청소년의 스마트폰 중독과 우울 및 불안과의 관계

김경은,김필송,민주연,박수경,신서인,이지은,정해인,조호정,최정원,최정인 이화여자대학교 간호과학대학 2013 이화간호학회지 Vol.- No.47

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between the degree of smart phone addiction among adolescents and their depression and anxiety levels. Method: In this study, 379 high school students were selected using the convenient sampling method. The instruments used for this study were smart phone addiction measure, the CES-D (Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale), and the STAI (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory). Data were analyzed using the SPSS 20.0 program with descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA with Scheffe test, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Result: The mean score for smart phone addiction was 40.45±17.27, depression was 36.56±9.58, state anxiety was 44.00±9.61, and trait anxiety was 45.70±9.75. There were significant differences between the degree of smart phone addiction and the following variables: gender (t=-4.953, p<.001), hours of smart phone use per day (F=12.259, p<.001), types of frequently used features (F=3.485, p=.008), and satisfaction level for smart phone (F=5.18, p<.001). There were statistically significant relationships (p<.001) among degree of smart phone addiction, depression level, and state and trait anxiety levels. Conclusion: The results of this study suggested that there was a significant relationship between smart phone addiction and mental health, specifically, depression and anxiety among adolescents. Further research is needed to develop nursing strategies to provide care for adolescents who frequently utilize smart phones.

미만성 경화 아형 갑상선 유두암 1예

최정민,이송주,김부경,최영식,박요한,김정훈,허방 고신대학교 의과대학 2009 고신대학교 의과대학 학술지 Vol.24 No.1

The diffuse sclerosing variant (DSV) is a rare malignant tumour that accounts for 0.7-5.3% of all papillary thyroid cancers. DSV tends to occur at a younger age and has a higher incidence of cervical lymph node metastases, compared with papillary thyroid carcinoma. A 62-year-old female patient diagnosed thyroid nodule with diffuse and mild increased 18F-deoxy-glucose (FDG) on FDG positron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomogram (CT) scan. The ultrasound images showed typical findings of DSV such as diffusely enlarged thyroid lobes and diffusely scattered microcalcification. We performed this patient ultrasonography guided fine needle aspiration and cytologic analysis revealed papillary carcinoma. Total thyroidectomy with central compartment node dissection and lateral lymph node dissection was performed and finally diagnosed DVS. The authors report this case with literature review.

분화중인 흰쥐 콩팥의 요세관에서 nNOS의 발현

송지현,류시윤,김진,정주영 韓國電子顯微鏡學會 2008 Applied microscopy Vol.38 No.2

Nitric oxide는 콩팥에서 혈류의 조절, 사구체 혈액역동학 및 요세관의 운반에 중요한 역할을 하는 인자로서 최근 세포의 주기조절, 유사분열에도 관여하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 최근 연구결과에 의하면 발생중인 콩팥에서의 nNOS의 발현은 성체와는 다른 것으로 알려져 있으나, 발생중인 콩팥에서의 발현 양상 및 발현시기 등에 대해서 알려진 바 없다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 발생중인 콩팥을 이용하여 분화중인 요세관에서 nNOS의 발현양상을 관찰하고자 하였다. 성체에서 nNOS의 면역반응성은 사구체 보우만주머니의 벽측상피와 치밀반, 내림가는부분 및 수질집합관에 발현되었다. 발생중인 콩팥에서는 임신 15일에 처음 발현하기 시작하였으며, 그 부위는 원위세관의 굵은오름부분이었다. 임신 20일에서 출산후 14일까지 새로이 형성되는 요세관의 굵은오름부분에서 관찰되었으나, 분화를 마친 요세관에서는 그 발현 양상이 감소하였다. 출생후 21일경에는 최종적으로 치밀반에만 국한되어 발현되었다. 속수질에서는 내림가는 부분과 속수질 집합관에서 발현되었으며 그 양상은 수질 중간부위에서 강하게 발현되었으며 시작부위와 말단부위에서는 약하게 발현되었다. 이상의 결과로 보아 굵은오름부분에서의 nNOS의 발현은 요세관의 분화정도와 일치하며 특히 그 발현양상이 분화가 활발한 시기에 강하게 발현되고 분화가 저하된 후에는 발현이 감소하는 것으로 보아 발생중인 콩팥의 성장에 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 생각된다. Nitric oxide (NO) is an important regulator of renal blood flow, glomerular hemodynamics, and tubule transport processes in the kidney. There is also evidence that NO is involved in cell cycle regulation and mitotic division. During development the nNOS expression pattern differs from that observed in adult animals. However, little is known about temporal and spatial patterns of nNOS expression in the developing kidney. The purpose of this study was to establish the time of expression and the distribution of nNOS in the developing rat kidney. Kidneys from 14-, 16-, 17-, 18-, and 20-day-old fetuses, 1-, 4-, 7-, 14-, and 21-day-old pups, and adult animals were preserved and processed for immunohistochemistry. In the adult kidney, nNOS was detected in the parietal epithelium of Bowman’s capsule, macula densa, descending thin limb and inner medullary collecting duct. nNOS immunoreactivity appeared first in the distal tubule anlage at 15 days of gestation, and in all epithelial cells of developing thick ascending limbs (TAL) as well as macula densa of 17- and 18-day-old fetuses. From 20 days of gestation to 14 days after birth, nNOS was expressed in the newly formed cortical TAL, which are located in the medullary ray, whereas in mature TAL of juxtamedullary nephrons, nNOS immunolabeling gradually decreased in intensity and became restricted to the macula densa. In inner medullary collecting ducts, nNOS immunoreactivity appeared first at 7 days after birth in the papillary tip and gradually ascended to the border between outer and inner medulla. In the descending thin limb and parietal epithelium of Bowman’s capsule, weak nNOS immunoreactivity was observed at 14 days after birth and labeling gradually increased to adult levels at 21 days after birth. These results suggest that differential expression of nNOS in the developing kidney is an important physiological regulator of renal function during kidney maturation.

유산소 운동 능력의 차이가 점증최대운동부하 후 피로회복과정에 미치는 영향

송영주,권대근,성동진,황정윤,박천조,김춘우 한국스포츠리서치 2003 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.20 No.1

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of aerobic capacity on blood lactate changes after supramaximal progressive loaded exercise. The subjects were divided into Handball players(HB, n=6)group and Control(CT, n=6)group. All subjects exercised according to the protocol by bicycle erogometer. Blood lactate concentration was also measured during the test time. The RER values of CT group were relatively higher than that of HB group. In particular, the RER values of HR group at exercise 8 & 12min were significantly lower than that of CT group(P<0.05). The blood lactate concentration of HB group was significantly lower than that of CT group at 12min during the exercise(P<0.05). During the recovery times the blood lactate concentration of HB group were significantly lower than that of CT group. In addition, blood lactate clearance of HB group was also higher than that of CT group during the recovery time. From these results, it was suggested that lactate clearance during the supramaximal exercise may be affected by the level of endurance exercise performance.

다양한 교정용 미니 스크류의 인공 피질골 두께에 따른 삽입 토오크와 Pull-out 강도 비교

송영윤,차정열,황충주 대한치과교정학회 2007 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.37 No.1

본 연구는 스크류의 역학적인 특성을 알아보고자 세 종류의 self-drilling형의 교정용 미니 스크류 (Type A; 순수한 원통형, Type B; 내경이 증가하는 구간이 있는 부분적인 원통형, Type C; 원통형과 원추형이 함께 있는 복합형)를 피질골의 두께를 다르게 설정한 인공골 시편에 삽입하였다. 일정한 회전 속도와 수직력을 부여할 수 있는 구동식 토오크 시험기(Biomaterials Korea, Seoul, Korea)를 이용하여 삽입 토오크를 측정하고 만능시험기(Instron 3366, Instron, Norwood, MA, USA)를 이용하여 Pull-out 강도를 측정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 피질골 두께의 증가에 따른 최대 삽입 토오크(maximum insertion torque) 값은 Type A는 차이가 없는 반면(p> 0.05), Type B와 Type C에서는 유의한 증가가 관찰되었다(p<0.05). 모든 피질골 두께에서 Type C > Type A > Type B의 순으로 최대 삽입 토오크 값이 크게 나타났다(p<0.05). Pull-out 강도는 모든 경우에 Type A가 Type B와 Type C보다 낮게 측정되었다(p<0.05). Type별로 피질골 두께와 최대 삽입 토오크, Pull-out 강도 간에 통계적으로 유의한 상관관계가 있었다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과는 미니 스크류 식립을 위한 디자인 선택 시 식립부위의 피질골 두께를 고려해야 함을 시사한다. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mechanical performance of mini-screws during insertion into artificial bone with use of the driving torque tester (Biomaterials Korea, Seoul, Korea), as well as testing of Pull-out Strength (POS). Methods: Experimental bone blocks with different cortical bone thickness were used as specimens. Three modules of commercially available drill-free type mini-screws (Type A; pure cylindrical type, Biomaterials Korea, Seoul, Korea, Type B; partially cylindrical type, Jeil Medical, Seoul, Korea, Type C; combination type of cylindrical and tapered portions, Ortholution, Seoul, Korea), were used. Results: Difference in the cortical bone thickness had little effect on the maximum insertion torque (MIT) in Type A mini-screws. But in Type B and C, MIT increased as the cortical bone thickness increased. MIT of Type C was highest in all situations, then Type B and Type A in order. Type C showed lower POS than Type A or B in all situations. There were statistically significant correlations between cortical bone thickness and MIT, and POS for each type of the mini-screws. Conclusion: Since different screw designs showed different insertion torques with increases in cortical bone thickness, the best suitable screw design should be selected according to the different cortical thicknesses at the implant sites.

베체트병에서 만성 기침으로 발현한 폐동맥류 1예

정승현,송주경,정성수,강성욱 충남대학교 의과대학 의학연구소 2003 충남의대잡지 Vol.30 No.1

저자들은 만성 기침이 있었으나 정확한 원인을 찾지 못한 채 보존적 치료만 받던 베체트병이 있는 37세 여자환자를 경험하였고 흉부 방사선사진과 흉부 전산화 단층 촬영으로 폐동맥류로 진단하고 고용량의 스테로이드로 치료하였고 이 과정에서 대량 객혈이 있었으나 보존적 치료로 호전된 베체트병 1 예를 경험하였기에 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다. Pulmonary Artery Aneurysm Manifesting as Chronic cough in Behcet's disease Behcet's disease is a relapsing chronic inflammation disorder of unknown etiology. Although Behcet's disease has originally been described as a triad of recurrent oral aphthous ulceration, genital ulceration and uveitis, it is now recognized as a multisystem disease with vasculitis as the main pathological finding. Clinical manifestations additional to this triad include involvement of the skin, joints, large vessels, lung, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts, brain. We report a case of pulmonary artery aneurysm manifesting as chronic cough in Behcet's disease. She was a 47 year-old woman with Bechet's disease treated with prednisolone and colchicine. She had suffered from chronic cough for several years, but been treated only with antitussive agents. Chest CT revealed multifocal patchy consolidation in lung parenchym and aneurysmal dialatation of pulmonary artery. We diagnosed pulmonary aneurysm with CT finding as the cause of chronic cough.

QLF를 이용한 항우식 제품의 인공우식 재광화 효과에 대한 연구

송주현,김영재,김정욱,장기택,김종철,한세현,이상훈 大韓小兒齒科學會 2008 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.35 No.2

본 연구는 항우식 제품인 저농도의 불소 양치액(500 ppm NaF)과 Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate(CPP-ACP)를 포함하는 치아 연고,그리고 이 두 제품을 같이 사용했을 경우,인공 우식 병소의 재광화 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 제3대구치 협면에 인공우식을 유발하였고,시편을 16개씩 4군으로 나누어,28일 동안 매일 2회 다음과 같은 항우식 제품을 시편에 처리하였고,pH 순환 시스템을 적용하였다. 1군: 대조군(무처치) 2군: Tooth Mousse^(ⓡ) (GC Co. Japan) 3군: 치카치카^(ⓡ)(삼일제약. 한국) 4군: 치카치카^(ⓡ)+ Tooth Mousse^(ⓡ) 무기질 소실량(ΔQ)의 장기적인 변화를 Quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF)를 이용하여 관찰하여 다음과 같은결과를 얻었다. 1. ΔQ는 1군에서는 28일동안 유의성 있는 차이를 보이지 않았고,2군과 3군에서는 처치전에 비해 14일부터 유의성 있는 증가를 보였으며,4군에서는 7일부터 유의성 있는 증가를 보였다. 2. ΔQ는 1군 < 2군,3군 < 4군 순이었다. 3. ΔQ는 1군과 비교시 2군은 7일,3군과 4군은 3일부터 유의성 있는 증가를 보였고,2군은 3군과 전 기간 동안 유의차가 없었다. 4군은 2군과 3군에 비해 28일에 유의성 있는 증가를 보였다. 4. 모든 군에서 재광화 속도는 점차 감소하였다. The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the remineralization effect of commercially available anticariogenic products, exactly low level fluoride mouthrinse(500 ppm NaF), tooth cream with Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) and fluoride mouthhnse plus tooth cream on artificial caries lesion. Artificial caries lesion was induced at the buccal surface of permanent third molar and the specimens were then divided (16 specimens/group) into four group. Twice a day during 28 days specimens of each group were treated with a commercially anticari.ogen.ic product as follows and applied to the pH cycling system. Group 1: control group (No treatment) Group 2: Tooth Mousse^(ⓡ) (GC Co. Japan) Group 3: chikachika^(ⓡ) (Samil Co. Korea) Group 4: chikachika^(ⓡ) + Tooth Mousse^(ⓡ) The long-term change of mineral loss(ΔQ) was evaluated by quantitative 1ight-induced fluorescence(QLF) and the following results were obtained: 1. ΔQ of Group 1 was not noticed statistically significant during 28 days comparing that prior to treatment. There was a statistically significant increase in ΔQ of Group 2 and 3 since 14 days. So was in ΔQ of Group 4 since 7 days. 2. ΔQ was increased as follows: Group 1< Group 2, 3< Group 4. 3. Comparing with Group 1, Group 2 was a statistically significant increase since 7 days and Group 3 and 4 were since 3 days. Comparing Group 2 with 3, there was not noticed statistically significant during whole duration. Group 4 was significantly higher than Group 2 and 3 after 28 days. 4. All groups demonstrated a decrease in the rate of remineraUzation as time goes on.

만성적 스트레스 및 불규칙적인 운동이 심혈관 질환의 위험인자에 미치는 영향

송영주,권대근,장창현,정영미,황정윤,성동진 한국스포츠리서치 2003 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.20 No.1

This study was conducted to invastigate the effect of everyday life stress level and temporary physical activity by the stress on stress-related hematologic indices. The subjects were 83 male older aged men and they were received a questionaire about everyday life stress level and temporary physical activity by the stress and collected whole blood after overnight fasting state. Obtained results were as follows: 1. CRP level CRP level of MS group was significantly increased compared to SS group(p<.05). However, CRP level between PA and NP was not significant difference. 2. Cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid level Cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid level of MS group was significantly increased compared to SS group(p<.05). However, Cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid level between PA and NP was not significant difference. 3. WBC counts WBC counts of MS group was significantly increased compared to SS group(p<.05). However, WBC counts between OP and PA was not significant difference. From these results, increased stress in everyday life aggravate blood components related cardiovascular risk factors and immune system. In addition, acute exercise for stress attenuation does not improve blood components related cardiovascular risk factors and immune system. In summary, regular exercise and optimal nutrition and rest will be attenuate cardiovascular risk factors and immune system.

감귤류의 Ascorbate 및 Phenolic 획분이 N-nitrosodimethylamine의 생성에 미치는 영향

송미향,이수정,신정혜,최선영,성낙주 한국식품영양학회 2002 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.15 No.2

감귤류 (자몽, 레몬, 금귤, 밀감 및 오렌지)를 착즙하여 얻은 쥬스를 sep-pak C_18 cartridge를 사용하여 ascorbate 및 phenolic 획분으로 분리한 다음 pH를 달리한 in vitro 반응계에서 아질산염 소거 및 N-nitrosodimenthylamine(NDMA) 생성억제 효과를 분석하였다. 감귤류 쥬스 ascorbate 획분의 아질산염 소거능은 5ml 첨가시 pH 2.5 에서 79.9 ~ 98.6%, pH 4.2에서 48.5 ~ 86.3%였으나, pH6.0에서는 35.2% 이하였다. Phenolic 획분은 ascorbate 획분에 비해 높은 소거능을 보였으며 특히 pH6.0 에서는 ascorbate 획분에 비해 2배 이상의 높은 소거능을 나타내었다. NDMA 생성억제 효과는 phenolic 획분의 첨가시에 월등히 뛰어나 pH 2.5의 반응용액에 금귤, 밀감 및 오렌지쥬스의 phenolic 획분을 첨가했을 때 92.8% 이상이었으나, ascorbate 획분이 첨가된 경우에는 NDMA 생성 억제 효과를 거의 나타내지 못하였다. 따라서 감귤류 쥬스의 NDMA 생성억제와 관련된 주된 인자는 phenol 화합물인 것으로 사료된다. Five citrus juices were separated into a ascorbate and phenolic portion using sep-pak C_18 catridge, respectively, in order to elucidate the nitrite scavenging effect and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation in model system. the nitrite scavenging effect of ascorbate portion from citrus juices, in the different pH, when added with 5ml were 79.9 ~ 98.6% under the condition of pH 2.5, 48.5 ~ 86.3% at pH 4.2 and lower than 35.2% at pH 6.0. The nitrite scavenging effect was excellent phenolic portion rather than ascorbate portion. Particularly, the effect was more 2 times than ascorbate portion under the reaction condition of pH 6.0. When added the phenolic portion in the reaction mixture, NDMA formation was inhibited 92.8% or more in kum quat, mandarin orange and sweet orange juices. But the ascorbate portion was a negative response of the inhibition of NDMA formation. The inhibition on NDMA formation in citrus juice may be due to phenolic compounds were reacted.

벽 일체형 채광장치의 성능평가 연구

송규동,이주윤,유정연 대한건축학회 2004 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.20 No.12

Recently, various daylighting systems have been developed and applied to buildings However, existing daylighting systems are of no practical use due to a high initial cost and difficulties in maintenance In addition, there is a main problem of securing sufficient additional space for collecting daylight and to be available in the overcast sky A wall-integrated daylighting system, which is the subject of this study and doesn't need additional space for collecting daylight, is a very useful daylighting system, because it can substitute for a vertical wall of a building The purpose of this study was to evaluate the daylighting performance of the wall-integrated daylighting system using two mock-up models The performance of the general windows were compared with that of the wall-integrated daylighting system placed on the windows in terms of illuminance distribution on the work plane at the height of 75cm and illuminance distribution on the south wall Also The purpose of this study is to find methods to minimize glare problems of a newly developed wall-integrated daylighting system A total of six glare reduction methods were comparatively tested through measurements with physical scale models The six glare reduction methods included light-guiding ceiling, planer light shelf, parabolic light shelf, horizontal louvers, vertical louvers and prismatic panel, all of which were attached to the wall-integrated daylighting system The measurements were conducted under direct sunlit conditions for the winter solstice, summer solstice and the equinox