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Dong-Yoon Lim,Jae-Bong Heo,Cheol-Hee Choi,Geon-Han Lim,Yong-Gyoon Lee,Song-Hoon Oh,Il-Sik Kim,Jong-In Kim 대한생리학회-대한약리학회 1998 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.2 No.4
<P> The present study was attempted to investigate the effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on secretion of catecholamines (CA) and to establish whether there is the existence of a noncholinergic mechanism in adrenomedullary CA secretion from the isolated perfused rat adrenal gland. The perfusion into an adrenal vein of VIP (3⁓10<SUP>6 </SUP>M) for 5 min or the injection of acetylcholine (ACh, 5.32⁓10<SUP>3 </SUP>M) resulted in great increases in CA secretion. Tachyphylaxis to releasing effect of CA evoked by VIP was not observed by the repeated perfusion. The net increase in adrenal CA secretion evoked by VIP still remained unaffected in the presence of atropine or chlorisondamine. However, the CA release in response to ACh was greatly inhibited by the pretreatment with atropine or chlorisondamine. The releasing effects of CA evoked by either VIP or ACh were depressed by pretreatment with nicardipine, TMB-8, and the perfusion of Ca<SUP>2</SUP>-free medium. Moreover, VIP- as well as ACh-evoked CA secretory responses were markedly inhibited under the presence of (Lys<SUP>1</SUP>, Pro<SUP>2.5</SUP>, Arg<SUP>3.4</SUP>, Tyr<SUP>6</SUP>)-VIP or naloxone. CA secretory responses induced by ACh and high K<SUP></SUP> (5.6⁓10<SUP>2 </SUP>M) were potentiated by infusion of VIP (3⁓10<SUP>6</SUP>M for 5 min). Taken together, these experimental results indicate that VIP causes CA release in a fashion of calcium ion -dependence, suggesting strongly that there exists a noncholinergic mechanism that may be involved in the regulation of adrenomedullary CA secretion through VIP receptors in the rat adrenal gland, and that VIP may be the noncholinergic excitatory secretagogue present in the chromaffin cells.
개의 시상하부에서의 VIP(vasoactive intestinal polypeptide) 신경세포의 분포에 관한 면역조직화학적 연구
이동섭,차중익,황덕호,장가용,이혜성 이화여자대학교 생명과학연구소 1990 생명과학연구논문집 Vol.1 No.-
개의 시상하부에서의 면역조직화학적 방법을 이용한 VIP(vasoactive intestinal polypeptide)함유신경세포의 분포에 관한 관찰결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 시교차상핵의 복외측 부위에서 진한 염색성을 띠는 세포와 신경섬유가 관찰되었고 배내측부위에서는 신경섬유만이 관찰되었다. 2. 시삭상핵과 방실핵의 거대세포부분에서 많은 신경세포와 신경섬유들이 진하게 염색되었다. 3. 정중융기의 내층에서 많은 신경섬유가 염색되었으며, 외층에서도 일부 섬유가 염색 되었으며 특히 혈관주위에서도 일부 관찰되었다. 4. 내측시속전야의 거대세포부분에서도 많은 신경세포와 신경섬유가 관찰되었다. 5. 이상의 관찰소견은 VIP가 시상하부-뇌하수체측에서 신경내분비적인 기능을 하리라는 보고들에 대한 형태학적 근거가 될 수 있다. In order to observe the distribution of the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide(VIP) immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamus of the dog, hypothalamus of the four dogs were studied by immunohistochemical methods using ABC method. Densely immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers were found in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the canine hypothalmus largely in accordance with the previous descriptions in rats and mouses. In addition, unlike previous reports in rats and mouses, there were strong immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers in the magncellular portion of the supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus and also many immunoreactive fibers in the internal layer of the median eminence. Some scattered fibers were seen in the external layer of the median eminence and a few fibers around the blood vessels. VIP immunoreactive cells were also seen in the magnocelluar portion of the medial preoptic area. These findings were largely consistent with previous biochemical studies and presented the morphological evidence that VIP had some neuroendocrinological functions especially in the gypothalamo-neurophpophysial system.
황대연 ( Dae Yeon Hwang ),김연정 ( Youn Jung Kim ),장미현 ( Mi Hyun Jang ),정주호 ( Joo Ho Chung ),김창주 ( Chang Ju Kim ),김이화 ( Ee Hwa Kim ) 대한경락경혈학회 2000 Korean Journal of Acupuncture Vol.17 No.2
Stimulation of the auricle is known to be effective in reducing obesity. The aim of the present study is to investigate whether stimulating a specific auricular acupuncture point is effective on suppression of appetite. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is known to induce a powerful feeding response after central administration and particularly abundant in the cerebral cortex. In food-deprived rats exhibiting a strong drive for feeding, decreased VIP release was markedly detected in the cerebral cortex of the brain. Needling the fasted rats on the specific auricular region increased the VIP level of the cerebral cortex. In conclusion, stimulating the specific auricular points increases VIP-expression in the cerebral cortex of the fasted rats and may be useful for controlling obesity.
문규환,김점용,김태완,강동묵,양일석,Mun, Kyu-whan,Kim, Jeum-yong,Kim, Tae-wan,Kang, Tong-mook,Yang, Il-suk 대한수의학회 1995 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.35 No.3
This study was carried out to characterize nonadrenergic, noncholinergic(NANC) relaxation of porcine retractor penis(PRP) muscle induced by electrical field stimulation(EFS) and to investigate the actions of niric oxide(NO) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide(VIP) as candidates for NANC neurotransmitters. Biphasic relaxations of PRP muscle were induced by EFS to NANC nerve. Rapid-phase relaxation was observed at low frequency(0.5-16Hz) and slow-phase relaxation followed during high frequency(8-60Hz). Both relaxations were frequency-dependent and TTX($1{\times}10^{-6}M$)-sensitive. L-NAME($2{\times}10^{-5}M$) inhibited the rapid-phase relaxation, but not the slow-phase relaxation. The inhibition of the rapid-phase relaxation with L-NAME was reversed by L-arginine ($1{\times}10^{-3}M$) but not by D-arginine($1{\times}10^{-3}M$). Methylene blue($4{\times}10^{-5}M$) reduced the rapid-phase relaxation. Exogenous No(ExoNO, $1{\times}10^{-5}-1{\times}10^{-4}M$) induced dose-dependent relaxations of PRP muscle. Oxyhemoglobin($5{\times}1^{-5}M$) blocked the relaxation induced by ExoNO and inhibited EFS-induced relaxation. Hydroquinone($1{\times}10^{-4}M$) also abolished the relaxation induced by ExoNO, but did not affect EFS-induced relaxation. L-NAME resistant slow-phase relaxation to EFS was inhibited by ${\alpha}$-chymotrypsin(2.5 U/ml). Both methylene blue($4{\times}10^{-5}M$) and Nethylmaleimide($1{\times}10^{-4}M$) reduced the slow-phase relaxation by EFS. [4-Cl-D-$Phe^6$, $Leu^{17}$]-VIP($3{\times}10^{-6}M$) inhibited the slow-phase relaxation by EFS. External applications of VIP ($1{\times}10^{-7}M$) caused relaxations that were simillar to the L-NAME resistant slow-phase relaxations induced by EFS, and relaxant effects of exogenous VIP were blocked by ${\alpha}$-chymotrypsin(2.5 U/ml).
( Lee Jeong-beom ),( Lee Suk-in ) 한국체육학회 1998 한국체육학회지 Vol.37 No.4
인간의 피부상태를 Normothermic조건(NSK)과 Warm조건(WSK)에 있어서 NSK acetylcholine (ACh)에 의한 발한 유도가 ACh 및 VIP를 통해서 발한에 미치는 영향을 조사했다.이를 위하여 NSK과 NSK에 있어서 교감신경의 발한운동활동검사는 Quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test(QSART)를 이용하여 ACh와 VIP 및 ACh+VIP 혼합투여시 각 10%를 투여하고 5분간에 걸쳐 Iontophoresis를 실시했다.실험대상자는 8명의 건강한 남자대학생으로, 신장은 173±5.4cm, 체중은 65±7.0kg, 연령은 22±3.3세였다.축색반사(AXR) 발한출현시간(SOT)은 NSK보다 NSK에 있어서 ACh 단독투여시 0.38min이고 ACh+VIP 혼합투여시 0.42min로 단축되었다.ACh+VIP 혼합투여시와 ACh 단독투여시를 비교하면 NSK에서는 ACh+VIP가 ACh보다 0.2min로 단축되었으며, WSK에 있어서는 ACh+VIP가 ACh 단독투여보다 0.27min가 단축되었다.ACh 단독투여의 경우, NSK보다 WSK가 축색반사에 의한 반응과 직접자극(DIR)에 의한 반응으로 각각의 발한량이 32%와 20%의 증가율을 나타내었다.Coiontophoresis의 WSK에 있어서는 ACh유도가 AXR에서는 28%의 발한량이 증가하였으며, VIP의 DIR에서는 16%의 발한량증가와 전위상승으로 ACh유도가 AXR에서는 50%발한량과 DIR에서는 20%의 발한량이 증가했다.NSK에 있어서의 VIP투여의 경우에는 AXR은 무반응이었으나 DIR에서는 미약한 발한이 나타났다. 그러나 WSK에 있어서의 VIP투여의 경우 126%발한량의 증가가 나타났다.이와 같은 결과를 통하여 제안할 수 있는 점은 ACh활동에 있어서 VIP의 전위상태상승효과의 영향을 주는 것은 NSK보다 WSK의 조건에 있어서 보다 많은 발한운동에 영향을 주었으며 운동수행에 따른 VIP활동에는 내인성의 방출상승이 발한에 유리한 작용을 주는 것으로 생각할 수 있다. The sudorific effects of acetylcholine (ACh) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on ACh-induced sweating in normothermic and warm human skin were investigated. Sweat onset time (SOT) during ACh and ACh+VIP iontophoresis in warm skin (WSK) were 0.38 and 0.42 min earlier, respectively, compared to normothermic skin (NSK). ACh+VIP iontophoresed together reduced the SOT by 0.2 min in NSK and 0.27 min in WSK compared to ACh alone. Iontophoresis of ACh alone, induced axon-reflex mediated (AXR) and direct (DIR) sweatings; with AXR and DIR sweat volumes being 32% and 20% higher in WSK compared to NSK. Coiontophoresis of ACh and VIP led to 28% and 16% increase in AXR and DIR sweat responses in WSK, and potentiated the ACh-induced AXR and DIR sweating responses by 50% and 20% respectively. VIP iontophoresis in NSK induced no AXR, but mild DIR sweating. VIP iontophoresis in WSK resulted in an exaggerated (126% increase) DIR sweating response. There was a 3 fold increase in AXR and DIR sweat outputs during coiontophoresis of ACh+VIP compared to VIP alone. These results suggest that VIP has potentiatory effects on ACh action, with the effects being more pronounced in warm rather than normothermic skin and raise the possibility that release of endogenous VIP may influence sweating in human skin during exercise.
Cyclic AMP Dependent Down Regulation in the Relaxation of Smooth Muscle Cells of Cat Esophagitis
신창열,Yul Pyo Lee,송현주,제현동,손의동 대한약학회 2007 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.30 No.6
We investigated whether the signal mechanism for relaxation may be affected by inflammation of the cat esophagus. Acute esophagitis was induced by perfusion with 0.1N HCl at a rate of 1 mL/min for 45 min over three consecutive days. We then isolated esophageal smooth muscle cells by enzymatic digestion with collagenase. We pre-contracted the isolated smooth cells with acetylcholine (ACh) (10-5 M) and compared the agonist-induced relaxation of pre-contracted normal cells with those of esophagitic cells. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) caused a dose-dependent relaxation in normal cells, and this curve was down shifted in esophagitic cells. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) or SIN-1 (NO donor) produced dose-dependent relaxation in normal cells, which was not affected by esophagitis. 8-Br-cGMP (a cGMP analog) also induced dose-dependent relaxation to a similar extent in both normal and esophagitic cells. Forskolin (a cAMP activator) or db-cAMP (a cAMP analog) produced dosedependent relaxation in normal cells, and this relaxation curve was down shifted in esophagitic cells. Western blotting was used to determine what subtype of adenylyl cyclase was involved in the cAMP pathway. Western blot analysis of homogenates derived from esophageal smooth muscle using antibodies against adenylyl cyclase types II, III, IV and V/VI revealed the presence of type V and/or type VI only. This result suggests that relaxation via a cAMP-dependent pathway rather than a cGMP dependent-pathway is down regulated in cat acute esophagitis. This subsensitivity of the cAMP related pathway may be related to the activity of adenylyl cyclase V/VI.