중국법상 항만운영자의 법적지위에 관한 고찰

황요 중국지역학회 2023 중국지역연구 Vol.10 No.4

In modern maritime trade and international shipping practice, carriers and shippers, as parties to the contract of carriage, are seldom able to complete all aspects of the carriage themselves. Considering the segmentation of port operations and cost saving, the operation of goods in port in maritime transport is usually completed by the port operator. However, when the loss, damage or delay in delivery of the goods is caused by the port operator, the question arises as to how to determine its liability and whether it can invoke the carrier's defences or limitation of liability clauses. There has been a legislative gap in China's provisions on port operators since the repeal of a number of ineffective Departmental Regulations in 2016. When adjudicating, Chinese courts frequently are required to first determine the legal status of the port operator, i.e., whether it can bridge over to the carrier and apply the provisions of China's Maritime Law on the limitation of liability of the carrier. This not only caused great uncertainty in adjudication, but also had respective problems in theory. The legal status of port operators in Chinese legislation has evolved over time, with a general trend towards accepting their independent civil subject status, but because of the current legislative gaps, there are many different academic and judicial viewpoints on this issue. This article examines the evolution of Chinese legislation, the results of court decisions and the latest theoretical views of Chinese academics with regard to the legal status of port operators in China, and reveals the necessity of research on the legal status of port operators under Chinese law and the possibility of a solution. In addition, 2020 China's Maritime Law (Draft for Examination) was published, which provides a definition of port operator and specifies that the carrier's defences and limitation of liability can be invoked. However, the legal status of the port operator and the manner of division of liability with the carrier were not specified; thus a theoretical foundation and legal clarity in the application of the law is lacking regarding the assumption of liability by the port operator. We should take this opportunity to clarify the legal status of port operators as "Contractual Assistants of the Carrier" and to supplement and improve the relevant provisions of the Maritime Law (Draft for Examination) accordingly.

코로나19 상황에서 육아종합지원센터 어린이집 지원사업 운영실태와 어려움 및 지원요구

김경미 한국콘텐츠학회 2022 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.22 No.8

The objective of this study is to understand the operational status of the support projects for childcare in daycare centers operated by the Support Centers for Childcare(SCC) during the COVID-19 pandemic and find ways to improve and develop the project operation. To this end, data were collected and analyzed through in-depth interviews from the 1st week to the 4th week of February 2022 with six childcare agents in charge of the support projects for childcare in daycare centers in the SCC located in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. As a result of the study, it was found that the demand for diversification of project operation methods, expansion of non-face-to-face education, individual consulting, and small-scale education increased while operating the support projects for childcare in daycare centers in the SCC during the COVID-19 pandemic. Operational difficulties were found to be a lack of ability to use media, the burden of coping with unpredictable situations, and insufficient communication between daycare centers and childcare policy institutions. As for the support needs, it was found that it is necessary to employ computer specialists, establish an environment for activating online education, and provide an efficient work delivery system in emergencies. 본 연구는 코로나19 상황에서 육아종합지원센터 어린이집 지원사업 운영실태를 파악하고, 운영 개선 및 발전 방안을 모색하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 서울, 경기 지역 소재의 육아종합지원센터에서 어린이집 지원사업을 담당하는 보육전문요원 6인 대상으로 2022년 2월 1주부터 4주까지 심층 면담을 통해 자료를 수집하고 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 코로나19 상황에서 육아종합지원센터 어린이집 지원사업의 운영실태에 있어서는 사업 운영방식의 다양화, 비대면 교육 확대, 개별컨설팅 및 소규모 교육 요구가 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 운영상의 어려움은 미디어 활용 능력 부족, 예측 불가 상황에 대한 대처 부담, 어린이집과 보육정책기관 사이의 소통역할 미흡으로 나타났다. 지원 요구는 전산 전문인력 확보, 온라인교육 활성화를 위한 환경 구축, 긴급상황에서의 효율적 업무전달체계가 필요한 것으로 나타났다.

Monitoring the Operating Status of an Automatic Harmful Fly Collector for Smart Greenhouses

Zafar Iqbal,Nafiul Islam,장보은,ALI MOHAMMOD,Shaha Nur Kabir,이대현,나규동,박수복,정선옥 한국농업기계학회 2019 바이오시스템공학 Vol.44 No.4

Purpose Harmful flies are one of the major threats to greenhouse crop cultivation in terms of economic loss. Controlling flies in an environmentally friendly manner is preferable to utilizing chemicals. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a system for monitoring the operating status and controlling the major components of an information and communication technology-based eco-friendly harmful fly collector to ensure smooth operation. Methods The target harmful fly collector consists of two fly collection chambers with a blower, electric bracket, UV lamp, and LED lamp in each chamber. The collector is moved between plant rows in a greenhouse by a motor on a pipe rail. The operating status monitoring system includes an onsite node and remote node, which consist of microcontrollers, current sensors, relays, radio frequency modules, and manually controlled signal providers for monitoring and controlling the operations of the collector. Results The proposed monitoring system allows the operating conditions of the rail motor to be identified accurately as high, mid, low, and back speeds based on power consumption levels of 182.63 ± 2.83 W, 169.58 ± 2.77 W, 157.09 ± 3.05 W, and 122.71 ± 3.51 W, respectively. The operating status of the blowers, LED lamps, and UV lamps can be determined based on power consumption levels of 144.46 ± 1.35 W, 63.45 ± 0.93 W, and 65.02 ± 0.95 W, respectively. The electric bracket consumes up to 245.3 W of power in the presence of any harmful flies. Remote monitoring and control were successfully implemented to operate each component of the collector without failure during our experiments. Conclusions The system developed in this study can effectively secure the stable operations of environmentally friendly harmful fly collectors in smart greenhouses.

전라남도 민선 지방체육회 사업운영 현황분석 및 전략

김선희(Kim, Sun-Hee),장원용(Jang, Won-Yong) 한국체육과학회 2021 한국체육과학회지 Vol.30 No.6

The purpose of this study was to analyze the current status of the business operation of the Jeollanam-do local sports council and presenting a strategies. SWOT analysis was conducted based on literature review and expert interview. The results were as follows. First, most of the business of local sports council in Jeollanam-do were operated mainly on sports for all and were operated through financial support. Second, business in operation can be classified into three types: ‘promoting local sports for all’, ‘operating elite sports leaders’, and ‘generating profits’. Third, the strength were that all 22 sports councils in Jeollanam-do focused on sports for all, and the weaknesses were “business operations focused on sports for all and funding,” “lack of sports association"s own projects,” and regional business operations.” The opportunity factors were “expanding participation rate and infrastructure for daily sports,” “securing independence and autonomy of the sports association” and “the incorporation of the public sports council”. Threats were “decrease in the population of Jeollanam-do,” “poor status in financial independence” and “reduce the possibility of cooperation in local government projects.” Fourth, SO strategies were suggested “expanding sports for all ages with diversity” and “operating profitability-based sports for all” and ST strategies proposed “joint business operation in sports areas based on local cooperation” and “operating visiting sports programs”. WO strategies included “development and operation of local customized sports for all” and “activation of elite sports development business,” and WT strategies proposed “balanced promotion of fund support business and self-profit business,” and “centralization strategies for low participation rates.” The study was evaluated as having practical value to help increase the role of the newly launched local sports council.

중국 전시컨벤션센터의 개최 및 운영 현황

이위위,정득,한진오,이종석 한국마이스관광학회 2023 MICE관광연구 Vol.23 No.3

This study was conducted to provide basic data for preparing a development policy for the exhibition and convention industry in the future by empirically analyzing the current status of exhibition and convention holding, regional distribution, and operation status. From 2012 to 2019, China's exhibition and convention industry experienced continuous quantitative growth at an average annual rate of 8-10 % in terms of the total number of exhibitions and conventions, total exhibition area, and total quantity. However, 70% of the exhibition convention centers were distributed among the seven major regions of China, mainly in Hwadong, Hwanam, and Hwabuk. In addition, the operation rate of the exhibition and convention center was above 50% for the top seven, which was less than 2% of the total. Since 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, online exhibition conventions have become an opportunity to emerge with an 11% share of the total.

무엇이 영재교육의 효율적인 운영을 방해하는가?: 영재담당교사들이 인식하는 영재교육 운영 장애요인 탐색

한기순,황현경 한국영재교육학회 2012 영재와 영재교육 Vol.11 No.2

The purpose of this study is to explore gifted education teachers' perception on the operating status and to find out the obstacles of the current gifted education operation. For the study, 102 gifted education teachers participated in the survey. The results of the study were as follows. First, concerning the operating status of gifted education, gifted education teachers perceived the services related identification of the intellectually and creatively gifted, working with gifted students in content areas, and developing academic methods and materials for the gifted working above the average level. But the other 17 out of the 22 areas related to the current gifted education practices were rarely or never provided. In particular, the services related to differentiation for gifted students with learning disabilities or emotional/behavioral disorders, differentiation for underachieving gifted students, and cooperation with general education teachers were almost never provided. Second, concerning the barriers of gifted education, barriers related to the overwork and lack of time were reported most often. However, different services were most impacted by different barriers. For example, the services most impacted by cost barrier were to facilitate school-wide events and extra-curricular activities for the gifted; while services most impacted by policy barrier were to work with students not formally identified. Implications of the study related to the gifted education practices and future directions were discussed in depth.

노인대학 교육 프로그램 및 운영실태 조사연구

박형숙,김기태,이윤미 노인간호학회 2000 노인간호학회지 Vol.2 No.2

The purpose of this study is to investigate operating status and kinds of program, under 81 the aged college was registered in the Pusan city. The data is collected by a questionnaire to ask for interview with 81 operators of the aged college from Feb. 1st to Mar. 5th 2000. The data were analysed by SPSS WIN 9.0 program using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, χ²- test. The results of the study were as follows: 1. General characteristics of subjects consisted of man(66.7%), women(33.3%), a university garduate(74.1%), christian(25.9%), monthy income over a million won(54.3%). 2. Among operators' difficulties in operating the aged college, there were lack of finance and securing lectures(61.7%), designation of education contents and text book (33.3%), individual intellectual difference of the aged (22.2%). 3. Among operators' worths in operating the aged college, there were delight and satisfaction of the aged (39.5%), the effect of education (25.9%). and health promotion of the aged (18.5%). 4. Among supports and improvements that operators was desired for the aged education, there were aid of finance (66.7%), development of program(29.6%), and professional instructor security for the aged education (19.8%). 5. In the relationship between demographic variables and kinds of program in operating aged college, there was a statistically significance in health class, learning language class, picnic activity class and 24-39 age of operators, also in learning language, music class and university graduate of operators. According to findings of this study 1. The operators of the aged education have to consider the education for life & leisure activity and analysis of learning field needed by aged in order to provide the desirable educational program subject to feature and learning desire of the aged. 2. In order to operate effective aged college, designation of educational contents took into consideration of individual difference of aged and in the educational method the specific gravity has to be placed more in the activity the aged physically participate in person rather than lecturing. In addition, an adequate utilization of audio-visual media is requested.

VDT 취급근로자의 신체적 자각증상과 정신사회적 안녕상태의 관련성

고상백,차봉석,장세진,박창식 大韓産業醫學會 1996 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.8 No.3

이 연구는 VDT 취급근로자들의 신체적 자각증상의 실태와 신체적 자각증상과 정신사회적 안녕수준간의 관련성을 분석하기 위해 강원도 W시 및 K시에 근무하는 여자 전화 교환원 89명을 대상으로 구조화된 설문지를 이용하여 자료를 수집하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 연구대상의 평균연령은 37.7세 (표준편차 3.1세) 였으며 결혼 상태는 기혼자가 81명(91%)으로 대다수를 차지하였다. 2. 연령별, 지역별 VDT자각 증상수준과 정신사회적 안녕수준간에는 모든 항목에서 유의한 차이가 없었다. 3. VDT 자각증상은 어깨, 목, 등, 팔, 손(손가락), 허리 하지 등 7개 부위에 대해 근골격계 증상을 조사하였는데, 조사대상자 중 어깨 98.9%, 목 91.2%, 손 89.9%, 팔 88.9%, 등 87.8%, 하지 85.6%의 증상을 호소하여 대다수의 대상자에게서 높은 자각증상 수준을 보였다. 4. 부위별 자각증상 수준에 따른 정신사회적 안녕수준을 비교한 결과 어깨, 목, 팔, 손, 하지등은 유의한 차이를 보였으나(P<0.05), 등 허리 등은 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 7개 부위의 총 자각증상을 정신사회적 안녕수준과 비교한 결과 VDT자각 증상이 높을수록 낮은 정신사회적 안녕수준을 (P<0.01)보였다. 5. VDT관련 증상 및 일상생활 불편도와 현재의 정신사회적 안녕수준간의 상관분석결과, 불편척도가 가장 유의한 상관관계를 보였고, 등을 제외한 다리, 팔, 목 어깨, 허리, 손 등의 순으로 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. 6. 정신사회적 안녕수준에 미치는 제 변수들의 설명력을 알아보기 위해 불편척도, 각 부위별 자각증상을 독립변수로하여 회귀분석을 시행한 결과 불편척도와 하지의 자각증상이 회귀식에 투입되었고 설명력은 40%였다. This study was undertaken to identify the relationship between the subjective symptoms and the psychosocial well-being status of VDT operators. The study subjects of this study were 89 female telephone operators in Korea Telecom. The mean age of study subjects was 37.7 (s.d; 3.1), and 91% of them were the married and 9% were the single. The mean values of psychosocial well-being status by general characteristics were not statistically significant. Of the 89 operators, 98.9% felt musculoskeletal subjective symptoms in shoulder, 91.2% in neck, 89.9% in hand, 89.9% in lowback, 88.9% in arm, 87.8% in back, and 85.6% in leg, respectively. The mean scores of the psychosocial well-being status by three categories of subjective symptoms were significant in shoulder, neck, arm, hand, and leg, but were not significant in back and lowback. Correlations between the subjective symptoms and the psychosocial well-being status were significant in discomfort scale, leg, arm, neck, shoulder, lowback, and hand, but were not significant in back. Multiple regression analysis were used to determine whether the independent variables (age, discomfort, and subjective symptoms) contributed to explaining the psychosocial well-being status. Discomfort and the subjective symptoms in leg were a correlate of the psychosocial well-being status.

제어코일 전류변화 패턴을 활용한 가스밀폐형 직류 접촉기 동작상태 판정 기법

차승우,김종빈,이민구,박광재,김재언 대한전기학회 2024 전기학회논문지 Vol.73 No.2

As electric vehicles and LVDC distribution systems expand, demands for DC contactor are increasing. DC Contactor is a device that acts as a switch in the system, and the most important performance is the stability of operation. To check if the on-off operation is normal or not, the pickup voltage applied to the control coil is measured and judged until now. However, it is difficult to confirm the complete operating on-off state of DC contactor by it. In order to solve this problem, this paper presents a method to determine whether DC contactor is completely on or off through some changes in the control coil current. A theoretical basis is presented to explain the change in electromotive force, and it is verified that the method is able to accurately determine the on-off state through experiments.

초등학교 과학동아리 운영 실태와 과학동아리 지도교사들의 인식 : 수렴적 설계를 통한 혼합연구

이용걸(Lee Yong-Geol),김동렬(Kim, Dong-Ryeul) 서원대학교 사범대학 부설 교육연구소 2020 교육발전 Vol.40 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 두 가지다. 첫 번째는 초등학교 현장에서의 과학 동아리가 언제, 어디서, 어떤 방식으로 운영되고 있는지 등을 알아보는 과학동아리 운영 실태 분석이고, 두 번째는 지도교사들이 느끼는 과학동아리의 효과나 정책적 지원 등에 대한 지도교사들의 인식 분석이다. 이 연구를 위해 혼합연구 중 수렴적 설계를 활용하였으며 2가지 연구문제를 개별적으로 통합하는 과정으로 연구를 진행하였다. 연구 결과 초등 과학동아리는 지도교사의 자발적인 운영에 기초하고 있었으며 학생 성장과 같은 긍정적 경험이 지속적인 운영에 영향을 미쳤다. 하지만 형식화된 업무에 부담을 느껴 제도적으로 확대되는 것에는 중립적으로 반응하였다. 이러한 분석을 통해 과학동아리 활성화를 위해서는 과학동아리를 제도화하고 확대 운영하는 것보다 과학동아리 지도교사 간 교류 활성화 등의 간접적 지원을 확대하는 것이 효과적이라는 것을 알 수 있다. The purpose of this study is twofold. The first is the management status of the science club, which examines when, where, and how science clubs are operated at elementary school sites. The second is the perception of the teachers who check how they feel about the effects of the science club or its policy support. For this study, the convergent design was used a mixed- methods approach and the research was conducted in the process of integrating the two research problems individually. As a result of the study, the elementary science club was based on the voluntary operation of the Science Club Teachers, and positive experiences such as student growth affected the continuous operation. However, they reacted neutral to the institutional expansion because they felt burdened by formalized work. Through this analysis, we can see that it is more effective to expand indirect support such as promoting exchanges between science club teachers than to institutionalize and expand the operation of science clubs.