Curcumin protects retinal pigment epithelial cells against oxidative stress via induction of heme oxygenase-1 expression and reduction of reactive oxygen

Woo, Je Moon,Shin, Da-Yong,Lee, Sung Ju,Joe, Yeonsoo,Zheng, Min,Yim, Jin Ho,Callaway, Zak,Chung, Hun Taeg Molecular Vision 2012 Molecular vision Vol.18 No.-

<P><B>Purpose</B></P><P>To determine whether curcumin induces expression of the defensive enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and protects cells against oxidative stress in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>Effective concentrations and toxicities of curcumin were determined after 3 h of curcumin treatment with the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Confluent human retinal pigment epithelium cell lines (ARPE-19) were preincubated with curcumin and oxidatively challenged with H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB>. HO-1 expression was determined with western blot analysis. To confirm the protective role of HO-1 in oxidative stress, small interfering RNA (siRNA) against HO-1 or inhibitor of HO-1 was treated with curcumin in retinal pigment epithelium cells. Intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured with flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Apoptosis was evaluated with Annexin V-fluoroscein isothiocyanate staining.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>Curcumin had little cytotoxicity at concentrations less than 30 μM, and HO-1 expression was the highest at the 15 μM concentration. At this concentration, curcumin also increased the cytoprotective effect against the oxidative stress of H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> through the reduction of ROS levels in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Curcumin’s effect on the reduction of ROS was mediated by the increase in HO-1 expression.</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>Curcumin upregulated the oxidative stress defense enzyme HO-1 and may protect human retinal pigment epithelial cells against oxidative stress by reducing ROS levels.</P>

Upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 by ginsenoside Ro attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in macrophage cells

Sokho Kim,Myung-Hoon Oh,Bum-Seok Kim,Won-Il Kim,Ho-Seong Cho,Byoung-Yong Park,Chul Park,Gee-Wook Shin,Jungkee Kwon 고려인삼학회 2015 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.39 No.4

Background: The beneficial effects of ginsenoside species have been well demonstrated in a number of studies. However, the function of ginsenoside Ro (GRo), an oleanane-type saponin, has not been suffi- ciently investigated. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of GRo in vitro using the Raw 264.7 mouse macrophage cell line treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and to clarify the possible mechanism of GRo involving heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which itself plays a critical role in self-defense in the presence of inflammatory stress. Methods: Raw 264.7 cells were pretreated with GRo (up to 200mM) for 1 h before treatment with 1 mg/ mL LPS, and both cell viability and inflammatory markers involving HO-1 were evaluated. Results: GRo significantly increased cell viability in a dose dependent manner following treatment with LPS, and decreased levels of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide. GRo decreased inflammatory cytokines such as nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 induced by LPS. Moreover, GRo increased the expression of HO-1 in a dose dependent manner. Cotreatment of GRo with tin protoporphyrin IX, a selective inhibitor of HO-1, not only inhibited upregulation of HO-1 induced by GRo, but also reversed the anti-inflammatory effect of GRo in LPS treated Raw 264.7 cells. Conclusion: GRo induces anti-inflammatory effects following treatment with LPS via upregulation of HO-1.

Upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 by ginsenoside Ro attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in macrophage cells

Kim, Sokho,Oh, Myung-Hoon,Kim, Bum-Seok,Kim, Won-Il,Cho, Ho-Seong,Park, Byoung-Yong,Park, Chul,Shin, Gee-Wook,Kwon, Jungkee The Korean Society of Ginseng 2015 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.39 No.4

Background: The beneficial effects of ginsenoside species have been well demonstrated in a number of studies. However, the function of ginsenoside Ro (GRo), an oleanane-type saponin, has not been sufficiently investigated. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of GRo in vitro using the Raw 264.7 mouse macrophage cell line treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and to clarify the possible mechanism of GRo involving heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which itself plays a critical role in self-defense in the presence of inflammatory stress. Methods: Raw 264.7 cells were pretreated with GRo (up to $200{\mu}M$) for 1 h before treatment with 1 mg/mL LPS, and both cell viability and inflammatory markers involving HO-1 were evaluated. Results: GRo significantly increased cell viability in a dose dependent manner following treatment with LPS, and decreased levels of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide. GRo decreased inflammatory cytokines such as nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 induced by LPS. Moreover, GRo increased the expression of HO-1 in a dose dependent manner. Cotreatment of GRo with tin protoporphyrin IX, a selective inhibitor of HO-1, not only inhibited upregulation of HO-1 induced by GRo, but also reversed the anti-inflammatory effect of GRo in LPS treated Raw 264.7 cells. Conclusion: GRo induces anti-inflammatory effects following treatment with LPS via upregulation of HO-1.

항정신병약물 사용 중인 정신분열병 환자에서 올란자판으로의 교체 방법에 관한 연구(II) : Comparison of Safety 안전성 비교

안용민,권용실,권준수,민성호,박두병,양문정,소형석,송종호,신윤식,우행원,유범희,이홍석,정한용,한창환,김용식 大韓神經精神醫學會 2002 신경정신의학 Vol.41 No.5

연구목적: 이 다기관 공동임상연구는 사용 중인 항정신병약물을 ’직접 교체 방법’또는 ’시작-감량 교체 방법’중 한 가지 방법으로 올란자핀으로 교체한 후, 안정성 측면에서 두 교체 방법 간의 비교와 교체후의 변화를 관찰하기 위한 것이다. 방법: 국내 13개 병원의 입원 및 외래에 내원한 환자들 중 ICD-10 지단기준으로 정신분열병에 해당되며, 임상적으로 항정신병약물 교체가 필요한 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 두 가지 교체 방법 중 한 가지를 무작위로 피험자에 적용하였으며, ’직접 교체 방법’에 배정된 경우에는 사용중인 항정신병약물을 일시에 중단하고 10㎎의 올란자핀을 바로 투여하였고, ’시작-감량 교체 방법’에 배정된 경우는 10㎎의 올란자핀 투여하고 2주에 걸쳐서 기존 약물을 감량하여 중단하였다. 올란자핀 사용기간은 총 6주이며, 용량은 5∼20㎎ 범위로 제한하였다. 한정성 평가를 위해서 체중, 생명징후, 자발적인 이상반응 복, 실험실 검사 그리고 Simpson-Angus Scale(SAS), Barnes akathisia rating scale(BARS), Abnormal involuntary movement scale(AIMS). Liverpool University neuroleptic side effect rating scale(LUNSERS)등을 이용하였다. 결과: 총 103명의 정신분열병 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 사용한 올란자핀의 용량, 벤조디아제핀의 병용률, 탈락률과 탈락 사유, 자발적인 이상반응 보고, 생명징후, 실험실 검사 그리고 대부분의 부작용 척도 상에서 임상적으로 의미 있는 차이를 두 교체 방법간에 발견하지 못하였다. 다만 AIMS의 감소는 ’직접 교체 방법’군에서 보다 적었고, 항콜린제의 병용률은 ’시작-감량 교체 방법’군에서 보다 많았다. 기저 상태에서 전체 피험자의 SAS와 BARS 점수는 각각 3.5점과 1.8점이었으며 70% 이상의 피험자가 고프로락틴 혈증을 보였다. 올란자핀으로 교체한 후, SAS, BARS, AIMS 점수의 유의한 감소가 있었으며 고프로락틴 혈증을 보인 피험자 분율도 약 30%이하로 감소하였다. 그러나 교체 방법과 상관없이 올란자핀 교체 후 유의한 체중 증가가 있었다. 결론: 이 연구를 통해 교체 방법에 관계없이 비교적 안전하고 용이하게 올란자핀으로 교체 할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 기존 항정신병약물을 올란자핀으로 교체함으로써 일부 부작용들을 줄일 수 있음을 간접적으로 관찰할 수 있었다. 하지만 이 연구는 여러 제한점과 문제점을 지니고 있기 때문에 보다 체계적인 연구를 통해 검정이 필요하리라 생각된다. Objectives: This multicenter clinical trial involving 13 hospital sites compared the safely of switching to olanzapine between ’direct switching method’ and ’start-tapering switching method’. Method: This study included both inpatients and outpatients who fulfilled the criteria for schizophrenia as defined in the ICD-10, and were in need to be appropriate for switching antipsychotics. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of the two switching methods. For ’direct switching method’group, previous antipsychotics were abruptly discontinued and 10㎎ of olanzapine was administered, and previous antipsychotics was gradually tapered for 2 weeks. Olanzapine was used for 6 weeks and the dose was adjusted within the range of 5-20㎎. The safety of switching to olanzapine was measured with vital sings including body weight, adverse events reported spontaneously, laboratory tests, and various scales such as Simpson-Angus Scale(SAS), Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale(BARS). Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale(AIMS), and Liverpool University Neuroleptic Side Effect Rating Scale(LUNSERS). Results: 103 patients were switched to olanzapine in this study. The comparison between two switching methods did not show any significant difference in the dosage of olanzapine used, the concomitant use of benzodiazepine, the rate and reasons of drop-out, the adverse events, vital signs, laboratory tests, and most scales for measuring side-effects. However, the decrease in AIMS scores was significantly lower in ’direct switching method’ group, and the concomitant use of anticholinergics was comparatively greater in ’start-tapering switching method’ group. At baseline, SAS and BARS scores were 3.5 and 1.8 points respectively, and more than 70% of the subjects showed hyperprolactinemia. After switching to olanzapine, SAS, BARS, and AIMS scores were significantly decreased and the proportion of the patients with hyperprolactinemia was also decreased to less than 30%. However significant weight gain after the treatment of olanzapine was observed regardless of switching method. Conclusion: This study may suggest that switching to olanzapine can be done with relatively high safety regardless of switching methods and olanzapine can significantly decrease some side-effects induced by other antipsychotics.

혈관질환 정보관리 시스템

김동익,김덕경,허세호,이병붕,김용신,김은숙,문지영,도영수,신성욱,김동수,김만태,진재욱,김용신 대한혈관외과학회 2002 Vascular Specialist International Vol.18 No.1

As medical technology progresses rapidly, there is a rise in the average age along with the Korean dietary lifestyle becoming more westernized, which leads to an increase in the number of vascular disease patients in Korea. Thus, we need to manage the medical information of a disease systematically in order to diagnose and treat constructively. However, since there has been no standardized method of man agement to date, a great deal of information could not be properly utilized nor studied. Therefore, the departments of Cardiology, Radiology and Neurology of Samsung Seoul Hospital recently got together to develop an information management system called the Vascular Data System. This program was developed to be run on win98 O/S, upper Pentium Ⅲ, and upper 128 MB Memory, and its source code is Dephi 4.0. It was configured for the user to set the configurations as well as do a variety of search and analysis. If this program were to be updated continuously, it may be used extensively as well as in various parts of clinical research activities.

인터넷상에서 個人情報 보호와 國際人權規範 : 유엔인권협약(B협약)을 중심으로

신용호 전주대학교 비교법학연구소 2000 비교법학 Vol.1 No.-

植物生長調整劑의 園藝的 利用에 關한 硏究(第1報) : Effect to the yields on vegetables of the application of Atonik Atonik處理가 菜蔬類의 收量에 미치는 影響

辛容浩 東亞大學校 1967 東亞論叢 Vol.4 No.-

本 硏究는 菜蔬類에 對한 Atonik 의 撒布 最適濃度를 追求할 目的에서 數種의 品種을 供試材料로 하여 種子 및 莖葉에 各 濃度液을 處理한 것인데 그 結果의 槪要를 表示하면 다음과 같다. Ⅰ. 오이에 對한 Atonik 의 撒布 最適濃度를 追求할 目的에서 靑長節成 品種을 供試材料로 하여 種子 및 莖葉에 各 濃度別로 撒布한 結果는 다음과 같다. 1. 오이에 對한 Atonik 의 撒布 最適濃度는 4,000倍로부터 7,000倍에 이르기까지 모두 增收의 效果를 내었으므로 撒布濃度의 限界幅은 다른 作物보다 넓었다. 2. 오이에 對한 Atonik 의 撒布 最適濃度는 6,000倍라 하겠으며, 撒布回數는 3回보다는 6回가 더욱 收量增大의 效果를 나타내었다. Ⅱ. 토마토에 對한 Atonik 의 撒布 最適濃度를 追求할 目的에서 萬壽大型 品種을 供試材料로 하여 葉에 各 濃度別로 撒布한 結果는 다음과 같다. 1.토마토에 對한 Atonik 의 處理區는 無處理區에 比하여 모두 增收의 效果를 나타내었으므로 撒布濃度의 限界幅은 오이와 같이 상당히 넓었다. 2. 토마토에 對한 Atonik 의 撒布 最適濃度는 6,000倍라 하겠으며, 撒布回數도 3回보다는 6回가 더욱 收量增大의 效果가 더 크다. 3. Atonik를 處理한 結果 토마토는 地上部生長의 增大와 同時에 果實의 着生및 肥大 生長도 增大되었다. Ⅲ. 가지에 對한 Atonik 의 撒布 最適濃度를 追求할 目的에서 黑眞長茄子 品種을 供試材料로 하여 種子 및 葉에 各 濃度別로 撒布한 結果는 다음과 같다. 1. 가지에 對한 Atonik 의 撒布濃度는 4,000倍區를 除外한 모든 處理區는無處理區에 比하여 增收의 效果를 나타내었고 特히 6,000倍의 10回撒布區는 無處理區에 比하여 29.55%의 增收效果를 나타내었다. 2. Atonik의 處理로 因하여 가지의 葉面積의 增加와 함께 果實의 길이도 無處理區에 比하여 길어지는 傾向이 나타났다. Ⅳ. 고추에 對한 Atonik 의 撒布 最適濃度를 追求할 目的에서 中央大型풋고추 品種을 供試材料로 하여 葉에 各濃度別로 撒布한 結果는 다음과 같다. 1. 고추에 對한 Atonik 의 撒布濃度는 多少 희박한 液이 (7,000倍, 34%增收) 良好한 것 같다. 2. 撒布濃度의 限界幅은 오이에 比하면 상당히 좁았다. 3. 4,000倍 撒布區는 濃度가 濃厚한 關係上 오히려 收量이 低下되는 現象을 나타났다. Ⅴ. 참외에 對한 Atonik 의 撒布 最適濃度를 追求할 目的으로 銀泉品種을 供試材料로 하여 種子 및 葉에 Atonik 의 各 濃度別로 處理한 結果는 다음과 같다. 1. Atonik 의 6,000倍液 撒布는 果實의 着生數에 있어서 無處理區에 比하여 50%以上의 效果를 보았다. 2. 따라서 Atonik 의 참외에 對한 撒布 最適濃度 6,000倍라 하겠다. Ⅵ. 수박에 對한 Atonik 의 撒布 最適濃度를 追求할 目的으로 新大和三號 品種을 供試材料로 하여 種子 및 葉에 Atonik 의 各濃度液을 處理한 結果는 다음과 같다. 1. Atonik 의 7,000倍 撒布區는 無處理區에 比해서 果實의 肥大生長에 30.87%의 增大效果를 나타내었다. 2. 수박도 오이栽培와 마찬가지로 濃度의 使用 限界幅이 상당히 넓었다. Ⅶ. 배추에 對한 Atonik 의 撒布 最適濃度를 追求할 目的으로 寶冠品種을 供試材料로 하여 種子 및 葉에 Atonik 의 各濃度液을 處理한 結果는 다음과 같다. 1. Atonik 의 4,000倍 撒布는 濃度가 진한 關係上 배추 葉球의 肥大 生育은 오히려 抑制되었다. 2. Atonik 의 5,000倍液 撒布는 無處理區에 比해서 葉球의 肥大生育에 효과는 있었으나 大端치 않았다. 3. Atonik 의 7,000倍液撒布는 葉球의 肥大生育이 無處理區에 比하여 30.94%의 增收效果를 보았고, 또 6,000倍液撒布는 15.37%의 增收效果를 보았다. 4. 따라서 Atonik 의 배추에 對한 最適撒布濃度는 7,000倍液이라 하겠다. Ⅷ. 고구마에 對한 Atonik 의 撒布最適 濃度를 追求할 目的에서 沖繩100號品種에 Atonik 의 各濃度液을 處理하는 結果는 다음과 같다. 1. 고구마의 地上重과 地下重을 測定한 結果 地上部는 6,000倍 撒布區가 無處理區에 比해 33.4%가 增加하였고, 地下部도 6,000倍區가 31.88%의 增收를 보아 地上部의 증가에 따라 地下部도比例的으로 增加되었다는 事實을 알았다. 그밖의 處理區도 地上部와 地下部는 平行曲線을 이루었다. 2. Atonik 의 撒布 最適濃度는 6,000倍 撒布區임을 알 수 있다. Ⅸ. 감자에 對한 Atonik 의 撒布 最適濃度를 追求할 目的에서 男爵品種을 供試材料로 하여 種子 및 葉에 Atonik 의 各濃度의 液을 處理한 結果는 다음과 같다. 1. 고구마는 Atonik 撒布濃度의 限界幅이 大端히 넓었다. 그中 3,000倍 撒布區가 最適濃度이고 4,000倍區부터 6,000倍區까지는 거의 같은 增大 效果를 보였다. 2. 1,000倍 液撒布區는 無處理區에 比하여 收量의 오히려 低下現象을 나타내었다. Ⅹ. 당근에 對한 Atonik 의 撒布 最適濃度를 追求할 目的에서 五寸品種을 供試材料로 하여 種子 및 葉에 Atonik 의 各濃度液을 處理한 結果는 다음과 같다. 1. 당근은 Atonik 撒布濃度의 限界幅이 大端히 넓으며, 5,000倍에서 7,000倍 撒布까지는 40% 以上의 增收效果를 나타내었다. 2. Atonik는 당근의 地上部와 地下部 모두 增大케 하는 效果가 있다. Studies were undertaken for the purpose of determining the optimum concentration of Atonik application, and several speces of vegetable were taken as samples, they were applied to the seeds, stems, and leaves by some concentrations of different levels, and the results were as follows; I. And the results of cucumber were as follows; 1) Atonik concentration for spraying ranged from 250 ppm to 145 ppm. All revealed to show the increasing tendency on yield and the limiting range of concentration were applied widely as compared with the other crops. 2) Optimum concentraion for spraying Atonik to the cucumber was 166 ppm, and the six this in the straying time was much better for increasing yields as compard with the two times. II. And the results of tomato were as follows: 1) Spraying concentration of Atonik to tomato showed increasing effect and the limiting range Atonik concentration were applied widely as compard with cucumber. 2) Optimum comcentration for spraying Atonik to tomato showed 166.6 ppm, and six times of spraying times were convinced the increasing yield more than two times. 3) By treating Atonik,, number of fruits wearing and yield on production were increased in according with the upper parts of tomato. III. And the results of egg plant were as follows: 1) Spraying concentration of Atonik to the egg plant were revealed increasing effect on yield by every treatment except 250 ppm plot, and especially in the plot of 166.6 ppm, of ten times of sptraying showed 29.55% of increasing yield on production as compard with the plot, control. 2) Foliar space and the length of fruits on egg plants showed increasing trends in the plot treated. IV. And the results of red pepper were as follows: 1) Spraying concentration of Atonik to red pepper showed the trends of bettter effect in more dilute solution such as 142.8 ppm. 2) The applying range of Atonik to red pepper limited as compared with cucumber. 3) On the controry, in the plot of 250 ppm, yield on production were showed decreasing trends as compard with plot, control. V. And the results of oriental melon were as follows: 1) 166.6 ppm of spraying solution of Atonik showed more than 50% of increasing effect in yield, as compared with the control, in the terms of the number of fruit wearing. 2) Optimum concentration for spraying Atonik to the oriental melon was 166.6 ppm of chemicals. VI. And the results of water melon were as follows: 1) The plot of 142.8 ppm of Atonik showed 30.87% of increasing yield in enlarging growth of fruits as compared with the control, therefore, the concentration of Atonik 142.8 ppm, were to be the optimum. 2) In water melon, the llimiting range of Atonik were applied widely as cucumber. VII. A nd the results of Chinese cabbage were as follows: 1) The growth of leaf ball enlarging for Chinese cabbage in the plot of 250 ppm, were controled down by higher concentration of Atonik chemicals. 2) The growth of leaf ball enlarging for Chinese cabage in the plot of 200 ppm were revealed about the same effect as compared with the plot control. 3) The growth of leaf ball enlarging for Chiese cabbage in the plot of 142.8 ppm showed, 30.94% of increasing effect in yield and the plot of 166.6 ppm were revealed 15.37% of increasing treads in production respectively as compared with the control. 4) Therefore the optimum concentration of spraying Atonik to te Chinese cabage were 142.8 ppm. VIIII. And the results of sweet potato were as follows: 1) By the upper part of sweet potato, on the ground, the plot of 166.6 ppm showed 33.4% of increasing yield in production, and by the lower part of it, 31.88% of increasing effect were revealed as compared as the plot, control, therefore in proportion to increasing the upper parts of sweet potato, on the ground, the lower part of it in the ground revealed as increased trends. The other plots were the same tendency as above. 2) The optimum conentration for applying Atonik to the sweet potato was 166.6 ppm. IX. And the results of potato were as follows: 1) It were convinced that the limiting range for Atonik concentration to sweet potato were wide, above all, the plot of 333 ppm were the optimum concentration, and the plot, 250 ppm~166.6 ppm were about the same increasing effects as the plot of 333 ppm. 2) The plot treated with 1,000 ppm of Atonik chemicals, showed negative effect as compared with the plot control. X. And the results of carrot were follows: 1) The limiting range of Atonik concentration to carrot were so wide that, the plot, of 200 ppm and 142.8 ppm and showed more than 40% of incresing effects. 2) Increasing effect in yield were revealed at the parts both on the ground and in the ground.

漢文科 敎師 任用考査問題 分析

申用浩,한연석,김석재 한국한문교육학회 2002 한문교육논집 Vol.19 No.-

1997년부터 2002년까지 실시된 한문과 임용고사문제를 분석한 결과 교과교육학과 교과내용학의 출제 비율은 28%와 72%로 교과교육학 분야를 20∼30% 출제해야한다는 요구조건을 충족하였다. 교과내용학 가운데 한자, 한자어 영역은 평균 12.4%가 출제되었다. 중고등학교 특히 중학교의 한문수업이 문장보다는 한자·한자어 학습 중심으로 이루어지고 있음을 감안한다면 출제 비중이 확대되어야 할 것이다. 아울러 字學분야의 심도 있는 평가문항 발굴이 필요하다. 운문과 산문의 출제 비율은 12.3%와 66.3%이었는데 앞으로 운문의 비중을 약간 상향조정하는 것이 바람직하다고 본다. 6차 고등학교 11종 교과서에 수록된 문장을 지문으로 출제한 것은 평균 45%에 달하였다. 2001년도에는 교과서 내에서 출제된 문제가 17점(24.2%)에 불과하였고 2002년도에는 47.2점(67.4%)으로 3배 가까이 급증하여 두 해 모두 평가의 일관성과 방향성 확보에 실패하였다고 할 수 있다. 교과서에 등재된 문장을 지문으로 채택함에 특정 교과서를 70% 넘게 반영한 해는 1997년(재능교육), 2001년(한샘), 2002년(천재교육)이었다. 2001학년도는 교과서 지문 반영이 70점 만점에 17점 밖에 되지 않아 그 영향력이 상대적으로 적다고 하겠다. 그러나 1997학년도와 2002학년도는 교과서에서 출제한 문항의 총점이 32점과 47.2점으로 당락에 상당한 영향을 끼칠 수 있는 점유율이었다. 1997년도와 2002년도의 지문 共有律은 31.4%와 13.2%로 1997년도가 2002년도에 비해 어느 정도 공정성을 확보하였다. 교과서 지문 共有律이 가장 높은 해는 1998년으로 37.5%이고 2002년도는 13.2%이다. 2002년도 임용고사 문제 가운데 교과서에서 채택한 지문은 거의 한곳의 교과서에서만 실려 있는 것을 摘出하였다는 것으로 위 교과서별 出題律과 함께 편파성, 공정성 문제로 비화될 수 있다. 2002학년도는 천재교육 출판의 교과서 지문 반영률 81.8%, 점수 반영률이 76.2%로 분석대상 기간 6년을 통틀어 11종 교과서 가운데 반영률이 가장 높았다. 임용고사에서 專功試驗이 當落에 미치는 影響은 크다. 경기도교육청의 2002학년도 임용고사를 표집집단으로 살펴본 결과 합격자의 전공 평균점은 100점 만점으로 67점, 교육학은 73점이었다. 합격자의 최고점, 최하점, 평균점도 모두 전공점수가 교육학 점수보다 낮아 전공 문제가 어렵게 출제되었음을 알 수 있다. 한편 경기도, 경상남도, 서울시교육청의 2002년도 한문과 임용고사 최하합격자의 득점도 모두 전체 선발과목 가운데 중간을 넘기지 못하였다. 이처럼 득점이 낮은 이유는 전공 시험문제의 難度가 다른 과목에 비해 높기 때문인 것으로 짐작된다. 따라서 전공시험 문제의 특정 교과서 편중 출제는 當落에 심각한 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 評價 問項의 지문의 적절성과 시대별 안배는 대체로 무난하였다. 하지만 2001년도는 지문의 양이 과다하였다. 5개 문항의 지문이 총 2200여 자에 달하였으며 특히 11번 문제의 지문은 700여 자에 달하였다. 2002년도는 실학과 여항문학에 치우쳐 시대별 안배가 소홀하였다. 출제문제의 적절성과 객관성을 제고하기 위해서 다음과 같이 제안하고자 한다. 출제 범위는 대학 한문교육과에서 공통으로 이수하는 과목을 고루 반영하고, 합격 하한선이 100점 만점에 60점 이상이 되도록 하며, 서술형문제 외에도 선택형 문항을 일부 채택하여 지적 수준을 다양하게 측정해야한다. 또한 교과서에 등재된 지문을 반영한 문항은 해당 교과서 명을 제시하고 모범답안의 공개도 고려하여야 할 것이다. 아울러 각 분야별 출제위원의 증원이 필요하다. In this paper, I'll analyze problems of Teacher Employment Exam between 1997 and 2002 and find out the desirable reform measures. There are six arguing points. First, Chinese character, Chinese language and Studies of Character take only average 12.4% in the textbook contents. Considering the reality of chinese writing education in high school, it is desirable to raise the percentage of questions related to these part. Second, there is no coherence in application of Eleven high school textbook materials. Moreover, between 2001 and 2002, the application of some textbook materials has increased about three times from 17 points( 24.2%) to 47.2 points( 67.4%). Specially mark reflection rate of textbook materials in 2002 in the highest during the last six years as 76.2%. Besides, we have to avoid giving too much importance to some textbook materials. In the case of 1997(Jaineung education), 2001(Hansam), 2002(Chunjai education), those textbook materials took more than 70% of test materials. Third, the rate of holding test materials in common is inclined to specific textbook. As a result of analysis of the rate of holding test materials in common, in 1998, it was 37.5%. On the other hand, in 2002, it was 13.24% and there were large declination. Specially, in 2002, between applied materials from textbook, 81.8% came from textbook of specific publishing company. So there are lots of argument. Forth, Teaching Employment Exam is so difficult. In 2002 Exam, Successful applicants' average mark in major subject is 67% and that of pedagogy is 73%. Successful applicants' average mark as well as highest mark and lowest mark in major subject are lower than those of pedagogy in 2002 exam. Considering that point, we can know that questions of major subjects are difficult. In kyunggi, kyungsang province and Seoul, compared with other subjects, at the distribution of applicants' mark who got the lowest marks, they didn't get more mark than the medium. It's not only the problem of difficulty. We can infer that it can be profitable to minority applicants through fact that difficult questions come from some specific textbook. Fifth, we have to think about the quantity of question materials and distribution of period. Generally, these aspects were appropriate. However, in 2001 Exam, materials of five questions were composed of about 2000 letters. Especially, eleventh question materials was made up of about 700 letters. In 2002 Exam, it concentrated on Practical science and Yeo-Hang literature(literature which has been developed by common people). So it was lack of consideration about periodical distribution. Sixth, getting the appropriateness and objectivity is another problem. The range of making questions has to include Chinese letter education and commonly learning subjects. We have to make bottom line of passing mark more than 60% in 100. It is necessary to make an effort to develop the questions which can measure the level of applicants' intelligence.(For example, short answer, selective form, completed form). In the case of extracted materials from some textbook, we have to introduce the name of the textbook publishing company, and it needs to increase the number of professional member of committee and we have to announce the solution in public.

無煙炭灰의 土壤增量劑的 價値에 關한 硏究

辛容浩 東亞大學校 1967 東亞論叢 Vol.4 No.-

本硏究는 無煙炭灰의 土壤增量劑的인 效果를 追求할 目的에서 菜蔬를 供試材料로 하여 發芽 및 生育狀態를 調査한 成績을 要約하면 다음과 같다. Ⅰ. Radish 種子의 發芽에 미치는 無煙炭灰의 影響을 pot 試驗한 成績은 다음과 같다. 1. 種子發芽率에 있어서 分散分析의 結果는 有意性이 認定되지 않았으나 6區, 8區 및 1區는 4區에 比하여 各各 10.53%, 13.16%, 7.89%의 增率 效果가 나타났고 그 外의 區는 別로 效果가 나타나지 않았다. 2. 生體中에 있어서도 分散分析의 結果는 有意性이 認定되지 않았으나 5區 는 3區에 比하여 51.69%의 收量增加 效果가 있었고 2區, 4區, 6區 및 7區도 35% 以上의 收量增加의 效果가 나타났으나 그 外의 區는 10% 以上의 效課가 있었다. 3. 葉長에 있어서는 7區는 1區에 比하여 68.22% 5區는 46.24%의 增大 效果가 認定되었으나 그 外의 區는 12% 以上의 效果밖에 나타나지 않았다. 4. 葉數에 있어서도 7區, 6區는 3區(全無煙炭灰)에 比하여 44%, 44% 各各의 增數 效果가 나타났으나 그 外의 區는 12%의 增數 效果가 있었다. 5. 以上에서 土壤添加區와 無煙炭灰 單用區가 Radish의 發芽 및 그 후의 生育에 큰 差가 없는 것으로 미루어 보아 無煙炭灰는 充分히 客土的인 價値가 認定된다. Ⅱ. 딸기苗의 生育에 미치는 無煙炭灰의 影響을 圃場試驗한 成績은 다음과 같다. 1. 數葉에 있어서 4區는 1區에 比하여 100%의 增數效果가 나타났고 5區, 2 區 및 6區는 1區에 比하여 各各 95.74%, 80.85%, 63.83%의 增數效果가 認定되었서며, 3區는 10.64%의 效果가 나타났음이 認定되었다. 그러나 單位葉面積은 현저히 적았다. 2. 葉長에 있어서는 4區는 3區에 比하여 70.01%, 增長하였고, 5區, 2區, 4區 및 6區도 3區에 比하여 各各 69.57%, 63.77%, 62.32%, 5.97%의 增長 效果가 있었다. 3. 花數에 있어서도 2區는 3區에 比하여 220.69% 增加하였고, 5區, 1區는 各各 182.14%, 153.57%의 增加를 보았고, 그 外의 區도 39.299% 以上의 增加效果가 나타났다. 여기서 6區가 5區보다 지나치게 成績이 뜨러지는것은 處理上의 미스라고 認定된다. 4. 生體中에 있어서 1區는 3區에 比하여 160.82%, 2區는 148.57%의 增加效果가 6區는 123.67%, 5區는 116.73%, 4區는 101.63%의 效果가 나타났다. 5. 以上 딸기에 있어서 土壤添加區가 無煙炭灰 單用搬入區보다 成績이 良好한 理由의 하나는 土壤自體가 元來 含有하고 있는 肥料要素에 基因한다고 보아지므로 따라서 無煙炭灰 單用 搬入區에 있어서도 肥料量만 調節한다면 充分히 客土的인 價置가 있는것으로 認定된다. These studies were carried out to clarify the additional value of te antractic ash to soil, and vegetables were taken as samples examed and the following were obtained as results effected to the growth and germination. I. The following were the results of pot exams (of anthracitic ash) effectd to the germination of raddish seed. 1. No statisti significance was shown in seed germination tests, but some increasing effects in germination was revealed as 10.53 percentage, 13.16% anb 7.8% in plots 6,8 and 1 respectively as compared with plot 4. 2. The pounds by growth showed no significant effect, but the increasing effect in pounds was 51.69% in plot 5 as compared with plot 3, and increasing effects were also revealed in plot 2,4,6 and 7 more than 35 percentage. 3. Enlarging effect of 68.22%, and 46.24% in length were shown in plot 7 and 5, and compared with plot 1. 4. Increasing effect of 44.0% and 40.0% in leaf number were also revealed in plot 7 and 6 as compared with plot 3. 5. It was assumed that no differences for the germination of radish were reavaled between the plots treated with anthractic ash and soil, so that it was recommended that the anthracitic ash was comvinced the value of the additional agent for soil. II. The following were obtained as results of antracitic ash test effected to the growth of straw berry. 1. The increasing effet for the numbers of leaves were 100%, 95.74%, 80.85%, 63.83%, and 10.64% respectively 4, 5, 2 and 6 as compared with te plot 1, but the leaf area per unit was small. 2. The increasing effect in leaf length were shown as 70.1%, 69.57%, 63.77%, 62.32% and 55.07% each in the plot 4, 5, 2, 1 and 6 respectively as compared with plot 3. 3. Flower number showed te increasing effect of 220%, 182.14%, 153.57% in plots 2, 5 and 1 respectiely as compared with te plot 3. 4. Pound for law body also revealed the increasing effect of 160.82%, 148.57%, 123.67%, 116.73% and 101.63% in plots 1, 2, 6, 5, and 4 as compared with the plots 3. 5. The plot of soil was shown better effect in the growth of straw berry as compared with the plot of anthracitic ash, it is because that soil contains lots of plant nutritions, so it was recommended as a additional agent for soil.

Cucurbita屬의 種間交雜에 關한 硏究 : Breeding for Varieties 品種育成에 關하여

辛容浩 東亞大學校 1967 東亞論叢 Vol.4 No.-

C.pepo가 가지고 있는 節成性과, C.moschata가 가지고 있는 甘味, 果肉質의 密性, 그리고 C.maxima가 가지고 있는 强健性을 結合시킬 目的에서 種間交雜을 實施하여 다음의 結果를 얻었다. 1. C.moschataXC.pepo, C.maximaXC.peo에서는 交雜이 困難하며, 얻어진 種子도 發芽치 못하였다. 이 原因은 雄性配偶體와 異質細胞質의 影響으로 推測된다. 2. C.maximaXC.moschata에서는 眞正雜種外에 傾母個體를 얻었는데 이 傾母個體는 次代에서 分離現象이 나타나지 않고 純粹하였다. 이는 僞受精現象으로 이루어진 Diploid parthenogenesis 인 것으로 推測된다. 3. 種子培養으로서 比較的 容易하게 種間雜種의 種子를 生育시킬 수 있었다. 4. F₁植物은 本體로 兩親의 中間型을 나타내었으나 葉綠의 欠刻, 葉面의 班点, 花托의 長短은 優性的으로 遺傳하는 것이다. 5. F₂植物中에서 目的形質을 가진 PM-1-2-1, PM-4-4-1, 및 PM-4-10-2 個體를 選拔하였다. In order to combine the characteristics, of the knotting. Cucurbita pepo, sweetness and compactness of the flash, fruit, C.moschata and Vigor, C.maxima, the research on thr breeding has been conducted for four years using the interpecific hybridization in Cucurbitaceae. The results obtained is as follows: 1. Among all the possible combinations, two combinations hardly produced seed and if any, the seed obtained from them did not germinate. The cause was assumed that the male gamete fails to fertilize with female gamete, due to the allo-cytoplamic influence between male and female. 2. In the progenies of C .maxima XC. moschata, there appeared the true hybrid plants and the matroclinous individual. The matroclinous individual was fixed without any segregation in two generations by selfing. It was thought as the individual of diploid parthenogenesis which in induced pseudogamically. 3. The inter-specific hybrid plants could be raised easily by means of seed culture comparatively. 4. Though the inter specific hybrid plants appeared to take the inter mediate type of their parents, morphlogically, the seration of marginal of leaf, the spot leaf surface and of the length of receptacle were observed as dominant genetically. 5. Among the F₂plants, the individuals having the promising characters, PM-1-2-1, PM-4-4-1 AND PM-4-10-2 were selected.