총경동맥 폐쇄시간에 따르는 국소 뇌혈류 변화 : 실험적 연구 An Experimental Cat Model

강준기,성태경,조병일,백민우,김문찬,허춘웅,하영수,송진언 대한신경외과학회 1983 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.12 No.3

The microvasculature of the brain is also quite susceptible to ischemic insult, and substantial portions of the brain are not reperfused after restoration of the blood supply following overtime of critical ischemic periods. The purpose of this series of experiments was to determine the effects of ischemia on subsequential regional cerebral blood flow measurements and cortical electric activities following reperfusion after ischemia and also to define the proper time of vascular occlusion without irreversible neural damage. Cerebral ischemia was induced in cat by bilateral common carotid occlusions for periods of 10, 30, to 60 minutes, and the blood supply was reperfused for 3 hours after clamp-off. Regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF) was measured by hydrogen clearance technique following ischemia, restoration of blood supply and electroencephalogram recovery could be predicted according to the rCBF. Forty adult cats weighing 2.7 to 4.0㎏ were used in this study. The animals were divided into 4 groups of 10 cats each : normal control, 10 min-clamped, 30 min-clamped, and 60 min-clamped groups. The results obtained were as follows : 1) The mean rCBF was 24.6±7.0㎖/100g/min in control group. 2) Bilateral carotid occlusions resulted in a reduction of the rCBF(12.4±4.1㎖/100g/min) to 50% of control flow on both hemispheres. 3) Sequential changes of the rCBF after reperfusion : (1) There was restored the rCBF(21.3±5.1㎖/100g/min) to control flow in the 10 minutes-clamped group. (2) There was a 85% recovery of control flow in the 30 minutes-clamped group. (3) There was a only 25% recovery of control flow in the 60 minutes-clamped group. 4) A close correlation was found between cortical electrical activity and rCBF suggesting a threshold relationship. (1) The changes of cortical electric activity began to notice at rCBF less than 17.4±4.7㎖/100g/min. (2) The recovery of cortical electric activity noted at rCBF more than 10.2±2.3㎖/100g/min. 5) There was no evidence of ischemic involvement at the cortex, white matter and basal ganglia in the 10 minutes clamped group, but demonstrated a dense wedge shaped infarct at the cortex and uncus herniation in the 60 minutes clamped group. The rCBF and cortical electric activity restored to normal values in reperfusion within 10 minutes after occlusion of both common carotid arteries.

Involvement of serine phosphorylation of spinal cord NR-2B subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor following electroacupuncture stimulation

Kang Byeol-Rim,Choi Byung-Tae,Yoon Hyun-Min,Min Young-Kwang,Ahn Chang-Beohm 대한침구의학회 2007 대한침구의학회지 Vol.24 No.2

Objective : This study was to examine the low frequency EA is associated with NMDAR and phosphorylation of NMDAR NR-2B subunits in the spinal cordMethods : We investigated that only those rats without overt signs of spinal cord or root damage such as paralysis or lameness were used for experimentation. The NMDA antagonist, D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid dissolved in sterile saline and injected intrathecally. Two stainless-steel needles were inserted in each hind leg at those acupoints corresponding to Zusanli(S36) and Sanyinjiao(Sp6) in man and wereconnected to an electric stimulator The EA wit 2 ㎐ stimulation started immediately after AP-5 injection for 30 min. Results : EA analgesia was slightly reduced by intrathecal injection of NMDAR antagonist AP-5, but analgesic effects of EA still showed at 60 minutes after termination of stimulation in all EA-treated group. In the Western blot analysis, the levels of NMDAR NR-2B and phospho-NR-2B were slightly induced by EA stimulation in the spinal cord. These expressions were significantly inhibited by spinal blockage of AP-5. As for regional reaction of NMDAR NR-2B and phospho-NR-2B, immunoreactions were observed throughout all laminae of the dorsal horn of spinal cord and weaker ones showed in the neck region. The mean IOD of phospho-NR-2B in the superficial laminae and nucleus proprius of EA-treated rats were significantly increased compared with normal ones, these expressions were decreased in EA-treated with AP-5 groupsConclusion : It is concluded that EA stimulation may be involved NMDAR activation through phosphorylation of spinal NMDAR NR-2B subunit. 목적 : 저주파에 해당하는 2 Hz 전침 자극이 척수 N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)의 NR-2B subunit의 발현 및 인산화에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 방법 : Sprague-Dawley계 흰쥐를 Størkson 등의 방법에 의해 척수막의 지주막하강에 catheter를 삽입하는 수술을 행한 후 마비 등의 척수 손상을 나타내지 않는 개체를 대상으로 하였다. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist인 D-2-amino-5- phosphonopentanoic acid (AP-5)를 투여한 후 족삼리와 삼음교에 해당하는 부위에 30분간 전침 자극하였다. 무통각 여부는 hot plate test를 시행하였으며 NMDAR NR-2 subunit 발현과 인산화 여부는 Western blot과 면역조직화학적으로 살펴보았다. 결과 : 전침 무통각은 전침 자극 후 180분 후까지 지속되었으며 NMDA antagonist인 AP-5를 투여하였을 때 전침 무통각이 저하되었으나 유의성은 나타내지 않았다. Western blot 분석으로 보아 NMDAR NR-2B 및 인산화 NR-2B의 발현은 전침자극에 의해 미약한 증가를 보이나 AP-5투여에 의해 현저한 저해를 보였다. 면역조직화학에 의한 척수배각 구역별 발현을 보면 NMDAR NR-2B 및 인산화 NR-2B는 전 배각에 걸쳐 관찰되나 경부 (층판 Ⅴ-Ⅵ)에서 약한 반응을 보였다. 전침 자극에 의한 각 군별 NR-2B 발현은 유의한 차이를 보여 주지 않았으나 인산화 NR-2B는 천층 (층판 Ⅰ-Ⅱ)및 고유핵 (층판 Ⅲ-Ⅳ)에서 유의성 있는 증가를 보였다. 전침 자극시 AP-5 투여는 유의성은 보이지 않았으나 인산화 NR-2B발현을 저해하였다. 결론 : 저주파 2 Hz 전침에 의한 무통각은 NMDA antagonist인 AP-5 투여에 의해 저해될 뿐아니라 NMDAR NR-2B subunit의 인산화를 저해하는 것으로 보아 전침 무통각의 과정에 NMDAR 및 NMDAR NR-2B의 인산화가 관여함을 알 수 있다.

생식용 굴(Crassostrea gigas) 작업장의 위생안전성에 대한 모니터링

강경태 ( Kyung Tae Kang ),박선영 ( Sun Young Park ),최종덕 ( Jong-duck Choi ),김민주 ( Min Joo Kim ),허민수 ( Min Soo Heu ),김진수 ( Jin-soo Kim ) 한국수산과학회 2017 한국수산과학회지 Vol.50 No.2

This study assessed the safety of raw oysters (Crassostrea gigas) for consumption during processing in a processing plant. Bacterial contamination (e.g., viable cell counts, coliform groups, and pathogenic bacteria) and chemical contamination (e.g., heavy metals and shellfish toxins) were measured on raw oysters, a processing equipment, employees, and work areas. No total mercury, lead, paralytic shellfish poison, diarrheic shellfish poison, or norovirus was detected in any post-harvested oyster samples. However, the cadmium level ranged from 0.1-0.2 mg/kg. The viable cell count and Escherichia coli and coliform group levels in post-harvested oysters ranged from 4.00-4.54 log CFU/g, ND-210 MPN/100 g, and 110-410 MPN/100 g, respectively. The viable contaminating cell counts on employees, equipment, and work areas were in the range of 0.90-3.46 log CFU/100 cm². Airborne bacteria in the work areas ranged from 0.60 to 1.81 log CFU/plate/15 min. Thus, no significant health risks were detected in the processing plant.

굴 스파게티 소스의 개발

강경태(Kyung Tae Kang),허민수(Min Soo Heu),김진수(Jin-Soo Kim) 한국식품영양과학회 2007 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.36 No.1

굴을 보다 효율적으로 이용하고자 신세대 기호에 맞는 굴 스파게티 소스의 제조를 시도하였다. 유기산, 색조, 점도 및 관능검사의 결과로 미루어 보아 스파게티 소스의 굴 최적 첨가량은 11%로 판단되었고, 저장성 부여를 위한 최적 F? value는 4분이라고 판단되었다. 최적조건에서 제조한 굴 스파게티 소스의 수분, 단백질, 지방 및 회분은 각각 71.2%, 2.8%, 6.9% 및 3.2%이었다. 굴 스파게티 소스의 관능검사결과 향과 조직감의 경우 시판 스파게티 소스보다 좋았으며, 색의 경우 차이가 없었다. 굴 스파게티 소스의 총 아미노산 함량은 2,532.2 ㎎/100 g이었고 주요 아미노산으로는 glutamic acid, aspartic acid 및 phenylalanine 등이었다. 굴 스파게티 소스는 칼슘/인의 비율이 1.88로 칼슘이 흡수되기 좋은 비율로 구성되었다. 유리아미노산 함량은 시판 스파게티소스(1,165.5 ㎎/100 g)가 굴 스파게티 소스(1,040.2 ㎎/100 g)에 비하여 높았고, taste value 또한 시판 스파게티 소스(189.35)가 굴 스파게티 소스(151.26)보다 높았다. Taste value의 결과로 미루어 보아 맛에 관여하는 주 아미노산은 aspartic acid와 glutamic acid로 판단되었다. The study was carried out to prepare spaghetti sauce with oyster (SSO) and the food components character-istics of the SSO were also compared to those of commercial spaghetti sauces (CSS). The optimal addition ratio of oyster for preparing SSO was 11% based on 100 g of SSO according to the results of organic acid content, Hunter color value, viscosity, and sensory evaluation. The reasonable F? value for the keeping storage of SSO was about 4 min. The proximate composition of SSO prepared under the optimal processing condition was 71.2% moisture, 2.8% protein, 6.9% crude lipid, and 3.2% crude ash. The results of sensory evaluation suggested that the quality of SSO was superior to that of CSS. However, there was no significant difference (p<0.05) in sensory evaluation on color between CSS and SSO. The total amino acid content (2,532.2 ㎎/100 g) of SSO was higher than that of CCS (2,305.7 ㎎/100 g). The contents of calcium and phosphorus of SSO were 25.7 ㎎/100 g and 48.7 ㎎/100 g, respectively. The calcium content/phosphorus content showed a suitable ratio for absorbing calcium. The total free amino content and the taste value were 1,040.2 mg/100 g and 151.26, respectively. The major taste?active amino acids were glutamic acid and aspartic acid.

수확 후 산채류의 미생물 제어를 위한 이산화염소수와 유기산 및 Blanching 병합 처리

강지훈(Ji Hoon Kang),박신민(Shin Min Park),김현규(Hyun Gyu Kim),손현정(Hyun Jung Son),이가연(Ka Yeon Lee),강길남(Kil-Nam Kang),박종태(Jong Tae Park),송경빈(Kyung Bin Song) 한국식품영양과학회 2016 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.45 No.2

수확 후 산채류의 미생물학적 안전성을 확보하기 위해 선정된 산채류인 취나물과 곤드레에 이산화염소수와 유기산 용액 병합 처리 및 이산화염소수, 유기산 용액, blanching 병합처리 후 미생물 제어 효과를 비교 분석하였다. 50 ppm 이산화염소수와 0.5% citric acid 용액의 병합 처리는 취나물과 곤드레의 총 호기성 세균 수를 2.80~3.64 log CFU/g, 효모 및 곰팡이 수는 2.02~2.67 log CFU/g 감소시켰다. 50 ppm이산화염소수와 0.5% fumaric acid 용액의 병합 처리 후 총 호기성 세균 수는 대조구와 비교하여 3.62~3.82 log CFU/g 감소하였으며, 효모 및 곰팡이의 경우에는 2.47~3.02 log CFU/g 만큼 감소하여 이산화염소수와 citric acid 용액의 병합 처리보다 fumaric acid 용액과의 병합 처리가 더 효과적인 병합 처리 조건이라고 생각된다. 이산화염소수와 fumaric acid 병합 처리 후 blanching 처리된 취나물의 총 호기성 세균 수는 대조구보다 5.12 log CFU/g 더 낮게 검출되었으며, 효모 및 곰팡이는 검출되지 않았다. 곤드레의 경우에도 효모 및 곰팡이는 검출되지 않았으며, 총 호기성 세균 수는 대조구와 비교하여 4.59 log CFU/ g 감소하였다. 따라서 본 연구 결과 이산화염소수와 유기산 용액 전처리 후 blanching 병합 처리가 산채류의 미생물학적 안전성을 확보하는 가장 효과적인 방법이라고 판단된다. To improve the microbiological safety of wild vegetables after harvest, Aster scaber and Cirsium setidens Nakai were treated with combinations of 50 ppm aqueous chlorine dioxide (ClO₂)/0.5% citric acid or fumaric acid, and 50 ppm ClO₂/0.5% fumaric acid/blanching at 90°C for 2 min. Combined treatment of 50 ppm ClO₂ and 0.5% citric acid reduced populations of total aerobic bacteria, yeast, and molds in Aster scaber and Cirsium setidens Nakai by 2.80∼3.64 and 2.02∼2.67 log CFU/g, respectively, compared to those of the control. Combined treatment of 50 ppm ClO₂ and 0.5% fumaric acid reduced total aerobic bacteria, yeast and molds populations by 3.62∼3.82 and 2.47∼3.02 log CFU/g, respectively. Based on the results, combined treatment of ClO₂ and fumaric acid was more effective in controlling microorganisms in the wild vegetables than either ClO₂ or citric acid. In addition, combined treatment of ClO₂/fumaric acid/blanching reduced the populations of total aerobic bacteria by 4.59∼5.12 log CFU/g, and populations of yeast and molds were not detected by treatment. These results suggest that combined treatment of ClO₂/fumaric acid/blanching is the most effective method for improving microbiological safety of wild vegetables after harvest.

단신 : 실리콘의 염소화반응에 의한 사염화규소 제조

박균영 ( Kyun Young Park ),이미선 ( Mi Sun Lee ),김민철 ( Min Cheol Kim ),이찬희 ( Chan Hee Lee ),박회경 ( Hoey Kyung Park ),강태원 ( Tae Won Kang ),정해성 ( Hae Seong Jeong ),한경아 ( Kyoung Ah Han ),허원회 ( Weon Hoe Huh ),유지 한국화학공학회 2013 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.51 No.3

직경 25 mm의 파이렉스 튜브 내에서 실리콘의 유동층 염소화 반응이 수행되었다. 반응기에 공급되는 질소 유량0.8~1.0 L/min, 염소 유량 0.2 L/min, 반응온도 450℃, SiCl4 응축기의 냉매온도는 -5℃로 설정하였다. 반응기에 도입되는 가스 내 염소의 몰분율이 증가하면 SiCl4의 수율이 증가하였다. 반응가스 중 염소의 몰분율 0.2의 조건에서 SiCl4의 수율은 28% 이었다. 염소의 몰분율 증가는 반응열 상승에 의해 반응온도 상승을 가져옴으로써 안전을 고려하여 염소의 몰분율을 0.2 이상으로 올리지 못했다. 실리콘의 유동층 염소화 반응에 의한 사염화실리콘의 제조 가능성이 입증되 었으며, 향후 보다 가혹한 조건에서의 실용화 연구를 위한 기초로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. The chlorination of a metallurgical-grade silicon was carried out in a fluidized bed reactor, 25 mm in diameter. The flow rate of the chlorine admitted into the reactor was 0.2 L/min and that of the carrier nitrogen was 0.8~1.0 L/ min. The reactor temperature was maintained at 450℃ and the temperature of the coolant at the SiCl4 condenser was at -5℃. The SiCl4 yield increased with increasing the mole fraction of chlorine in the feed gas, exhibiting 28% at the mole fraction of 0.2. Further increase of the chlorine mole fraction was not attempted in a worry that the reactor might be failed due to the high exothermicity of the reaction. The production of SiCl4 from silicon by fluidized bed chlorination was demonstrated on a laboratory scale, which is a stepping stone for future studies under more severe conditions toward industrial application.

버섯중 철이온에 활성화된 광감응성 Mitochondrial ATPase에 관한 연구

민태진,이미애,배강규 동국대학교 자연과학연구소 1993 자연과학연구 논문집 Vol.13 No.-

표고버섯중 광감응성 mitochondrial F?-ATPase는 Fe?, Fe? 및 M? 이온에 의하여 각각 활성화 되었으며 5.0mM Fe? 이온에 의한 상대활성도는 대조구에 비하여 107% 증가되었다. Mg? 존재하에서 Fe? 및 Fe? 각 이온 농도효과는 모두 효소의 활성을 증가 시켰으나 0.1mM Mg?과 5.0mM Fe? 이온의 공존하에서 170%를 증가시켜 Mg? 이온에 의한 상승작용을 보였다. 0.1mM Mg?과 0.1mM Fe? 존재하에서 Fe? 이온 농도효과는 그 농도가 5.0mM일 때 168%의 활성도 증가를 보여 Fe? 이온 공존 효과는 없었다. 이 효소는 Mg? 및 Fe? 이온에 으하여 활성화되는 특성을 가지고 있으며 활성 금속이온 존재하에서 측정한 최적 pH 및 온도는 각 각 7.5 및 66℃였다. The effects of the iron on the light-induced mitochondrial F?-ATPase in Lentinus edodes was studied. This enzyme activity was stimulated by each of the ferric, ferrous and magnesium ion. Especially, the activity of the enzyme by 5.0mF ferric ion increased up to 107% in comparision with control group(100%). In the presence of magnesium ion, each of ferric and ferrous ion increased the activity of the enzyme, particulary, coexistence of 0.1mM magnesium and 5.0mM ferric ion increased the activity up to 270% with magnesium ion dependence. The activity of the enzyme was stimulated up to 268% by 5.0mM ferric ionin the presence of 0.1mM magnesium and 0.1mM ferrous ion. Therefore, the coexistence of ferrous ion did not affect the activity. From the above, we propose that the light-induced mitochondrial F?-ATPase in L. edodes is a Mg?·Fe? f?-ATPase. The optimal pH and temperature for the enzyme were 7.5 and 66℃, respectively.

거대세포바이라스 감염과 Protein C, S 결핍증이 동반된 간문맥 혈전증 1례

강영훈,엄태민,송민섭 인제대학교 2009 仁濟醫學 Vol.30 No.-

Portal vein thrombosis in early childhood may be a result of perinatal events such as omphalitis, umbilical vein cannulation, intraabdominal sepsis, dehydration, or hypercoagulability states. In more than 50% of cases, the cause of portal vein thrombosis is unknown. We describe a 2-month-old girl with portal vein thrombosis associated with both cytomegalovirus infection and protein C and S deficiency.

Structural and biochemical basis for the inhibition of cell death by APIP, a methionine salvage enzyme

Kang, Wonchull,Hong, Se Hoon,Lee, Hye Min,Kim, Na Yeon,Lim, Yun Chan,Le, Le Thi My,Lim, Bitna,Kim, Hyun Chul,Kim, Tae Yeon,Ashida, Hiroki,Yokota, Akiho,Hah, Sang Soo,Chun, Keun Ho,Jung, Yong-Keun,Yang National Academy of Sciences 2014 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.111 No.1

<P>APIP, Apaf-1 interacting protein, has been known to inhibit two main types of programmed cell death, apoptosis and pyroptosis, and was recently found to be associated with cancers and inflammatory diseases. Distinct from its inhibitory role in cell death, APIP was also shown to act as a 5-methylthioribulose-1-phosphate dehydratase, or MtnB, in the methionine salvage pathway. Here we report the structural and enzymatic characterization of human APIP as an MtnB enzyme with a <I>K</I><SUB><I>m</I></SUB> of 9.32 μM and a <I>V</I><SUB><I>max</I></SUB> of 1.39 μmol min<SUP>−1</SUP> mg<SUP>−1</SUP>. The crystal structure was determined at 2.0-Å resolution, revealing an overall fold similar to members of the zinc-dependent class II aldolase family. APIP/MtnB exists as a tetramer in solution and exhibits an assembly with <I>C4</I> symmetry in the crystal lattice. The pocket-shaped active site is located at the end of a long cleft between two adjacent subunits. We propose an enzymatic reaction mechanism involving Glu139* as a catalytic acid/base, as supported by enzymatic assay, substrate-docking study, and sequence conservation analysis. We explored the relationship between two distinct functions of APIP/MtnB, cell death inhibition, and methionine salvage, by measuring the ability of enzymatic mutants to inhibit cell death, and determined that APIP/MtnB functions as a cell death inhibitor independently of its MtnB enzyme activity for apoptosis induced by either hypoxia or etoposide, but dependently for caspase-1-induced pyroptosis. Our results establish the structural and biochemical groundwork for future mechanistic studies of the role of APIP/MtnB in modulating cell death and inflammation and in the development of related diseases.</P>

독성물질의 세포사 기전 및 세포사 유발물질의 검색법 개발에 관한 연구(Ⅰ) : 독성물질로 인한 파킨슨병 모델에서의 세포사 기전 연구 Study on the cell-death mechanisms of toxin-induced parkinsonism

강태석,김종민,서경원,김영옥,김준규,오재호,이윤동,김규봉,오정자,송연정,임종준,전범석,문전옥,최광식 식품의약품안전청 2000 식품의약품안전청 연보 Vol.4 No.-

MPTP 독성물질이 도파민성 신경세포에 선택적으로 작용하여 산화성 손상에 의한 신경세포사를 일으키는 것을 이용하여 파킨슨병의 동물모델을 만들고, 이를 통해서 아폼토시스를 비롯한 포사의 기전에 대한 연구 및 너코틴의 신경세포 보호효과 여부를 판정하는 실험을 병행하고자 하였다. 파킨슨꾐의 동물모델을 MPTf 독성 물질을 이용하여 확립하였으며, MPTP(30mgag, i.p.)를 투여한 후 1, 2,3, 4, 5일째 흑질 조직을 채춰하여 tarm로 박걸하여 tyrosine hydroxylase 면역조직화학염색을 수행하여 cell countif우한 결과, control은 57.635ce11s, 1일째 친.OfDells,2일째 57.9±6cells,3일릴 없.3±죠ells, 4일째 49.0츠3cells, 5일째 39.4±Scells료 4, 3일째 뚜렷한 신경세포 수의 감소를 보였다. 신경세포사 기전 규명을 위한 아폼토시스 분걱에서는 벼PTP 투여 후 1, 2, 3, 4, 5일째 조직을 채취하여 Hoechst staining, TUNEL staining을 수곡하였는데 양성 반응을 보인 신경세포는 관찰되지 않아. 아폼토시스로 인한 세포사가 관찰되지 않았다. bIPTP 파킨슨병 동물모델에서 nicotine 보호효과 탐색에 관한 실험은 nicat푸e 0.2mgAg을 5일 퐁안 투여 후 리『fP(30mgag)를 CS7Bt/6 마은스에 복강 내주사로 nicotine과 병용 투여한 후 1, 2, 3, 4, 5일째 뇌를 적출하땄다. 신경세포사가 뚜렷이 관찰되기 시작하는 4, 5일째의 신경세포 수의 감소 정도를 20. 30% 정도 약화시키는 경향을 보였으나, nicotine 보호효과에 대한 추가 실헝이 현재 수행 중에 있다. The cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) is largely unknown. However, free radical toxicit? may plaf a role ip. the degeneration of substantia nigra, which is the Hajorfocus of pathological damages in PD. Recently, a neuroprotective effect of nicotine in PD has been suggested. Therefore, the mechanism of neurodegenerafion and protective potential o( nicotine in PD were investigated in the experimental modeB of Pll using a neurotoxin, C57BL/6mice were administered with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP, 30 mg/kg,j.p.). The degree of neurodegenerafion was determined by immunohistochemical stainiHB oftyrosine hydroxylase (TH). TH-positive cells on nigral sections were found 56.0 ±4, 57.9 ±6,52.315ce11s, 49.0±3cells, and 39,4±Scells at days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, respectively (controls : 57.6±Scells). Hoechst and TUNEL staining showed no evidence of apoptosis. The exandnation on themice co-adrunistered with nicotine(0.2mgAg) and MPTP(30mgag) revealed a tendency ofnicotine protective effects. At days 4 and 5, the degree of TH-positive cells was decreased by20-30%, In corclusiffn, the role of apoptosis was not evidenced in this MPTP modeB of PB.The possible proteccon by nicotine should be elucidated with further studies.