쿠싱증후군 환자에서 당 대사 이상 정도에 따른 인슐린 감수성과 인슐린 저항성의 변화

정인경,김성훈,정재훈,민용기,이명식,이문규,유형준,안규정,노정현,김동준,김광원 대한내분비학회 2003 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.18 No.4

연구배경 당질 코르티코이드는 당 대사에 매우 중요한 호르몬으로 내인성 당질 코르티코이드 과다상태인 쿠싱증후군에서는 말초조직에서 인슐린 저항이 증가하고 이를 보상하고자 인슐린 분비의 증가로 고인슐린혈증이 동반된다고 보고되고 있다. 하지만 생체 내에서와 달리 시험관내에서는 췌도세포에 당질 코르티코이드를 장시간 처리하면, 인슐린 분비 및 생합성이직접적으로 억제됨이 확인된 바 있어 쿠싱증후군 환자에서 당뇨병의 원인으로는 아마도 말초조직에서 증가된 인슐린 저항성 뿐 아니라 이를 충분히 보상하지 못하는 췌장에서의 인슐린 분비 저하가 같이 동반되어있지 않을까 하는 가설을 세우게 되었고, 아직까지 당질코르티코이드가 당대사 이상을 일으키는 기전에 대해 쿠싱증후군을 당대사 정도에 따라 인슐린 감수성과 분비능을 분석한 연구는 없었기에 이를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 삼성서울병원에서 쿠싱증후군으로 진단 받은 환자 15명을 대상으로 하였다. 이에 대한 대조군으로는 쿠싱증후군 환자와 같은 성별 그리고 체질량지수를 갖은 15명의 건강한 성인을 대상으로 비교 하였다 쿠싱증후군 환자를 대상으로 경구당부하 검사를 통해 당대사 정도를 정상군, 내당능장애군, 그리고 당뇨병군으로 나눈 후 정맥 당부하 검사를 시행하여 각군의 인슐린 저항성과 인슐린 분비능의 지표를 비교하고, 수술 후 쿠싱증후군이 완치된 상태에서 수술 전후의 당대사 지표의 변화를 조사하였다. 결과: 1) 쿠싱증후군 환자 중 정상인은 20%, 내당능 장애는 27%, 그리고 당뇨병은 53%였다. 체질량지수, 나이, 그리고 발병 기간은 세 군간에 의미 있는 차이가 없었으나, 24시간 소변검사의 코르티솔 농도는 당뇨병군에서 의미있게 높았다. 2) 정맥당부하 검사 결과, 인슐린 감수성 지표인 Sl는쿠싱증추린」서 1.58±0.10[×10^(-4)(min^(-1)(μU/mL)^(-1)]로 정상 대조군의 3.37±0.49[×10^(-4)(min^(-1)(μU/mL)^(-1)]에 비해 의미있게 낮았으나(P=0.024), 쿠싱증후군 환자 중 NGT, IGT, DM 군간에 서로 통계적인 차이는 없었다. 3) SG는 정상 대조군과 쿠싱증후군 환자간에는 의미있는 차이가 없었고, 쿠싱 증후군에 있어서 당대사가 악화될수록 감소하는 경향을 보였으나 의미있는 차이는 없었다. 4) 인슐린 분비능의 지표인 AIRg는 정상인에 비해 전체 쿠싱증후군 환자의 경우 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 의미있는 차이는 없었다. 하지만 쿠싱증후군 환자중에서 당대사 상태에 따라 NGT군은 1299 (1297∼1310)(mu/g/min ×10^(-2))로 정상 대조군(368.9±98.6[mu/g/min ×10^(-2)]) 보다도 의미있게 높았고, DM군{202.2 (91.1~371.4) [mu/g/min ×10^(-2)}은 NGT군에 비해 의미있게 낮았다(P=0.0031). 5) 15명중 현재 완치 상태에 있는 6명에 대해 수술전과 후로 비교하였다. 수술 전 당대사 상태가 1명은정상, 1명은 내당능 장애, 그리고 4명은 당뇨병이었으나 수술 후 시행한 경구 당부하 검사상 모두 정상 당대사 상태를 보였다. 6) 수술 후 완치된 환자 6명에 있어 인슐린 감수성지표인 Sl는 수술전에 중앙값이 1.22[×10^(-4)(min^(-1)(μU/mL)^(-1)]로 대조군에 비해 의미있게 감고』어 있었으나(p.0.05), 수술후 10.95 [×10^(-4)(min^(-1)(μU/mL)^(-1)]로 정상 수준으로 회복되었고(P=0.0022), 인슐린 분비능을 나타내는 AIRg [mu/g/min ×10^(-2)] 값도 정상수준으로 회복되었다. 특히 인슐린 분비능의 회복양상은 혈당농도에 따라 판이하게 나타나서, 정상과 내당능장애 상태에 있던 2명은 수술전에 1201 [mu/g/min ×10^(-2)]로 증가되어 있던 AIRg 값이 수술 후 정상 수준으로 감소하였고, 수술 전에 당뇨병 상태에 있던 4명의 경우 245.9 [mu/g/min ×10^(-2)]로 인슐린 분비능이 감고il어 있었는데 이들은 수술 후 모두 정상 수준으로 증가되었다 (P=0.0286). 결론: 쿠싱증후군 환자에서 당대사 이상은 80%로 높은 유병률을 보였다. 모든 쿠싱증후군환자에서 인슐린 감수성은 정상인에 비해 저하되어 있어 말초조직의 인슐린 저항이 선행됨을 시사하며, 인슐린 분비능은 당대사의 정도에 따라 다르게 나타났는데, 정상 당대사군에서는 인슐린의 저항성을 극복할 만큼 정상 대조군보다 더 많은 양의 인슐린 분비를 하다가 고코르티솔혈증이 심할수록 인슐린 분비능의 감소로 당뇨병으로 진행됨을 확인할 수 있었고, 이런 인슐린 저항성과 인슐린 분비장애는 수술 후 다시 회복되는 가역적인변화를 보였다. Background: Glucocorticoid plays an important role in the control of carbohydrate metabolism. Patients with Cushing's syndrome have been reported to have an increased incidence of carbohydrate intolerance due to peripheral insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, although the exact incidence and nature of this disorder have remained unclear. Few results have been published about insulin resistance and insulin secretion according to the level of glucose concentration, or about the reversibility of such defects in patients with Cushing's syndrome. Methods: To assess the effect of glucocorticoid on the insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in Cushing's syndrome, 15 patients with Cushing's syndrome were classified into 3 groups (normal glucose tolerance: NGT, impaired glucose tolerance: IGT, diabetes: DM) according to the degree of glucose tolerance based on the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Insulin modified, frequently sampled, intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGT) was performed before and after curative surgery on these patients and on 15 healthy control subjects. Data were evaluated by non-parametric statistical analysis. Results: 1) Among the 15 patients with Cushing's syndrome, 3 (20%) were NGT, 4 (27%) IGT, and 8 (53%) DM, based on OGTT. Twenty-four hour urinary free cortisol (UFC) was significantly higher in the DM group. 2) Insulin sensitivity index (SI) of Cushing's syndrome was significantly lower than that of the control group p=0.0024), but was not significantly different among the three Cushing's syndrome groups of NGT, IGT and DM. 3) Glucose mediated glucose disposal (SG) (Ed- confirm this abbreviation; it does not seem to match the definition) of Cushing's syndrome was not significantly different from that of the control group. 4) Insulin secretion (AIRg) of Cushing's syndrome tended to be high, but it was not significantly different from that of control. However, according to the level of glucose concentration there was significant difference in AlRg among the three Cushing's syndrome groups p=0.0031); AIRg of DM was significantly lower than that of NGT. 5) After surgical treatment, parameters of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion were normalized in 6 cured patients; 1 with NGT, 1 with IGT, and 4 with DM, preoperatively. Median SI of all 6 patients was significantly improved up to the normal range postoperatively p=0.0022). Median AIRg of these 6 patients was balanced around that of normal control postoperatively p=0.0286). Conclusion: Eighty percent of patients with Cushing's syndrome had abnormality of carbohydrate metabolism. Insulin sensitivity was significantly decreased in Cushing's syndrome. Insulin secretion was significantly higher only in the NGT and IGT groups of Cushing's syndrome. As the hypercortisolemia is exacerbated, insulin secretion is significantly decreased and causes DM, suggesting that glucocorticoid has a direct or indirect toxic effect on the pancreatic beta cell (J Kor SOC Endocrinol 18:392-403, 2003).

Accuracy of cardiac output measurements during off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: according to the vessel anastomosis sites

Sung Yong Park,Dae Hee Kim,Han Bum Joe,Ji Young Yoo,Jin Soo Kim,Min Kang,Yong Woo Hong 대한마취통증의학회 2012 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.62 No.5

Background: During beating heart surgery, the accuracy of cardiac output (CO) measurement techniques may be influenced by several factors. This study was conducted to analyze the clinical agreement among stat CO mode (SCO), continuous CO mode (CCO), arterial pressure waveform-based CO estimation (APCO), and transesophageal Doppler ultrasound technique (UCCO) according to the vessel anastomosis sites. Methods: This study was prospectively performed in 25 patients who would be undergoing elective OPCAB. Hemodynamic variables were recorded at the following time points: during left anterior descending (LAD) anastomosis at 1 min and 5 min; during obtuse marginal (OM) anastomosis at 1 min and 5 min: and during right coronary artery (RCA) anastomosis at 1 min and 5 min. The variables measured including the SCO, CCO, APCO, and UCCO. Results: CO measurement techniques showed different correlations according to vessel anastomosis site. However, the percent error observed was higher than the value of 30% postulated by the criteria of Critchley and Critchley during all study periods for all CO measurement techniques. Conclusions: In the beating heart procedure, SCO, CCO and APCO showed different correlations according to the vessel anastomosis sites and did not agree with UCCO. CO values from the various measurement techniques should be interpreted with caution during OPCAB. Background: During beating heart surgery, the accuracy of cardiac output (CO) measurement techniques may be influenced by several factors. This study was conducted to analyze the clinical agreement among stat CO mode (SCO), continuous CO mode (CCO), arterial pressure waveform-based CO estimation (APCO), and transesophageal Doppler ultrasound technique (UCCO) according to the vessel anastomosis sites. Methods: This study was prospectively performed in 25 patients who would be undergoing elective OPCAB. Hemodynamic variables were recorded at the following time points: during left anterior descending (LAD) anastomosis at 1 min and 5 min; during obtuse marginal (OM) anastomosis at 1 min and 5 min: and during right coronary artery (RCA) anastomosis at 1 min and 5 min. The variables measured including the SCO, CCO, APCO, and UCCO. Results: CO measurement techniques showed different correlations according to vessel anastomosis site. However, the percent error observed was higher than the value of 30% postulated by the criteria of Critchley and Critchley during all study periods for all CO measurement techniques. Conclusions: In the beating heart procedure, SCO, CCO and APCO showed different correlations according to the vessel anastomosis sites and did not agree with UCCO. CO values from the various measurement techniques should be interpreted with caution during OPCAB.

가열 조건을 달리한 단호박 페이스트와 검 종류별 단호박 라떼의 품질특성

박보람,김나정,유선미,한귀정,김하윤,한혜민,신동선,신말식,Park, Bo-ram,Kim, Na-Jung,Yoo, Seon-Mi,Han, Gwi Jung,Kim, Ha Yoon,Han, Hye-min,Shin, Dong-Sun,Shin, Malshick 한국식품조리과학회 2015 한국식품조리과학회지 Vol.31 No.3

가열 조건에 따른 단호박 페이스트를 제조하기 위해, 단호박을 15분 간 초벌 증숙한 뒤, 고압가열 처리 0분(A), 10분(B), 20분(C), 40분(D) 실시하여 실험군의 품질특성 을 조사하였다. 그 결과 일반성분의 경우, 대체적으로 고 압가열 처리 유무에 따른 유의적 차이가 관찰되었으며, 고압가열 처리한 B, C, D 실험군의 수분함량, 조단백질, 조섬유가 고압가열 무처리군 A에 비해 감소하였고, 가용성 무질소물은 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 가열 조건별 단호박 페이스트의 수용성식이섬유는 고압가열 20분 처리군인 C의 측정치가 2.02로 가장 높았으며 무처리군인 A의 1.60 보다 증가하였고, 고압가열 처리 40분의 경우 오히려 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 색도의 L 값은 고압가열 무처리군인 A가 52.20에서 고압가열 처리 10분, 20분, 40분으로 시간이 증가함에 따라 각각 50.33, 49.46, 48.06으로 감소하였고, a 값과 b 값 또한 유의적인 차이를 보이며 감소하였다. 현미경을 통한 단호박 페이스트의 현탁액 입자를 관찰한 결과 카로티노이드를 포함하는 유세포가 관찰되었으며 고압가열 처리와 그 시간이 증가함에 따라 단호박 유세포의 변형이 뚜렷하게 관찰되었으나, 부유안정성 실험 결과 실험군 A, B, C, D 간 차이가 없었다. 이때, 가열조건의 선택은 수용성 식이섬유의 증가, 환원당 증가, 단맛의 관능특성이 유의적으로 높고, 전반적 기호도가 가장 우수한 것으로 나타난 고압가열 처리 20분인 C 실험군으로 결정하였다. 선택된 조건의 단호박 페이스트에 식품가공 시 널리 사용되는 검류인 xanthan gum, locust bean gum, guar gum을 단호박 페이스트에 종류별로 첨가하여 부유안정성을 확인하였는데, 이 결과 guar gum, locust bean gum, xanthan gum 순으로 부유안정성 효과를 나타냈으며 locust bean gum과 xanathan gum은 비슷한 정도의 효과를 보였다. 또한 관능검사를 통한 기호도 확인 결과 텍스쳐와, 전반적인 기호도가 가장 우수했으므로 locust bean gum(0.2%) 첨가 단호박 라떼의 품질이 가장 적절할 것으로 판단된다. For the production of pumpkin paste with respect to heating conditions, we steamed the pumpkin for roughly 15 min, heated it with high pressure treatment for 0 min (A), 10 min (B), 20 min (C), 40 min (D), and subsequently investigated the quality characteristics. Generally a significant difference was observed between the pumpkin paste treated with and without high-pressure heat. The values of water content, crude protein and crude fiber of the high-pressure heat-treated groups B, C, D were decreased compared with untreated group A. The soluble fiber in experimental group B sweet-pumpkin paste treated with high-pressure heat for 20 min was higher than the control, and the highest value at 2.02. Experimental group D sweet-pumpkin paste treated with high-pressure heat for 40 min was found to have a decreased soluble fiber content relative to the control. The L value for the color of the group A untreated control sweet-pumpkin paste (no high-pressure heating) decreased as the time increased from 10 min to 40 min, with L values of 50.33, 49.46, and 48.06, respectively. The b value for the color of the sweet-pumpkin paste also decreased, showing a significant difference. Taking into account all the results, we chose experimental group B in order to prepare sweet-pumpkin latte. We used 0.2% gum (xanthan gum, locust bean gum, guar gum) as a stabilizer. Sweet-pumpkin latte with xanthan and locust bean gum has a suspension stability effect that lasts 90 min. The L and b values of sweet-pumpkin latte with gums increase and a value decrease compared with the control. In terms of the overall acceptance of the sweet-pumpkin latte, the experimental group with xanthan gum scored the best.

Comparison of Bradykinin - and Platelet - Derived Growth Factor - Induced Phosphoinositide Turnover in NIH 3T3 Cells

Kim, Chang Min,BAI, DONG HOON,Yu, Ju Hyun,Lee, Kee Ho,Ryu, Yong Wun,Yoo, Young Do 생화학분자생물학회 1982 BMB Reports Vol.29 No.6

Phosphoinositide turnover in response to platelet-derived growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and bradykinin was evaluated in NIH 3T3 cells. Platelet-derived growth factor and bradykinin induced a significant increase in incorporation of ^(32)P into phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate (PIP), and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP₂) in serum-starved NIH 3T3 cells. However, epidermal growth factor increased incorporation of BHP into these phosphoinositides by only a small amount. Stimulation with platelet-derived growth factor, not bradykinin, caused a rapid elevation of PI and PIP kinase activities that were maximally activated within 10 min. The maximal levels of their elevation in cells with plateletderived growth factor stimulation were 3.2-fold for PI kinase, and 2.1-fold for PIP kinase. Short term pretreatment of NIH 3T3 cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, activator of protein kinase C, caused an approximately 60% decrease in platelet-derived growth factor-induced PI kinase activities, indicating the feedback regulation of phosphoinositide turnover by protein kinase C. These results suggest that although the enhancement of phosphoinositide turnover is a rapidly occurring response in platelet-derived growth factor- or bradykinin-stimulated NIH 3T3 cells, phosphoinositide kinases may be associated with initial signal transduction pathway relevant to platelet-derived growth factor but not to bradykinin.

조혈모세포이식 환자에서 침습성 진균 감염에 대한 Micafungin의 예방 효과 및 안전성

김시현,이동건,최수미,권재철,박선희,최정현,유진홍,이성은,조병식,김유진,이석,김희제,민창기,조석구,김동욱,이종욱,민우성,박종원 대한감염학회 2010 감염과 화학요법 Vol.42 No.3

Background: Micafungin, a potent inhibitor of 1,3-β-D-glucan synthase, is a novel antifungal agent of the echinocandin class. In vitro study showed that micafungin was effective against Aspergillus species as well as Candida species, but clinical data on the prophylactic efficacy against invasive fungal infections (IFIs) other than candidiasis are still lacking. Materials and Methods: We identified 60 consecutive adult hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients who received at least 3 doses of micafungin during neutropenic period. Micafungin was started as an alternative in patients who were intolerant or had adverse events (AEs) to primary prophylactic antifungal agents. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and analyzed the efficacy and safety of micafungin for prophylaxis against IFIs. Results: The patients either had autologous (n=9) or allogeneic (n=51: 1 syngeneic, 24 sibling, 26 unrelated donor) HSCT. Itraconazole oral solution (n=58) was the most frequently used first line antifungal agent for prophylaxis and was administered for median 11 days. The most frequent cause of switch to micafungin was vomiting (n=42). The duration of neutropenia and micafungin administration was median 13 and 12 days, respectively. A successful outcome was achieved in 45 (75%) patients. Empirical antifungal therapy was initiated in 13 (22%) patients. There were 2 cases (3.3%) of breakthrough fungal infections which comprised a probable invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and a possible invasive fungal sinusitis. There was no case of invasive candidiasis. A total of 53 (88%) patients experienced at least one AE regardless of causality during micafungin administration. The most frequent AEs were hypokalemia, vomiting, diarrhea, and elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase or alanine aminotransferase. Among the aforementioned AEs, only 1 case of diarrhea could be classified as a probable relation with micafungin when causality was assessed. There was no AEs that caused discontinuation of micafungin. Conclusions: Micafungin seems to be a safe and effective agent for prophylaxis of IFIs including aspergillosis as well as candidiasis in HSCT recipients. However, further large, prospective, and randomized comparative studies are warranted for aspergillosis.

Development of electrochemical biosensor for detection of pathogenic microorganism in Asian dust events

Yoo, Min-Sang,Shin, Minguk,Kim, Younghun,Jang, Min,Choi, Yoon-E,Park, Si Jae,Choi, Jonghoon,Lee, Jinyoung,Park, Chulhwan Elsevier 2017 CHEMOSPHERE - Vol.175 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>We developed a single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)-based electrochemical biosensor for the detection of <I>Bacillus subtilis,</I> one of the microorganisms observed in Asian dust events, which causes respiratory diseases such as asthma and pneumonia. SWCNTs plays the role of a transducer in biological antigen/antibody reaction for the electrical signal while 1-pyrenebutanoic acid succinimidyl ester (1-PBSE) and ant-<I>B. subtilis</I> were performed as a chemical linker and an acceptor, respectively, for the adhesion of target microorganism in the developed biosensor. The detection range (10<SUP>2</SUP>–10<SUP>10</SUP> CFU/mL) and the detection limit (10<SUP>2</SUP> CFU/mL) of the developed biosensor were identified while the response time was 10 min. The amount of target <I>B. subtilis</I> was the highest in the specificity test of the developed biosensor, compared with the other tested microorganisms (<I>Staphylococcus aureus</I>, <I>Flavobacterium psychrolimnae</I>, and <I>Aquabacterium commune</I>). In addition, target <I>B. subtilis</I> detected by the developed biosensor was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A SWCNTs-based biosensor was developed for the detection of <I>Bacillus subtilis.</I> </LI> <LI> The biosensor was composed of SWCNTs, 1-PBSE, and anti-<I>B. subtilis</I> antibody. </LI> <LI> The performance of the biosensor was assessed using a sensor sensitivity and specificity tests. </LI> <LI> The detection limit and detection range were 10<SUP>2</SUP> and 10<SUP>2</SUP>–10<SUP>10</SUP> CFU/mL, respectively. </LI> <LI> The detection time of the biosensor was identified as 10 min. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

가토에서 Vecuronium bromide 의 용량에 따른 근육이완 효과

김동원,이동호,민경호,전세웅,유희구,김경헌,승익상,김교상,서정국 대한마취과학회 1987 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.20 No.6

The introduction of muscle relaxants was an epoch making event in the development of clinical anesthesia and their use has hecame essential to anesthesia practice. Vecuronium, one of the newest muscle relaxants, many advantages; it is .apid acting, non-accumulating, has minimals side reactions and is promptly antagonized by anticholinesterases. However, its pharmacological effect, like other conventional muscle relaxants depends upon the dose and is influenced br many factors including body temperature, blood flow, interaction with other drugs, antibiotics, diuretics and so forth, To obtain a dose·response relationship which is important for clinical use, the effect of the vecuronium in various doses on the neuromuscular block in rabbits was investigated. The results were as follows. 1) In the vecuronium 0.025 mg/kg group, maximal twitch depression was varied between 75 to 92% with a mean value of 84,9%. The spontaneous recovery index was 141.0 seconds (2.35 min). 2) In the vecuranium 7.75 mg/kg group, thmean maximum twitch depression and spontaneous recovery index were 98.4% and 218.6 seconds (3.64 min.) respectively. 3) In the vecuronium 7.1 mg/kg group, maximum twitch depression was 100% and the spontaneous recovery index was markedly prolonged to 627.8 seconds (10.35 min).

3D Asthenopia in Horizontal Deviation

Kim, Seung-Hyun,Suh, Young-Woo,Yun, Cheol-Min,Yoo, Eun-Joo,Yeom, Ji-Hyun,Cho, Yoonae A. Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. 2013 Current eye research Vol.38 No.5

<P><I>Purpose:</I> This study was conducted to investigate the asthenopic symptoms in patients with exotropia and esotropia while watching stereoscopic 3D (S3D) television (TV).</P><P><I>Methods:</I> A total 77 subjects who more than 9 years of age were enrolled in this study. We divided them into three groups; Thirty-four patients with exodeviation (Exo group), 11 patients with esodeviation (Eso group) and 32 volunteers with normal binocular vision (control group). The S3D images were shown to all patients with S3D high-definition TV for a period of 20 min. Best corrected visual acuity, refractive errors, angle of strabismus, stereopsis test and history of strabismus surgery, were evaluated. After watching S3D TV for 20 min, a survey of subjective symptoms was conducted with a questionnaire to evaluate the degree of S3D perception and asthenopic symptoms such as headache, dizziness and ocular fatigue while watching 3D TV.</P><P><I>Results:</I> The mean amounts of deviation in the Exo group and Eso group were 11.2 PD and 7.73PD, respectively. Mean stereoacuity was 102.7 arc sec in the the Exo group and 1389.1 arc sec in the Eso group. In the control group, it was 41.9 arc sec. Twenty-nine patients in the Exo group showed excellent stereopsis (≤60 arc sec at near), but all 11 subjects of the Eso group showed 140 arc sec or worse and showed more decreased 3D perception than the Exo and the control group (<I>p</I> < 0.001, Kruskal-Wallis test). The Exo group reported more eye fatigue (<I>p</I> < 0.001, Kruskal-Wallis test) than the Eso and the control group. However, the scores of ocular fatigue in the patients who had undergone corrective surgery were less than in the patients who had not in the Exo group (<I>p</I> < 0.001, Kruskal-Wallis test) and the amount of exodeviation was not correlated with the asthenopic symptoms (dizziness, <I>r</I> = 0.034, <I>p</I> = 0.33; headache, <I>r</I> = 0.320, <I>p</I> = 0.119; eye fatigue, <I>r</I> = 0.135, <I>p</I> = 0.519, Spearman rank correlation test, respectively).</P><P><I>Conclusion:</I> Symptoms of 3D asthenopia were related to the presence of exodeviation but not to esodeviation. This may indicate that S3D symptoms are closely related to the convergence demand.</P>

개원가 내원 성인에서의 요실금 유병률 : 천안 진료중심 연구망 연구

김기성,박윤종,박일환,심석규,이종민,유선미,정유석,정혜원,김광휘,염형택,박정희,원영일,민대홍 대한가정의학회 1999 Korean Journal of Family Medicine Vol.20 No.1

A well-ordered flower-like gold nanostructure for integrated sensors via surface-enhanced Raman scattering

Kim, Ju-Hyun,Kang, Taejoon,Yoo, Seung Min,Lee, Sang Yup,Kim, Bongsoo,Choi, Yang-Kyu IOP Pub 2009 Nanotechnology Vol.20 No.23

<P>A controllable flower-like Au nanostructure array for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) was fabricated using the combined technique of the top-down approach of conventional photolithography and the bottom-up approach of electrodeposition. Au nanostructures with a mean roughness ranging from 5.1 to 49.6 nm were obtained by adjusting electrodeposition time from 2 to 60 min. The rougher Au nanostructure provides higher SERS enhancement, while the highest SERS intensity obtained with the Au nanostructure is 29 times stronger than the lowest intensity. The SERS spectra of brilliant cresyl blue (BCB), benzenethiol (BT), adenine and DNA were observed from the Au nanostructure. </P>