoxic effects were increased by the combination of rh-IFN-r and ADM in the order, Treat A > Treat B> Treat C, it can be concluded that the simultaneous administration of rh-IFN-r and ADM may be the most effective method to combine these two therapeutic modalties.

MOSFET의 표면 채널 전도도의 온도특성

박창엽,배선기,손광식 연세대학교 산업기술연구소 1984 논문집 Vol.16 No.1

In this paper, PMOSFET was fabricated by following a standard MOSFET fabrication process and the relation between channel conductivity and temperature was investigated. In order to show this relation, the variation of drain current(??) and gate voltage(??) and threshold voltage (??) with temperature were measured. The experimental results show the transition of conduction mechanism with temperature and the effect of gate electric field on the temperature characteristics of channel conductivity. At lower gate voltage, negative and zero temperature coefficients were appeared at lower temperature range because of the decrement of charge mobility and positive temperature coefficient was appeared at higher temperature range because of the surface state ionization. At higher gate voltage, zero temperature coefficient was appeared because of the equal effect of surface state ionization and mobility decrement on conductivity. In the region where the surface state ionization is dominant mechanism, the value of ?? was typically-13~-18mV/C and the corresponding surface state density was 3.4x??~4.7x?? ?? ?? and the variation of threshold voltage with temperature was -10mV/C.

배양조건이 'Campbell Early' 포도의 기내 및 기외 생장에 미치는 영향

박재혁,손인창,김선규 충북대학교 한국과학재단 지정 첨단원예기술개발 연구센터 2002 연구보고서 Vol.6 No.-

배지내 당농도와 PPF 및 배양조건이 포도 Campbell Early의 기내생장과 순화 및 배지와 수분조건이 기외 생장에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 포도의 기내배양시 배지 내 당농도를 30gL^-1로 하였을 때 신초의 길이와 엽면적이 증가하였고, 15gL^-1와 0gL^-1에서는 신초의 건물중에는 차이가 없었지만, 지하부의 생체중과 건물중은 감소하였다. PPF 100∼200㎛olm^-2s^-1에서 신초의 신장과 지상부의 생체중 및 건물중이 증가하였으며, 뿌리의 생체중과 건물중이 증가하는 경향이었으나 유의성은 없었다. 기내에서 생육한 포도 식물체를 vermiculite, peatmoss, 그리고 perlite+ peatmoss (6:4)로 혼용한 배지에 이식했을 때, 순화 초기에는 신초와 뿌리의 발달이 peatmoss, perlite+ peatmoss 배지에서 증가하였으나, 순화 후기로 갈수록 peatmoss에 심겨진 식물체가 vermiculite와 perlite+ peatmoss(6:4)로 혼용한 배지의 식물체보다 지상부와 지하부의 생육이 저조하였다. perlite+ peatmoss 혼용배지의 식물체는 신초의 길이, 생체중, 그리고 엽수가 가장 많이 증가하였다. Photomixotrophic 조건이 Photomixotrophic이나 heterotrophic에 비해 유묘의 생장, 생체중, 건물중이 높았고, 지하부는 photoautotrophic에 비해 당을 포함한(3%) 처리구에서 생육이 좋았다. Photomixotrophic, photoautotrophic의 처리구에서 엽록소 a, b, a+b의 함량, 생존율, 그리고 생체중과 건물중이 증가하였다. 식물체의 이식 후 생육은 Photomixotrophic 생장한 식물체가 photoautotrophic과 heterotrophic 처리에서 생장한 식물체에 비해 좋았다. 순화 기간 내 식물체의 CO_2 uptake, 기공전도도, 증산율과 Fv/Fm는 증가하였다. Photomixotrophic와 photoautotrophic 처리구에서 생장한 식물체의 잎의 sucrose와 starch 함량이 순화 후 15일까지 증가하였고, 그 후 급격한 증가는 보이지 않고, 소폭으로 감소하거나 증가하였다. 순화를 거친 포도 식물체를 상토, 모래+상토의 배양토에 정식했을 때, FV/Fm은 건조 스트레스를 받는 식물체에서 재관수를 하기까지 일정하게 감소한 반면에 수분공급이 잘 된 처리구에서 Fv/Fm값은 일정하게 유지되었다. 상대수분함량(RWC)은 건조스트레스를 받은 잎에서 감소하였고 재관수 후 약간 회복되었다. 기공의 크기와 수는 건조스트레스를 받은 식물체의 잎이 그렇지 않는 처리에 비해 감소하였고 기공도 닫혀 있었으며, 재관수 실시 후 기공의 수와 크기가 증가하였다. 배지의 함수량은 일반 상토에 비해 상토에 모래를 혼합한 토양이 높았으며, 건조 스트레스를 가했을 경우 모래를 혼합한 상토의 식물체가 잎의 상대수분함량이 높게 나타내었다. Effect of sucrose concentration, PPF, and phototrophic condition on in vitro growth of 'Campbell Early' grape, and the response of in vitro-grown plantlets to various media and water stress was investigated. Shoot growth and leaf area increased in media supplemented with 30gL^-1 sucrose, while fresh and dry weight of root decreased in media with 0 or 15gL^-1 sucrose. Shoot dry weight was not affected by sucrose concentration. PPF of 100 to 200㎛olm^-2s^-1 increased the shoot length and shoot fresh and dry weight, while root fresh and dry weight tended to increase without significant difference. When in vitro-grown plantlets were transplanted to various media, peatmoss and perlite+peatmoss favored the growth early stage of acclimation (to 12days after transplanting), but the growth of plants planted on vermiculite and perlite+peatmoss surpassed that of peatmoss in later stage of acclimation(from 13 to 30 days after transplanting). The highest shoot growth and plant fresh weight, and leaf number were achieved with perlite+peatmoss medium. Plant growth and plant fresh and dry weight were better in photomixotrophic condition than photoautotrophic or heterotrophic condition, while root growth was favored with heterotrophic or photomixotrophic condition. CO_2enrichment increased the chlorophyⅡ content (a, b, a+b), survival rate, and fresh and Dry weight. Ex vitro growth of photomixotrophically grown plantlets was much better than grown under photoautotrophic or heterotrophic condition. CO_2 uptake, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and maximum photochemical efficiency(Fv/Fm) of plants grown under photomixotrophic or photoautotrophic condition were increased during acclimation. Leaf sucrose and starch content of plants grown under photomixotrophic or photoautotrophic condition showed a gradual increase till 15 days of acclimation, then slightly fluctuated with the new leafing. When grape plantlets were planted on new soil after acclimation, the Fv/Fm ratio of water stressed-plantlets showed a gradual decrease till rewatering, while that of well-watered plantlets was constant. Relative water content(RWC) was decreased in water stressed plantlets, and was slowly recovered by rewatering. The size and number of stomata were decreased, and the stomata were closed in water stressed plantlets, and the size and number of stomata were recovered slowly with rewatering. Water content was higher in commercial soil mix+sand than commercial soil mix alone, and leaf RWC was also high in commercial soil mix+sand when water stressed.

정상교하 아동의 두개안면부 성장에 관한 종적 연구

양규호,박창헌,손정수,김낙현,최남기,김선미,김기백,신혜성 大韓小兒齒科學會 2009 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.36 No.3

혼합치열기 정상교합 아동 24명(남:14명 여:10명 초진 시 평균 나이 9±1.3세, 평균 관찰 기간: 13±1.3개월)에 대한 성장량을 측정하여 기능적 교정장치의 순수 치료효과를 평가하는데 도움이 되기 위해 3회(5~8개월 간격) 촬영한 측모 두부 방사선 규격 사진에 대한 분석 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 남아는 상악골은 전하방, 하악골은 전방성장하였고, 여아는 상하악골이 전하방 성장하였다(p<0.05). 2. 상하악골의 남녀간 차이에서 수평적 성장상태는 여아가 컸고(A point 여아: 2.39mm, 남아: 1.26mm, p<0.05), 수직적 성장상태는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 3. 상악 전치의 치축은 두개저에 대해서 순측 경사하였고(p<0.01) 하악 전치의 치축은 큰 변화가 없었다. The purpose of this study was to provide the reference data evaluating the treatment effect of orthopedic appliances. The skeletal and dental growth increments were measured in 24 normal mixed dentition children(boys: 14, girls: 10) by three serial lateral cephalograms: initial mean age: 9±1.3 years, mean observation period: 13±1.3 months, Cephalometric changes were analysed. The results were as follows: 1. In boys, the maxilla showed forward and downward growth pattern and the mandible showed forward growth pattern(p<0.05). In girls, the maxilla and mandible showed forward and downward growth pattern(p<0.05). 2. Horizontal growth of both maxilla and mandible in girls was superior to those in boys(A point: girls: 2.39mm, boys: 1.26mm, with p<0.05), whereas vertical growth of both maxilla and mandible in boys was similar to those in girls. 3. The change in tooth axis showed labioversion of upper incisor(p<0.01) and comparatively stable lower incisor position.

과수 조류피해 방지에 관한 연구

김영호,윤철구,임상철,손인창,박재혁,김동환,김선규 충북대학교 한국과학재단 지정 첨단원예기술개발 연구센터 2002 연구보고서 Vol.6 No.-

새로운 저비용 고효율 조류 피해 방지법의 개발을 위한 기초자료를 얻기 위하여, 현재 사과, 배 과수원에서 사용되고 있는 조류피해 방지 방법들의 정확한 효과를 서로 비교 검토하고, 아울러 충북지역 과수 재배 농가들을 대상으로 유해조류에 의한 피해 실태와 경제성 있는 조류 피해방지 방법에 대한 설문조사를 병행 실시한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 조류피해는 방조망 설치에 의해서만 완전히 방지할 수 있었으며, 조류 피해율별 손익계산 결과를 참고하여 이익이 있을 때는 표준방조망을 설치하고, 그렇지 않을 경우에는 설치비가 저렴하며 농가에서 간단히 시공할 수 있는 간이방조망 설치가 더 경제적인 것으로 판단되었다. 도내 과수 농가의 조류피해는 지역 간에 큰 차이가 있었으며, 음향적 방제인 버드가드와 보호봉지인 망사봉지에 의한 방제가 가장 효과적이었다. 그러나 버드가드는 높은 설치비용이 문제되므로, 퇴치 효과가 비슷하거나 더 우수하면서 저렴한 한국식 음향 기구를 개발할 필요가 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 보호봉지인 UV 봉지와 플라스틱 보호캡 및 망사봉지 처리는 품종에 관계없이 피해를 현저하게 감소시켰으나, 과실의 착색 등 품질에 미치는 영향에 대해서 추가적인 연구와 검토가 필요한 것으로 생각되었다. To obtain basic data for low cost-high efficiency control methods for bird damage, the available control methods currently in use mostly in Chungbuk Province were tested on site, and the control efficiency was compared. Also, a comprehensive survey of actual bird damage and the control methods on model apple and pear growers in Chungbuk Province was conducted. The results are summarized as follows. The perfect control for bird damage was possible only through bird net, it was recommended that profit-and loss account must be considered before installing bird net, and when the 'standard bird net' does not come up to break-even point, more economic and convenient 'simplified bird net' should be a alternative. Actual extent of bird damage varied according to the locality, and imported acoustic apparatus BirdGard^R, development of our own system with superior or same quality and reasonable price is necessary. Fruit bags such as UV bags, plastic protective caps, and net bags were highly effective for bird damage control, irrespective of fruit species and cultivar, but further study to resolve some problems such as poor coloration caused by bagging is necessary.

2017년 여성가족패널조사

주재선(Jae-seon Joo),김영란(Young-ran Kim),송치선(Chi-seon Song),한진영(Jin-Young Han),송창균(Chang-kyoon Son),차지영(Chi-young Cha),이진숙(Jin-sook Lee),임연규(Yeon-gyu Lim) 한국여성정책연구원(구 한국여성개발원) 2017 한국여성정책연구원 연구보고서 Vol.2017 No.-

Changes in demographic and family structures that Korean society faces have a great impact not only on women’s lives but also on the lives of all members of the society. As these changes, epitomized by “low fertility and aging society”, are taking place rapidly, understanding these changes is a prerequisite for establishing various policies, including family or welfare policies. In particular, such changes are closely interrelated with diverse areas of lives. Therefore, it is necessary to understand in sustainable and accurate manners women’s economic activity, decision-making methods and relationships in the family, social and cultural awareness and practices. This will enable the government to formulate and provide more proper policies. Data on women’s overall lives should be built in the form of longitudinal survey according to their life cycles rather than cross-sectional survey in order to identify exactly the effects and characteristics of women’s policies. Because cross-sectional surveys cannot control the unobservable heterogeneity of changes in women’s lives, they cannot accurately estimate the impact of the variables of interest and thus have limitations when establishing and assessing women’s policies. The Korean Women’s Development Institute (KWDI) has conducted the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women & Families (KLoWF) since 2006. The KLoWF is a national panel survey to capture changes in women’s lives, family structure, and jobs in order to accurately identify women’s characteristics and build a related database. Longitudinal survey data on changes in women’s lives have already been built partially in the Korean Labor & Income Panel Survey and other surveys, but most of these surveys are limited in performing a meaningful analysis of women’s sub-groups because they either failed to consider gender characteristics or lacked the number of women’s cases. Furthermore, the surveys have difficulty providing multi-faceted and comprehensive information on changes in women’s lives because they are not equipped with optimized survey tools to analyze women’s complicated lives. The Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women & Families has been conducted to overcome the limitations of previous longitudinal surveys. The KLoWF is designed to attain the following goals. The first goal is to identify the actual conditions of women’s increased economic activity and family-work reconciliation. The second goal is to examine empirically the living world of women and to predict the present and the future of families in Korean society. The third goal is to provide rudimentary data throughout the overall process of policy-making on women and families by tracking a broad range of changes in important current social issues of Korean society, including low fertility, aging, child care, work-family reconciliation, and family-friendly social environment. Beginning its first-wave survey of 9,997 women between full ages 19 and 64 in 9,068 households in 2007, the KLoWF conducted its second-wave survey in 2008, the third-wave survey in 2010, the fourth-wave survey in 2012, fifth?wave survey in 2014, and completed the sixth-wave survey as of 2017. Also, by adding a new panel of 2,049 households in the sixth-wave survey, the KLoWF secured cross-sectional representation of the panel and prepared for panel retention and management for the coming decade as well. Based on its necessity, the 2017 research was conducted to achieve policy goals and promote the usage of research. Main contents of the research include: first, it completed an actual inspection of the sixth-wave main survey (second round) and additional surveys, and analyzed basic characteristics of the sixth-wave panel. Second, it carried out various in-depth studies to develop women’s policies by holding academic symposiums for experts regarding the first- to sixth-wave survey data. 제1부 여성가족패널 개관 1. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 ○ ‘저출산·고령사회’로 요약되는 이 변화는 여성의 경제활동참가에 대한 요구가 증대되고 빠른 가족구조의 변화로 인해 가족정책 혹은 복지정책 등 다양한 정책 수립 시 이에 대한 이해를 필요로 함. 더욱이 여성정책의 주요 이슈는 여성의 다양한 삶의 영역에서 상호 밀접한 연관성을 가지고 나타남에 따라, 여성의 경제활동과 관련된 문제는 노동시장 관련 요인들뿐만이 아니라 가족구조, 가족 내 의사결정 구조 및 관계, 사회 및 문화적인 의식과 관습 등 노동시장 밖의 요인의 변화 등을 함께 고려해야 함. ○ 한국여성정책연구원은 이러한 여성의 특성을 정확히 파악하고 구축하기 위해 2006년부터 여성의 삶과 가족의 구조, 일자리 등의 변화실태를 파악하는 전국 규모의 패널조사인 ‘여성가족패널조사(KLoWF: Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women & Families)’를 실시하고 있음. 여성가족패널조사는 2007년도에 전국 9,068가구 내 만 19세부터 만 64세 여성 9,997명을 표본으로 시작하여 2017년 6차 웨이브 조사를 완료함. 또한 6차 웨이브 조사는 신규패널 2,049가구를 추가함으로써 횡단면 대표성 확보와 더불어 향후 10년간의 패널 유지 및 관리를 대비함. ○ 2017년 연구는 정책적 목적과 연구적 활용도를 제고하고자 다음과 같은 내용으로 구성함. 첫째, 6차 웨이브 본조사(2차)와 부가조사의 실사를 완료하고 6차 웨이브 패널의 기초특성을 분석하며, 둘째 1∼6차 웨이브 패널에 대해 전문가를 대상으로 학술심포지움을 개최하여 여성정책개발을 위한 다양한 심층연구를 실시함. 그리고 셋째, 패널의 대표성과 품질향상을 위해 패널추가를 실시하고, 넷째, 패널관리와 7차 웨이브 조사를 위해 중간 필드워크(interim fieldwork) 조사를 실시함. 다섯째, 사용자 중심의 편리성을 강화하기 위해 1∼6차 웨이브 데이터 구조를 통일하고 다양한 데이터 셋(data set)을 형성하며, 여섯째, 여성가족패널조사의 특성을 홍보하기 위해 여성가족브리프를 발간(연 2회)하고 국·영문 홈페이지 관리, 패널포럼 개최 등 주요 사업을 실시함. 2. 연구내용 및 방법 ○ 첫째, 6차 웨이브 본조사를 완료함. 6차 웨이브 조사는 9,606가구의 여성 적격가구원 12,285명과 6차 웨이브 조사 분가가구 및 분가가구의 적격가구원을 대상으로 조사함. ○ 둘째, 1∼6차 웨이브 조사 자료를 국내외 전문가를 대상으로 공개하고 2017년 여성가족패널조사 학술심포지움을 개최함. 2017년 학술심포지움은 한국사회학회와 공동으로 주최하여 개최되었으며, 여성가족패널조사의 품질 진단과 정책적 활용 방안을 모색하기 위해 추진됨. ○ 셋째, 6차 웨이브 조사결과에 대한 기초분석을 실시함. ○ 넷째, 1∼6차 웨이브 자료를 이용하여 심층연구를 실시함. 심층연구는 최근 이슈를 여성가족패널조사로 분석하여 정책적 함의를 이끌어 냄. ○ 다섯째, 패널의 피로도 증가로 인해 원표본의 이탈이 높아짐에 따라, 표본의 대표성을 강화하고 향후 10년 조사를 대비하기 위해 패널 보완을 실시함. ○ 여섯째, 표본추가에 따른 모수추정 및 가중치 부여 방안을 연구함. ○ 마지막으로 국문 및 영문 홈페이지의 개선, 각종 지침서 영문화, 여성가족패널 브리프 발간, 여성가족패널포럼 운영 등을 통해 여성가족패널의 이용자에게 다양한 정보와 편의성을 제공하고 연구자의 패널 분석 역량을 강화함. 3. 2017년도 연구추진 개요 □ 2017년 연구추진 현황 ○ 2017년 여성가족패널조사 워크숍 개최 ○ 성과보고회 및 착수보고회 개최 ○ 6차 웨이브 본조사 및 신규추가표본 조사 완료 ○ 6차 웨이브 본조사 및 신규추가표본 조사 데이터 클리닝 실시 ○ 사용자 중심의 데이터 셋 구성 및 1∼6차 웨이브 데이터 구조 일치 작업 ○ 2017년 여성가족패널조사 중간보고회 개최 ○ 패널포럼 개최 ○ 여성가족패널 브리프 발간 ○ 국문 및 영문 홈페이지 리뉴얼 및 운영 ○ 2017년 여성가족패널조사 방법론 교육 워크숍 개최 ○ 2017년 중간 필드워크 ○ 2017년 통계청 정기 품질진단 수행 ○ 2017년 여성가족패널조사 학술심포지움 개최

Bloodstream Infections and Clinical Significance of Healthcare-associated Bacteremia: A Multicenter Surveillance Study in Korean Hospitals

Son, Jun Seong,Song, Jae-Hoon,Ko, Kwan Soo,Yeom, Joon Sup,Ki, Hyun Kyun,Kim, Shin-Woo,Chang, Hyun-Ha,Ryu, Seong Yeol,Kim, Yeon-Sook,Jung, Sook-In,Shin, Sang Yop,Oh, Hee Bok,Lee, Yeong Seon,Chung, Doo The Korean Academy of Medical Sciences 2010 JOURNAL OF KOREAN MEDICAL SCIENCE Vol.25 No.7

<P>Recent changes in healthcare systems have changed the epidemiologic paradigms in many infectious fields including bloodstream infection (BSI). We compared clinical characteristics of community-acquired (CA), hospital-acquired (HA), and healthcare-associated (HCA) BSI. We performed a prospective nationwide multicenter surveillance study from 9 university hospitals in Korea. Total 1,605 blood isolates were collected from 2006 to 2007, and 1,144 isolates were considered true pathogens. HA-BSI accounted for 48.8%, CA-BSI for 33.2%, and HCA-BSI for 18.0%. HA-BSI and HCA-BSI were more likely to have severe comorbidities. <I>Escherichia coli</I> was the most common isolate in CA-BSI (47.1%) and HCA-BSI (27.2%). In contrast, <I>Staphylococcus aureus</I> (15.2%), coagulase-negative <I>Staphylococcus</I> (15.1%) were the common isolates in HA-BSI. The rate of appropriate empiric antimicrobial therapy was the highest in CA-BSI (89.0%) followed by HCA-BSI (76.4%), and HA-BSI (75.0%). The 30-day mortality rate was the highest in HA-BSI (23.0%) followed by HCA-BSI (18.4%), and CA-BSI (10.2%). High Pitt score and inappropriate empirical antibiotic therapy were the independent risk factors for mortality by multivariate analysis. In conclusion, the present data suggest that clinical features, outcome, and microbiologic features of causative pathogens vary by origin of BSI. Especially, HCA-BSI shows unique clinical characteristics, which should be considered a distinct category for more appropriate antibiotic treatment.</P>

익수영진고가미방의 지황박, 복령피 배합과 발효에 따른 제제가 면역활성에 미치는 영향

이유미,김왕인,최동희,김미래,문양선,김지은,윤대환,손홍석,나창수,Lee, Yu-Mi,Kim, Wang-In,Choi, Dong-Hee,Kim, Mi-Rae,Moon, Yang-Seon,Kim, Ji-Eun,Youn, Dae-Hwan,Son, Hong-Seok,Na, Chang-Su 대한한의학방제학회 2018 大韓韓醫學方劑學會誌 Vol.26 No.1

Objectives : This study was carried out to enhance the activity of Iksuyoungjingo, which has the tonify Qi, nourish Yin effect of oriental medicine, and to study the effect of the prescriptions on the immunological activities. Methods : Immunosuppression was induced by methotrexate (MTX) 2 mg / kg, the experimental group was divided into IYGgami-I, IYGgami-I-F, IYGgami-II and IYGgami-II-F groups. Each prescription was administered with drinking water for 20 days, and body weight was measured every 5 days during this period. Leukocyte, $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-2, IL-6, IgE, spleen weight and body weight were measured Results : In the changes of $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-2 and IL-6 as pro-inflammatory elements, all of the experimental groups showed a significant increase compared to the control group. In the IgE changes, the IYGgami-I-F, IYGgami-II and IYGgami-II-F groups showed a significant decrease compared to the control group. In the changes of spleen weight, the IYGgami-II-F group showed a significant increase compared to the control group. In the changes of WBC and lymphocytes, the IYGgami-I-F group showed a significant increase compared to the control group. Conclusions : From the above results, it can be observed that the efficacy against immunity is exerted in all of the preparations, and it was confirmed that the efficacy was maintained constant even when utilizing the Rehmannia glutinosa Residue and Poria cocos Bark, and that a more beneficial effect can be exerted in the effectiveness when the fermentation is carried out.

처의 성적 자기결정권 보호 : 부부강간죄의 성립여부에 관한 고찰

장영민,손지선 梨花女子大學校 法學硏究所 2001 法學論集 Vol.6 No.1

The problem of marital rape is one of the contral issues of protection of woman's right by the criminal law. There are no explicit provisions in the korean criminal law against marital rape. On this reason, it is needed to deploy the means of protecting married woman's sexual autonomy. The purpose of establishing the regulation against marital rape is protection of woman's sexual automy and sexual autonomy should be conceived of as one of the basic human rights and the rights of pursuing happiness. It took a long time for us to recognize wife's right of sexual automony and to reach a consensus to accuse the husband of rape when wife's right is iufringed by him. The reason why it took so long a time is as follows. The first is the patriarchally distorted way of thinking about marriage and sexuality. Second is that common consciousness of law has been effected in conceiving vilolent sexual intercourse in conjugal relation as cirme because, it was thought, marriage premises the sexual relations. The concept of 'charateristics of conjugal relations', that is suggested as the basis for not recognizing marital rape as a crime, is so changeable and unclear according to the time and culture. Today sexuality means not keeping one's sexuality passively from any intrusion, but freely dertermining it positively. Because it is the same as to a married woman, husband doesn't have a right to demand a violent sexual intercourse with his wife. The criminal law and the related laws regulating sexual and domestic violence provide a procedure of dealing the criminals in the Family Court, not in the Criminal Court, By that procedure it is possible to take special measure towards crimianals on the consideration of the special characteristics of crimes occurred in domestic relationships.